Classification Term: 169394
Aryl alkyl ketones (ontology term: 5aac521bd0ead40a47a5681a71eab31f)
found 21 associated metabolites at sub_class metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Carbonyl compounds
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
Metyrapone
Metyrapone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an inhibitor of the enzyme steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of cushing syndrome. [PubChem]The pharmacological effect of Metopirone is to reduce cortisol and corticosterone production by inhibiting the 11-ß-hydroxylation reaction in the adrenal cortex. Removal of the strong inhibitory feedback mechanism exerted by cortisol results in an increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production by the pituitary. With continued blockade of the enzymatic steps leading to production of cortisol and corticosterone, there is a marked increase in adrenocortical secretion of their immediate precursors, 11-desoxycortisol and desoxycorticosterone, which are weak suppressors of ACTH release, and a corresponding elevation of these steroids in the plasma and of their metabolites in the urine. These metabolites are readily determined by measuring urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) or 17-ketogenic steroids (17-KGS). Because of these actions, metopirone is used as a diagnostic test, with urinary 17-OHCS measured as an index of pituitary ACTH responsiveness. Metopirone may also suppress biosynthesis of aldosterone, resulting in a mild natriuresis. V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CD - Tests for pituitary function D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites KEIO_ID M111; [MS2] KO009044 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor KEIO_ID M111
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
C10H13N3O2 (207.10077180000002)
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (also known as NNK) is a potent tobacco-specific nitrosamine derived from nicotine. It plays a key role in human tobacco-related cancers (PMID:24830349). NNK is found in cured tobacco and is also produced during its burning or combustion in cigarettes. NNK is abundantly present in cigarette smoke (20-280 ng/cigarette). Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) do not convert nicotine to NNK due to their lower operating temperatures. NNK is a procarcinogen. This means it must be activated by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP2A6 and CYP2B6) to become a carcinogen (PMID:24830349). NNK can also be activated by myeloperoxidase (MPO) and epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1). All activation processes lead to the formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol from NNK, which is called NNAL (PMID:24830349). NNAL can be detoxified via glucuronidation via glucuronidases. Once NNK is activated to NNAL, this compound initiates a cascade of signalling pathways (for example ERK1/2, NFκB, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, FasL, K-ras), resulting in uncontrolled cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. NNK is known as a mutagen and can cause point mutations that affect cell growth proliferation and differentiation. NNK also targets the SULT1A1, TGF-beta, and angiotensin II genes. NNK plays a key role in gene silencing, gene modification, and carcinogenesis. NNK has been implicated in tumour promotion by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and β-adrenergic receptors (β-AdrRs), leading to downstream activation of parallel signal transduction pathways that facilitate tumour progression (PMID:24830349). Antioxidants such as EGCG (from green tea) inhibit lung tumorigenesis by NNK. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent tobacco-specific nitrosamine in animals. It has been suggested to play a role in human tobacco-related cancers. P450 1A2 catalyzed the formation of keto alcohol and 4-oxo-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (keto aldehyde) from NNK, with the keto alcohol being the major metabolite. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC0 is an effective inhibitor of the carcinogenicity or toxicity of chemicals that are activated by P450 1A2.( PMID: 8625495) [HMDB] D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens
3-Acetylpyridine
D009676 - Noxae > D009498 - Neurotoxins Organoleptic, flavouring ingredient. Organoleptic, flavouring ingredient D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran
Isolated from raisins, roasted onion, French fried potato, tomato, smoked fatty fish, cooked beef, fried cured pork, beer, spirits, black tea, wild rice, squid and coffee aroma. Organoleptic and flavouring agent. 2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran is found in many foods, some of which are tea, potato, alcoholic beverages, and cereals and cereal products. 2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran is found in alcoholic beverages. 2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran is isolated from raisins, roasted onion, French fried potato, tomato, smoked fatty fish, cooked beef, fried cured pork, beer, spirits, black tea, wild rice, squid and coffee aroma. 2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran is organoleptic and flavouring agent.
2-Acetylpyrrole
2-acetylpyrrole, also known as 1-(1h-pyrrol-2-yl)1-ethanone or 2-pyrrolyl methyl ketone, is a member of the class of compounds known as aryl alkyl ketones. Aryl alkyl ketones are ketones have the generic structure RC(=O)R, where R = aryl group and R=alkyl group. 2-acetylpyrrole is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-acetylpyrrole is a bread, coumarin, and licorice tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as green vegetables, tea, nuts, and white mustard, which makes 2-acetylpyrrole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-Acetylpyrrole, also known as fema 3202 or pyrrole, 2-acetyl, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aryl alkyl ketones. These are ketones have the generic structure RC(=O)R, where R = aryl group and R=alkyl group. 2-Acetylpyrrole is a bread, nut, and walnut tasting compound. 2-Acetylpyrrole has been detected, but not quantified, in tea. This could make 2-acetylpyrrole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A pyrrole carrying an acetyl substituent at the 2-position. 2-Acetylpyrrole is a product of model browning systems, and has been isolated as a major flavour component of many foods[1]. 2-Acetylpyrrole has been used in the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline[2]. 2-Acetylpyrrole is a product of model browning systems, and has been isolated as a major flavour component of many foods[1]. 2-Acetylpyrrole has been used in the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline[2].
2-Acetyl-3-methylpyrazine
2-Acetyl-3-methylpyrazine is found in cereals and cereal products. Aroma constituent of spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) roasted sesame see
1-(2-Thienyl)-1-heptanone
1-(2-Thienyl)-1-heptanone is found in animal foods. 1-(2-Thienyl)-1-heptanone is a constituent of roast beef aroma. Constituent of roast beef aroma. 1-(2-Thienyl)-1-heptanone is found in animal foods.
2-ACETYLPYRROLE
2-Acetylpyrrole is a product of model browning systems, and has been isolated as a major flavour component of many foods[1]. 2-Acetylpyrrole has been used in the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline[2]. 2-Acetylpyrrole is a product of model browning systems, and has been isolated as a major flavour component of many foods[1]. 2-Acetylpyrrole has been used in the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline[2].
metyrapone
V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CD - Tests for pituitary function D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor
3-ACETYLPYRIDINE
D009676 - Noxae > D009498 - Neurotoxins D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors