(+)-Arteannuin (BioDeep_00000171503)

描述信息

1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.0⁴,¹³.0⁸,¹³]hexadecan-10-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as terpene lactones. These are prenol lipids containing a lactone ring. Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on 1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.0⁴,¹³.0⁸,¹³]hexadecan-10-one. This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). (+)-arteannuin is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically (+)-Arteannuin is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.

Chemical Structure of Artemisinin:
Artemisinin, also known as Qinghaosu, has a unique chemical structure that contributes to its biological activity. It is a sesquiterpene lactone with a peroxide bridge, which is rare in natural products. The molecular formula of artemisinin is C15H22O2. The structure consists of the following components:
- **Sesquiterpene Framework**: Artemisinin is built on a 15-carbon sesquiterpene framework, which is a type of terpene compound. This framework includes three isoprene units (5 carbon atoms each) and one methyl group.
- **Lactone Ring**: The sesquiterpene framework contains a lactone ring, which is a cyclic ester. In artemisinin, the lactone ring is formed between the carbon at position 1 and the oxygen at position 12, creating a five-membered ring.
- **Peroxide Bridge**: The most distinctive feature of artemisinin is the presence of a peroxide bridge between carbon atoms 3 and 4. This peroxide group is essential for the molecule's antimalarial activity.
- **Methyl and Methylene Groups**: The structure also includes methyl and methylene groups, with a methyl group at carbon atom 5 and a methylene group (CH2) at carbon atom 10.
Biological Functions of Artemisinin:
Artemisinin exhibits several important biological functions, particularly in the context of malaria treatment:
- **Antimalarial Activity**: Artemisinin is highly effective against the malaria parasite, Plasmodium species. The peroxide bridge is critical for this activity. When the parasite's hemoglobin digestates, which are rich in iron, interact with the peroxide bridge, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) is generated. This ROS damages the parasite's membrane, leading to its destruction.
- **Rapid Action**: Artemisinin has a rapid onset of action, clearing malaria parasites from the bloodstream within a short time. This rapid action is particularly useful in treating severe malaria.
- **Resistance Mitigation**: Artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) are used to mitigate the development of resistance to antimalarial drugs. By combining artemisinin with other longer-acting antimalarials, the treatment is more effective and helps to prevent resistance.
- **Low Toxicity**: Artemisinin has relatively low toxicity to humans, making it a safe treatment option. However, as with any medication, it can have side effects, although these are generally mild and transient.
The unique chemical structure of artemisinin and its potent biological functions have made it a vital tool in global efforts to control and eliminate malaria.

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