Classification Term: 698
Purinones (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0000597)
Purines in which the purine moiety bears a C=O group. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring." []
found 15 associated metabolites at category metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Purines and purine derivatives
Child Taxonomies: Hypoxanthines, 6-oxopurines
6-Thiourate
This compound belongs to the family of Purines and Purine Derivatives. These are aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing a purine moiety, which is formed a pyrimidine-ring ring fused to an imidazole ring.
2,8-Dihydroxyadenine
2,8-Dihydroxyadenine is a Purine metabolite usually not detectable in biofluids of normal individuals; this insoluble metabolite (at physiological urinary pH) cause urinary tract calculi and arthritis, and is identified in Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT, OMIM 102600). (PMID 16613999) In APRT, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) accumulates in crystals within the tubular lumens (a feature of many kidney stone diseases) creating crystal-induced injury in human kidney epithelial cells. (PMID 16374038) Urinary DHA crystals are easily recognized under a microscope, and effective treatment can be offered and therefore the prognosis depends upon the renal function at diagnosis; treatment consists of adequate fluid intake, a low-purine diet and administration of allopurinol. (PMID 15764278) [HMDB] 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine is a Purine metabolite usually not detectable in biofluids of normal individuals; this insoluble metabolite (at physiological urinary pH) cause urinary tract calculi and arthritis, and is identified in Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT, OMIM 102600). (PMID 16613999) In APRT, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) accumulates in crystals within the tubular lumens (a feature of many kidney stone diseases) creating crystal-induced injury in human kidney epithelial cells. (PMID 16374038) Urinary DHA crystals are easily recognized under a microscope, and effective treatment can be offered and therefore the prognosis depends upon the renal function at diagnosis; treatment consists of adequate fluid intake, a low-purine diet and administration of allopurinol. (PMID 15764278).
8-Hydroxyadenine
8-hydroxyadenine is an intermediate in the oxidation of adenine to 2,8-dihydroxyadenine by xanthine oxidase (EC 1.1.3.22). A controversy exists as to whether or not this metabolite is a marker of DNA damage. Several papers have reported an artifactual formation of a number of modified bases from intact DNA bases during derivatization of DNA hydrolysates to be analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These reports dealt with 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OH). It needs to be emphasized that the procedures for hydrolysis of DNA and derivatization of DNA hydrolysates used in these papers substantially differed from the established procedures previously described. Furthermore, a large number of relevant papers reporting the levels of these modified bases in DNA of various sources have been ignored. Interestingly, the levels of modified bases reported in the literature were not as high as those reported prior to prepurification. Levels of 8-OH-Ade were quite close to, or even the same as, or smaller than the level reported after prepurification. All these facts raise the question of the validity of the claims about the measurement of these modified DNA bases by GC/MS. Oxidative damage to DNA may play an important role in aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease (AD). Attack on DNA by reactive oxygen species, particularly hydroxyl radicals, can lead to strand breaks, DNA-DNA and DNA-protein cross-linking, sister chromatid exchange and translocation, and formation of at least 20 oxidized base adducts. Modification of DNA bases can lead to mutation and altered protein synthesis. In late-stage AD brain, several studies have shown an elevation of the base adducts 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OHA). Several studies have shown a decline in repair of 8-OHG in AD. Most recently studies have shown elevated 8-OHA in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in mild cognitive impairment, the earliest detectable form of AD, suggesting that oxidative damage to DNA is an early event in AD and not a secondary phenomenon. (PMID: 10098459, 17034348) [HMDB] 8-hydroxyadenine is an intermediate in the oxidation of adenine to 2,8-dihydroxyadenine by xanthine oxidase (EC 1.1.3.22). A controversy exists as to whether or not this metabolite is a marker of DNA damage. Several papers have reported an artifactual formation of a number of modified bases from intact DNA bases during derivatization of DNA hydrolysates to be analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These reports dealt with 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OH). It needs to be emphasized that the procedures for hydrolysis of DNA and derivatization of DNA hydrolysates used in these papers substantially differed from the established procedures previously described. Furthermore, a large number of relevant papers reporting the levels of these modified bases in DNA of various sources have been ignored. Interestingly, the levels of modified bases reported in the literature were not as high as those reported prior to prepurification. Levels of 8-OH-Ade were quite close to, or even the same as, or smaller than the level reported after prepurification. All these facts raise the question of the validity of the claims about the measurement of these modified DNA bases by GC/MS. Oxidative damage to DNA may play an important role in aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease (AD). Attack on DNA by reactive oxygen species, particularly hydroxyl radicals, can lead to strand breaks, DNA-DNA and DNA-protein cross-linking, sister chromatid exchange and translocation, and formation of at least 20 oxidized base adducts. Modification of DNA bases can lead to mutation and altered protein synthesis. In late-stage AD brain, several studies have shown an elevation of the base adducts 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OHA). Several studies have shown a decline in repair of 8-OHG in AD. Most recently studies have shown elevated 8-OHA in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in mild cognitive impairment, the earliest detectable form of AD, suggesting that oxidative damage to DNA is an early event in AD and not a secondary phenomenon. (PMID: 10098459, 17034348).
8-Hydroxypurine
8-Hydroxypurine, the C(8)-oxidized purine bases, has been detected in neoplastic liver of fish, as well as in urine samples of humans.(PMID: 2519715). 8-Hydroxypurine derivatives have been reported to have a wide range of biological activities, such as corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonism,anti-rhinovirus activity,xanthine oxidase inhibiting activity and excellent binding affinity to a benzodiazepine receptor. 8-Hydroxypurine, the C(8)-oxidized purine bases, has been detected in neoplastic liver of fish, as well as in urine samples of humans.(PMID: 2519715)
8-Oxoguanine
8-oxoguanine belongs to the family of Purinones. These are purines in which the purine moiety bears a ketone.
8-Hydroxythioguanine
8-Hydroxythioguanine is a metabolite of azathioprine. Azathioprine is a purine analogue immunosuppressive drug. It is used to prevent rejection following organ transplantation, and to treat a vast array of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, pemphigus, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis, atopic dermatitis, myasthenia gravis, neuromyelitis optica or Devics disease, restrictive lung disease, and others. (Wikipedia)
Thioxanthine monophosphate
Thioxanthine monophosphate is a metabolite of azathioprine. Azathioprine is a purine analogue immunosuppressive drug. It is used to prevent rejection following organ transplantation, and to treat a vast array of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, pemphigus, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis, atopic dermatitis, myasthenia gravis, neuromyelitis optica or Devics disease, restrictive lung disease, and others. (Wikipedia)
6-Amino-9-benzyl-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-9H-purin-8-ol
Methyl 2-(3-(((3-(6-amino-2-butoxy-8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)propyl)(3-morpholinopropyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)acetate
Emapunil
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent