Classification Term: 3792
N-acyl-alpha-hexosamines (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0002276)
Carbohydrate derivatives containing a hexose moiety in which the oxygen atom is replaced by an n-acyl group." []
found 23 associated metabolites at family metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Aminosaccharides
Child Taxonomies: N-acyl-alpha-hexosamine-1-phosphates, N-acyl-alpha-hexosamine-6-phosphates
N-Acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate
N-Acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate is an intermediate in aminosugar metabolism. It is a substrate for the enzymes phosphoglucomutase 3 [EC:5.4.2.2 and EC:5.4.2.3] and UDP-N-acteylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 [EC:2.7.7.23] (KEGG). It is involved in UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine biosynthesis (BioCyc). N-Acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate is an intermeiate in the Aminosugars metabolism, a substrate for the enzymes phosphoglucomutase 3 [EC:5.4.2.2 5.4.2.3] and UDP-N-acteylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 [EC:2.7.7.23] (KEGG), in UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine biosynthesis (BioCyc) [HMDB] COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
N-acetylglucosamine/N-acetylgalactosamine
N-Acetylgalactosamine, also known as GalNAc, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha-hexosamines. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a hexose moiety in which the oxygen atom is replaced by an N-acyl group. N-Acetylgalactosamine is also classified as an amino sugar derivative of galactose. In humans GalNAc functions as the terminal carbohydrate forming the antigen of blood group A. GalNAc is typically the first monosaccharide that connects serine or threonine during protein O-glycosylation and the formation of glycoproteins. This is often referred to as mucin-type O-glycosylation, as the mucins (a class of a family of high molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins produced by epithelial tissues in most animals which have an ability to form gels) are heavily O-GalNAc modified. Interestingly, mammals have genes encoding for approximately 20 different polypeptide-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAcTs), all of which transfer GalNAc from UDP-GalNAc to a hydroxyl-containing amino acids such as serine or threonine. N- O-GalNAc-containing glycoproteins appear to play a variety of essential roles. Among these is the ability of the mucins to hydrate and protect tissues by trapping bacteria. These O-glycans can also significantly alter the conformation of the protein and on the heavily modified proteins may protect the polypeptide from proteolytic digestion. O-GalNAc structures also appear to play an essential role in sperm–egg interactions. From a pathophysiological perspective, O-GalNAc modification appears to play a critical role in the immune system, cell–cell interactions, and cancer. N-Acetylgalactosamine is an important constituent of brain heteropolysaccharides (glycoproteins). The concentration of the N-acetylgalactosamine-containing glycoproteins in the 3-year-old cerebral gray matter from human brain is 7-15 times greater than in 8-year old tissue and 15-30 times greater than in 72-year-old tissue. Outside of the human body, N-Acetylgalactosamine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as prickly pears, italian sweet red peppers, wheats, silver lindens, and sour cherries. This could make N-acetylgalactosamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. N-acetylgalactosamine, also known as alpha-galnac or tn, is a member of the class of compounds known as N-acyl-alpha-hexosamines. N-acyl-alpha-hexosamines are carbohydrate derivatives containing a hexose moiety in which the oxygen atom is replaced by an n-acyl group. N-acetylgalactosamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). N-acetylgalactosamine can be found in a number of food items such as colorado pinyon, common bean, mulberry, and jostaberry, which makes N-acetylgalactosamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-acetylgalactosamine can be found primarily in feces and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), is an amino sugar derivative of galactose . D-N-Acetylgalactosamine is an endogenous metabolite.
N-Acetyl-b-D-galactosamine
N-acetyl-β-d-galactosamine, also known as 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside or 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-B-D-galactopyranose, is a member of the class of compounds known as N-acyl-alpha-hexosamines. N-acyl-alpha-hexosamines are carbohydrate derivatives containing a hexose moiety in which the oxygen atom is replaced by an n-acyl group. N-acetyl-β-d-galactosamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). N-acetyl-β-d-galactosamine can be found in a number of food items such as opium poppy, watercress, lemon verbena, and green bean, which makes N-acetyl-β-d-galactosamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. N-Acetyl-b-D-galactosamine is an oligosaccharide residue found in the lining and glandular epithelium, the stroma and the vessels (capillary and large vessels of the human postmenopausal endometrium. (PMID: 8930627). It is suspected that N-Acetyl-b-D-galactosamine is a molecule that binds to IgA in the glomerular mesangium in Henoch-Schoenlein purpura associated nephropathy (the most common vasculitis of childhood). (PMID: 10732728).
N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
N-acetyl-alpha-d-galactosamine 1-phosphate is part of the Galactose metabolism, and Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathways. It is a substrate for: N-acetylgalactosamine kinase.
Phyllanthusol B
C35H49NO18 (771.2949494000001)
Phyllanthusol B is found in fruits. Phyllanthusol B is a constituent of Phyllanthus acidus (otaheite gooseberry) Constituent of Phyllanthus acidus (otaheite gooseberry). Phyllanthusol B is found in fruits.
Tri-N-acetylchitotriose
C24H41N3O16 (627.2486706000001)
Tri-N-acetylchitotriose is an oligosaccharide that may prevent the action of certain prolamins (antinutritional peptides) from some cereals (e. g. wheat, barley, and rye) that adversely affect in vivo the intestinal mucosa of coeliac patients. (PMID: 10399351) [HMDB] Tri-N-acetylchitotriose is an oligosaccharide that may prevent the action of certain prolamins (antinutritional peptides) from some cereals (e. g. wheat, barley, and rye) that adversely affect in vivo the intestinal mucosa of coeliac patients. (PMID: 10399351). N,N',N''-Triacetylchitotriose is a competitive inhibitor of lysozyme[1].
Chondroitin sulfate
(C14H21NO17S2)nH2O (5389729.8814746)
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) (CAS: 9007-28-7) is a linear heteropolysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and galactosamine, which is commonly sulfated at C-4 and/or C-6 of galactosamine. Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) covalently linked to proteins forming proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs are all anionic linear heteropolysaccharide chains of repeating disaccharide units. According to the monosaccharide types and the glycosidic bonds between them, GAGs are divided into (1) hyaluronan, (2) CS and dermatan sulfate (DS), (3) heparan sulfate and heparin, and (4) keratan sulfate. CS was isolated from cartilage in 1884, but the nature of its monosaccharides and structure was first described in 1925. On the basis of the structure of chondroitin sulfate, at least five enzyme activities could be predicted, including three transferases (EC 2.4.1.79, the initiating GalNAc transferase; EC 2.4.1.175, polymerizing GalNAc; and EC 2.4.1.17, GlcA transferase) and two sulfotransferases (EC 2.8.2.5, GalNAc 4-sulfotransferase and EC 2.8.2.17, GalNAc 6-sulfotransferase). Additional enzymes exist for the epimerization of GlcA, sulfation of the uronic acids, and other patterns of sulfation found in unusual species of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate assembly can occur on virtually all proteoglycans, depending on the cell in which the core protein is expressed. Chondroitin sulfates from different sources vary in the location of sulfate groups. Separation of the products reveals that many types of chondroitin sulfate exist in nature but many chains are hybrid structures containing more than one type of disaccharide. Animal cells also degrade chondroitin sulfate in lysosomes using a series of exoglycolytic activities (PMID: 8993162). Chondroitin 4-sulfate, also known as chondroitin sulfate A, is a derivative of chondroitin which has a sulfate moiety esterified to carbon 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar. Chondroitin 6-sulfate, also known as chondroitin sulfate C, is a derivative of chondroitin which has a sulfate moiety esterified to carbon 6 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar. Chondroitin 2,6-sulfate, also known as chondroitin sulfate D, is a derivative of chondroitin which has a sulfate moiety esterified to both carbon 2 of the glucuronic acid and carbon 6 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar. Chondroitin 4,6-sulfate, also known as chondroitin sulfate E, is a derivative of chondroitin which has a sulfate moiety esterified to carbons 4 and 6 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar. "Chondroitin sulfate B" is an old name for dermatan sulfate, but it is no longer classified as a true chondroitin sulfate. Chondroiton sulfate is a polymer that can contain up to 100 individual sugars. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear heteropolysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and galactosamine, which is commonly sulfated at C-4 and/or C-6 of galactosamine. chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) covalently linked to proteins forming proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs are all anionic linear heteropolysaccharide chains of repeating disaccharide units. According to the monosaccharide types and the glycosidic bonds between them, GAGs are divided into (1) hyaluronan, (2) CS and dermatan sulfate (DS), (3) heparan sulfate and heparin, and (4) keratan sulfate. CS was isolated from cartilage in 1884, but the nature of its monosaccharides and structure was first described in 1925. On the basis of the structure of chondroitin sulfate, at least five enzyme activities could be predicted, including three transferases (EC 2.4.1.79, the initiating GalNAc transferase, EC 2.4.1.175, polymerizing GalNAc and EC 2.4.1.17, GlcA transferase) and two sulfotransferases (EC 2.8.2.5, GalNAc 4-sulfotransferase and EC 2.8.2.17, GalNAc 6-sulfotransferase). Additional enzymes exist for epimerization of GlcA, sulfation of the uronic acids, and other patterns of sulfation found in unusual species of chondroitin. chondroitin sulfate assembly can occur on virtually all proteoglycans, depending on the cell in which the core protein is expressed. chondroitin sulfates from different sources vary in the location of sulfate groups. Separation of the products reveals that many types of chondroitin sulfate exist in nature but many chains are hybrid structures containing more than one type of disaccharide. Animal cells also degrade chondroitin sulfate in lysosomes using a series of exoglycolytic activities. (PMID: 167797850) [HMDB]
N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphodolichol
C23H43NO12P2 (587.2260378000001)
This compound is an intermediate in N-glycan biosynthesis, and the byproduct of N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphodolichol (EC 2.4.1.141) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-dolichyl-phosphate (EC 2.7.8.15). (KEGG) This compound and its corresponding enzymes are implicated in the developmental programmes of a variety of eukaryotes. (PMID: 10024536) [HMDB] This compound is an intermediate in N-glycan biosynthesis, and the byproduct of N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphodolichol (EC 2.4.1.141) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-dolichyl-phosphate (EC 2.7.8.15). (KEGG) This compound and its corresponding enzymes are implicated in the developmental programmes of a variety of eukaryotes. (PMID: 10024536).
Hyaluronic acid
(C14H21NO11)nH2O (3790753.4551086)
Hyaluronic acid (HA), is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in mammalian tissue. It is present in high concentrations in connective tissue, such as skin, vitreous humor, cartilage, and umbilical cord, but the largest single reservoir is the synovial fluid (SF) of the diarthrodial joints, where concentrations of 0.5-4 mg/mL are achieved. Hyaluronic acid, is the major hydrodynamic nonprotein component of joint SF. Its unique viscoelastic properties confer remarkable shock absorbing and lubricating abilities to SF, while its enormous macromolecular size and hydrophilicity serve to retain fluid in the joint cavity during articulation. HA restricts the entry of large plasma proteins and cells into SF but facilitates solute exchange between the synovial capillaries and cartilage and other joint tissues. In addition, HA can form a pericellular coat around cells, interact with proinflammatory mediators, and bind to cell receptors, such as cluster determinant (CD)44 and receptor for hyaluronate-mediated motility (RHAMM), where it modulates cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression. All these physicochemical and biologic properties of HA have been shown to be molecular weight (MW) dependent. The diverse physicochemical properties of HA arise from its unique macromolecular structure. The HA is an exceptionally long (3-30 μm) and unbranched nonsulfated GAG composed of repeating disaccharide units of N-acetylglucosamine, and glucuronic acid glycosidically linked through their respective 1-4 ring positions. Hydroxyl group oxygens at the glucuronyl-1 and glucosamine 3-positions are used for further polymerization of the HA disaccharide units to form chains that, when released from the cell plasma membrane, are of variable length and thus polydispersity. Despite the simplicity of the HA primary structure, this linear polyelectrolyte adopts complex conformations in solution, which engender it with diverse biologic properties. Within the joint cavity, HA molecules are predominately synthesized by the type B synovial cells. (PMID 12219318) [HMDB] Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in mammalian tissue. It is present in high concentrations in connective tissue, such as skin, vitreous humour, cartilage, and umbilical cord, but the largest single reservoir is the synovial fluid (SF) of the diarthrodial joints, where concentrations of 0.5-4 mg/mL are achieved. Hyaluronic acid is the major hydrodynamic nonprotein component of joint SF. Its unique viscoelastic properties confer remarkable shock absorbing and lubricating abilities to SF, while its enormous macromolecular size and hydrophilicity serve to retain fluid in the joint cavity during articulation. HA restricts the entry of large plasma proteins and cells into SF but facilitates solute exchange between the synovial capillaries and cartilage and other joint tissues. In addition, HA can form a pericellular coat around cells, interact with proinflammatory mediators, and bind to cell receptors, such as cluster determinant (CD)44 and receptor for hyaluronate-mediated motility (RHAMM), where it modulates cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression. All these physicochemical and biologic properties of HA have been shown to be molecular weight (MW) dependent. The diverse physicochemical properties of HA arise from its unique macromolecular structure. The HA is an exceptionally long (3-30 μm) and unbranched nonsulfated GAG composed of repeating disaccharide units of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid glycosidically linked through their respective 1-4 ring positions. Hydroxyl group oxygens at the glucuronyl-1 and glucosamine 3-positions are used for further polymerization of the HA disaccharide units to form chains that, when released from the cell plasma membrane, are of variable length and thus polydispersity. Despite the simplicity of the HA primary structure, this linear polyelectrolyte adopts complex conformations in solution, which engender it with diverse biologic properties. Within the joint cavity, HA molecules are predominately synthesized by the type B synovial cells (PMID: 12219318).
O-b-D-Gal-(1->3)-O-[O-b-D-Gal-(1->4)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-b-D-Glc-(1->6)]-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy- D-Galactose
O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-O-[O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)]-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy- D-Galactose is a milk oligosaccharide alditol derived from mucin glycoprotein detected with High-performance anion exchange-chromatography. (PMID: 1799211). Forms part of carbohydrate chains linked to human kappa-casein from mature milk. (PMID: 3342257). A neutral oligosaccharides from human milk of O-linked glycoproteins having blood group A and H activities. (PMID: 1904864). O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-O-[O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)]-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy- D-Galactose is a milk oligosaccharide alditol derived from mucin glycoprotein detected with High-performance anion exchange-chromatography. (PMID: 1799211)
O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-O-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-O-[6-deoxy-a-L-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)]-O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-O-[6-deoxy-a-L-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)]-D-Glucose
O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-O-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-O-[6-deoxy-a-L-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)]-O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-O-[6-deoxy-a-L-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)]-D-Glucose is a lactose-derived oligosaccharide naturally found in human milk detected without prior derivatization or reduction by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). (PMID: 8953162) [HMDB] O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-O-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-O-[6-deoxy-a-L-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)]-O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-O-[6-deoxy-a-L-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)]-D-Glucose is a lactose-derived oligosaccharide naturally found in human milk detected without prior derivatization or reduction by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). (PMID: 8953162).
N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate is an intermediate in amino sugar metabolism. The enzyme UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine diphosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of this metabolite into UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. In the same pathway, the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of this metabolite from N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine using ATP or ITP. These two reactions are irreversible and occur in the cytosol. (BiGG database) [HMDB] N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate is an intermediate in amino sugar metabolism. The enzyme UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine diphosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of this metabolite into UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. In the same pathway, the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of this metabolite from N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine using ATP or ITP. These two reactions are irreversible and occur in the cytosol. (BiGG database).
Alpha-Trisaccharide
C20H37NO14 (515.2213942000001)
The trisaccharides A and B are practically identical from the conformational point of view, the only difference being situated at position 2 of Galalpha residue, i.e. trisaccharide A has a NHAc group, whereas trisaccharide B has a hydroxyl group (PMID: 16133833). Alpha-Trisaccharide is expressed in intestinal mucosa. The trisaccharides A and B are practically identical from the conformational point of view, the only difference being situated at position 2 of Galalpha residue, i.e. trisaccharide A has a NHAc group, whereas trisaccharide B has a hydroxyl group.(PMID: 16133833)
Chondroitin D-glucuronate
C16H27NO11 (409.15840319999995)
This compound belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha-hexosamines. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a hexose moeity in which the oxygen atom is replaced by an n-acyl group.
dermatan L-iduronate
C16H27NO11 (409.15840319999995)
This compound belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha-hexosamines. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a hexose moeity in which the oxygen atom is replaced by an n-acyl group.
4'-Nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucopyranoside
a-Trisaccharide
C20H35NO15 (529.2006600000001)
Allosamidin
Givosiran
Galnac-1-4-glcnac
C16H28N2O11 (424.16930179999997)
Glunicate
C36H28N6O10 (704.1866828000001)
Sodium heparin
C26H41NO34S4 (1039.0392806000002)