Reaction Process: PathBank:SMP0068748

Coenzyme A

C21H36N7O16P3S (767.1152046000001)

Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from beta-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate, and adenosine triphosphate. It is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, phenylglyoxylyl-CoA, tetracosanoyl-CoA, and 6-hydroxyhex-3-enoyl-CoA. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process from pantothenate and cysteine. In the first step pantothenate (vitamin B5) is phosphorylated to 4-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK, CoaA, CoaX). In the second step, a cysteine is added to 4-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPC-DC, CoaB) to form 4-phospho-N-pantothenoylcysteine (PPC). In the third step, PPC is decarboxylated to 4-phosphopantetheine by phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase (CoaC). In the fourth step, 4-phosphopantetheine is adenylylated to form dephospho-CoA by the enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyl transferase (CoaD). Finally, dephospho-CoA is phosphorylated using ATP to coenzyme A by the enzyme dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (CoaE). Since coenzyme A is, in chemical terms, a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. CoA assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. When it is not attached to an acyl group, it is usually referred to as CoASH or HSCoA. Coenzyme A is also the source of the phosphopantetheine group that is added as a prosthetic group to proteins such as acyl carrier proteins and formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. Its main task is conveying the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production (Wikipedia). Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from beta-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate and adenosine triphosphate. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine, in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. Its main task is conveying the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Coenzyme A is found in many foods, some of which are grape, cowpea, pili nut, and summer savory. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Coenzyme A (CoASH) is a ubiquitous and essential cofactor, which is an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a central role in the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle and the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids[1]. Coenzyme A (CoASH) is a ubiquitous and essential cofactor, which is an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a central role in the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle and the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids[1]. Coenzyme A, a ubiquitous essential cofactor, is an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a central role in the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids[1].

Glycerol 3-phosphate

C3H9O6P (172.0136744)

Glycerol 3-phosphate, also known as glycerophosphoric acid or alpha-glycerophosphorate, is a member of the class of compounds known as glycerophosphates. Glycerophosphates are compounds containing a glycerol linked to a phosphate group. Glycerol 3-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Glycerol 3-phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as sacred lotus, common oregano, mixed nuts, and yautia, which makes glycerol 3-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Glycerol 3-phosphate can be found primarily in blood, feces, saliva, and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. Glycerol 3-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, glycerol 3-phosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/i-21:0/a-21:0/i-21:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/a-25:0/i-13:0/i-12:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-21:0/i-21:0/a-25:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-25:0/i-18:0/a-13:0). Glycerol 3-phosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-24:0/19:0/16:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(16:0/22:4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/16:1(9Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:0/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/14:1(9Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/20:2(11Z,14Z)). Glycerol 3-phosphate is a chemical intermediate in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. It is commonly confused with the similarly named glycerate 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycerol 3-phosphate is produced from glycerol, the triose sugar backbone of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, by the enzyme glycerol kinase. Glycerol 3-phospate may then be converted by dehydrogenation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. DHAP can then be rearranged into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) by triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), and feed into glycolysis. The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is used to rapidly regenerate NAD+ in the brain and skeletal muscle cells of mammals (wikipedia). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID G072

Cytidine monophosphate

C9H14N3O8P (323.05184940000004)

Cytidine monophosphate, also known as 5-cytidylic acid and abbreviated CMP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside cytidine. CMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase cytosine. Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) is derived from cytidine triphosphate (CTP) with subsequent loss of two phosphates. The synthesis of the pyrimidines CTP and UTP occurs in the cytoplasm and starts with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine and CO2. Next, aspartate undergoes a condensation reaction with carbamoyl-phosphate to form orotic acid. In a subsequent cyclization reaction, the enzyme Aspartate carbamoyltransferase forms N-carbamoyl-aspartate which is converted into dihydroorotic acid by Dihydroorotase. The latter is converted to orotate by Dihydroorotate oxidase. Orotate is covalently linked with a phosphorylated ribosyl unit with Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (aka "PRPP transferase") catalyzing reaction, yielding orotidine monophosphate (OMP). Orotidine-5-phosphate is decarboxylated by Orotidine-5-phosphate decarboxylase to form uridine monophosphate (UMP). UMP is phosphorylated by two kinases to uridine triphosphate (UTP) via two sequential reactions with ATP. CTP is subsequently formed by amination of UTP by the catalytic activity of CTP synthetase. Cytosine monophosphate (CMP) and uridine monophosphate (UMP) have been prescribed for the treatment of neuromuscular affections in humans. Patients treated with CMP/UMP recover from altered neurological functions. Additionally, the administration of CMP/UMP appears to favour the entry of glucose in the muscle and CMP/UMP may be important in maintaining the level of hepatic glycogen constant during exercise. [PMID:18663991]. Cytidine monophosphate, also known as cmp or cytidylic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphates. Pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphates are pyrimidine ribobucleotides with monophosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Cytidine monophosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cytidine monophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as elliotts blueberry, small-leaf linden, orange mint, and malabar spinach, which makes cytidine monophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cytidine monophosphate can be found primarily in saliva, as well as throughout all human tissues. Cytidine monophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, cytidine monophosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-18:0/i-17:0/18:2(9z,11z)), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-24:0/a-21:0/i-15:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-22:0/i-20:0/i-15:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/a-17:0/i-20:0/a-21:0). Cytidine monophosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include beta ureidopropionase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria), and dihydropyrimidinase deficiency. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-Cytidylic acid) is a nucleotide which is used as a monomer in RNA. Cytidine 5'-monophosphate consists of the nucleobase cytosine, the pentose sugar ribose, and the phosphate group[1]. Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-Cytidylic acid) is a nucleotide which is used as a monomer in RNA. Cytidine 5'-monophosphate consists of the nucleobase cytosine, the pentose sugar ribose, and the phosphate group[1].

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

C3H7O6P (169.9980252)

An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.; Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a biochemical compound involved in many reactions, from the Calvin cycle in plants to the ether-lipid biosynthesis process in Leishmania mexicana. Its major biochemical role is in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. DHAP may be referred to as glycerone phosphate in older texts.; Dihydroxyacetone phosphate lies in the glycolysis metabolic pathway, and is one of the two products of breakdown of fructose 1,6-phosphate, along with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is rapidly and reversibly isomerised to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.; In the Calvin cycle, DHAP is one of the products of the sixfold reduction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by NADPH. It is also used in the synthesis of sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate which are both used to reform ribulose 5-phosphate, the key carbohydrate of the Calvin cycle. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are sesame, mexican groundcherry, parsley, and common wheat. [Spectral] Glycerone phosphate (exact mass = 169.99802) and beta-D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (exact mass = 339.99605) and NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is found to be associated with transaldolase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). KEIO_ID D014

Nadide

[C21H28N7O14P2]+ (664.1169428000001)

[Spectral] NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) and NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

1,4-Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

C21H29N7O14P2 (665.1247674)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed) [HMDB]. NADH is found in many foods, some of which are dill, ohelo berry, fox grape, and black-eyed pea. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Cytidine triphosphate

C9H16N3O14P3 (482.9845146)

Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), also known as 5-CTP, is pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate. Formally, CTP is an ester of cytidine and triphosphoric acid. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. CTP, much like ATP, consists of a base (cytosine), a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. CTP is a high-energy molecule similar to ATP, but its role as an energy coupler is limited to a much smaller subset of metabolic reactions. CTP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans and is used in the synthesis of RNA via RNA polymerase. Another enzyme known as cytidine triphosphate synthetase (CTPS) mediates the conversion of uridine triphosphate (UTP) into cytidine triphosphate (CTP) which is the rate-limiting step of de novo CTP biosynthesis. CTPS catalyzes a complex set of reactions that include the ATP-dependent transfer of the amide nitrogen from glutamine (i.e., glutaminase reaction) to the C-4 position of UTP to generate CTP. GTP stimulates the glutaminase reaction by accelerating the formation of a covalent glutaminyl enzyme intermediate. CTPS activity regulates the intracellular rates of RNA synthesis, DNA synthesis, and phospholipid synthesis. CTPS is an established target for a number of antiviral, antineoplastic, and antiparasitic drugs. CTP also acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme known as aspartate carbamoyltransferase, which is used in pyrimidine biosynthesis. CTP also reacts with nitrogen-containing alcohols to form coenzymes that participate in the formation of phospholipids. In particular, CTP is the direct precursor of the activated, phospholipid pathway intermediates CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-choline, and CDP-ethanolamine ((PMID: 18439916). CDP-diacylglycerol is the source of the phosphatidyl moiety for phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine (synthesized by way of the CDP-diacylglycerol pathway) as well as phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylinositol (PMID: 18439916). Cytidine triphosphate, also known as 5-ctp or cytidine 5-triphosphoric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as pentose phosphates. Pentose phosphates are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. Cytidine triphosphate is soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cytidine triphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as lowbush blueberry, black radish, american pokeweed, and cherry tomato, which makes cytidine triphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cytidine triphosphate can be found primarily in cellular cytoplasm, as well as throughout all human tissues. Cytidine triphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, cytidine triphosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-14:0/i-17:0/i-16:0/i-21:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/a-21:0/i-22:0/i-17:0), phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis PE(18:2(9Z,12Z)/24:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-21:0/a-15:0/i-16:0). Cytidine triphosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include sialuria or french type sialuria, tay-sachs disease, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and g(m2)-gangliosidosis: variant B, tay-sachs disease. Cytidine triphosphate is a high-energy molecule similar to ATP, but its role as an energy coupler is limited to a much smaller subset of metabolic reactions. Cytidine triphosphate is a coenzyme in metabolic reactions like the synthesis of glycerophospholipids and glycosylation of proteins . Cytidine 5′-triphosphate (Cytidine triphosphate; 5'-CTP) is a nucleoside triphosphate and serves as a building block for nucleotides and nucleic acids, lipid biosynthesis. Cytidine triphosphate synthase can catalyze the formation of cytidine 5′-triphosphate from uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP). Cytidine 5′-triphosphate is an essential biomolecule?in the de novo?pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in?T. gondii[1].

Water

H2O (18.0105642)

Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71\\% of Earths surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the bodys solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the suns energy to split off waters hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the suns energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia). Water, also known as purified water or dihydrogen oxide, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous other non-metal compounds. Homogeneous other non-metal compounds are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom belongs to the class of other nonmetals. Water can be found in a number of food items such as caraway, oxheart cabbage, alaska wild rhubarb, and japanese walnut, which makes water a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Water can be found primarily in most biofluids, including ascites Fluid, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lymph, as well as throughout all human tissues. Water exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, water is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-15:0/i-20:0/i-24:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(18:0/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/i-18:0/i-13:0/i-19:0). Water is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/i-13:0/21:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(22:0/20:0/i-20:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(a-21:0/i-20:0/i-14:0), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/a-17:0/i-12:0). Water is a drug which is used for diluting or dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the drug to be administered [fda label]. Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70\\% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, and diving .

Hydrogen Ion

H+ (1.0078246)

Hydrogen ion, also known as proton or h+, is a member of the class of compounds known as other non-metal hydrides. Other non-metal hydrides are inorganic compounds in which the heaviest atom bonded to a hydrogen atom is belongs to the class of other non-metals. Hydrogen ion can be found in a number of food items such as lowbush blueberry, groundcherry, parsley, and tarragon, which makes hydrogen ion a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hydrogen ion exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, hydrogen ion is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-25:0/a-21:0/i-15:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/a-17:0/i-13:0/a-25:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/i-13:0/a-17:0/a-15:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/18:1(11Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)). Hydrogen ion is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(20:3(8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/20:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(24:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/24:0). A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions . Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [Wikipedia])

PG(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z))

C40H75O10P (746.509758)

PG(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)) is a phosphatidylglycerol or glycerophospholipid (PG or GP). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphoglycerol moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PG(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of palmitic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of linoleic acid at the C-2 position. The palmitic acid moiety is derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats, while the linoleic acid moiety is derived from seed oils. Phosphatidylglycerol is present at a level of 1-2\\% in most animal tissues, but it can be the second most abundant phospholipid in lung surfactant at up to 11\\% of the total. It is well established that the concentration of phosphatidylglycerol increases during fetal development. Phosphatidylglycerol may be present in animal tissues merely as a precursor for diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin). Phosphatidylglycerol is formed from phosphatidic acid by a sequence of enzymatic reactions that proceeds via the intermediate, cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol). Bioynthesis proceeds by condensation of phosphatidic acid and cytidine triphosphate with elimination of pyrophosphate via the action of phosphatidate cytidyltransferase (or CDP-synthase). CDP-diacylglycerol then reacts with glycerol-3-phosphate via phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase to form 3-sn-phosphatidyl-1-sn-glycerol 3-phosphoric acid, with the release of cytidine monophosphate (CMP). Finally, phosphatidylglycerol is formed by the action of specific phosphatases. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PGs have a net charge of -1 at physiological pH and are found in high concentration in mitochondrial membranes and as components of pulmonary surfactant. PG also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of cardiolipin. PG is synthesized from CDP-diacylglycerol and glycerol-3-phosphate. PG(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)) is a phosphatidylglycerol or glycerophospholipid (PG or GP). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphoglycerol moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PG(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of palmitic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of linoleic acid at the C-2 position. The palmitic acid moiety is derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats, while the linoleic acid moiety is derived from seed oils. Phosphatidylglycerol is present at a level of 1-2\\% in most animal tissues, but it can be the second most abundant phospholipid in lung surfactant at up to 11\\% of the total. It is well established that the concentration of phosphatidylglycerol increases during fetal development. Phosphatidylglycerol may be present in animal tissues merely as a precursor for diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin). Phosphatidylglycerol is formed from phosphatidic acid by a sequence of enzymatic reactions that proceeds via the intermediate, cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol). Bioynthesis proceeds by condensation of phosphatidic acid and cytidine triphosphate with elimination of pyrophosphate via the action of phosphatidate cytidyltransferase (or CDP-synthase). CDP-diacylglycerol then reacts with glycerol-3-phosphate via phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase to form 3-sn-phosphatidyl-1-sn-glycerol 3-phosphoric acid, with the release of cytidine monophosphate (CMP). Finally, phosphatidylglycerol is formed by the action of specific phosphatases.

CDP-DG(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z))

C46H81N3O15P2 (977.5142656)

CDP-DG(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)) is a cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol or CDP-diacylglycerol. CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DG) is an important branchpoint intermediate in eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis and could be a key regulatory molecule in phospholipid metabolism. It is a glycerophospholipid in which a cytidine diphosphate moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, CDP-diacylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. CDP-DG(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of palmitic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of linoleic acid at the C-2 position. The palmitic acid moiety is derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats, while the linoleic acid moiety is derived from seed oils. CDP-diacylglycerols are intermediates in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerols (PG, PC, PS, PI), which is catalyzed by CDP-diacyl synthase, synthase, phosphatidylglycerolphosphate (PGP) synthase, phosphatidylinositol (PI) synthase, and phosphatidylserine (PS) synthase. Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerols are rarely noticed in analyses of lipid compositions of tissues, as they are present is such small amounts, perhaps only 0.05\\% or so of the total phospholipids. [HMDB] CDP-DG(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)) is a cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol or CDP-diacylglycerol. CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DG) is an important branchpoint intermediate in eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis and could be a key regulatory molecule in phospholipid metabolism. It is a glycerophospholipid in which a cytidine diphosphate moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, CDP-diacylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. CDP-DG(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of palmitic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of linoleic acid at the C-2 position. The palmitic acid moiety is derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats, while the linoleic acid moiety is derived from seed oils. CDP-diacylglycerols are intermediates in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerols (PG, PC, PS, PI), which is catalyzed by CDP-diacyl synthase, synthase, phosphatidylglycerolphosphate (PGP) synthase, phosphatidylinositol (PI) synthase, and phosphatidylserine (PS) synthase. Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerols are rarely noticed in analyses of lipid compositions of tissues, as they are present is such small amounts, perhaps only 0.05\\% or so of the total phospholipids.

PA(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z))

C37H69O8P (672.4729804)

PA(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)) is a phosphatidic acid. It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphate moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidic acids can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PA(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of palmitic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of linoleic acid at the C-2 position. The palmitic acid moiety is derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats, while the linoleic acid moiety is derived from seed oils. Phosphatidic acids are quite rare but are extremely important as intermediates in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Indeed, the concentration of phosphatidic acids is often over-estimated in tissues and biofluids as it can arise by inadvertent enzymatic hydrolysis during inappropriate storage or extraction conditions during analysis. The main biosynthetic route of phosphatidic acid in animal tissues involves sequential acylation of alpha-glycerophosphate by acyl-coA derivatives of fatty acids. PAs are biologically active lipids that can stimulate a large range of responses in many different cell types, such as platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, in vivo vasoactive effects, chemotaxis, expression of adhesion molecules, increased tight junction permeability of endothelial cells, induction of stress fibres, modulation of cardiac contractility, and many others. Diacylglycerols (DAGs) can be converted to PAs by DAG kinases and indirect evidence supports the notion that PAs alter the excitability of neurons. Phospholipase Ds (PLDs), which catalyze the conversion of glycerolphospholipids, particularly phosphatidylcholine, to PAs and the conversion of N-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) to anandamide and PAs are activated by several inflammatory mediators including bradykinin, ATP and glutamate. PAs activate downstream signaling pathways such as PKCs and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are linked to an increase in sensitivity of sensory neurons either during inflammation or in chronic pain models. Circumstantial evidence that PAs are converted to DAGs. (PMID: 12618218, 16185776). [HMDB] PA(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)) is a phosphatidic acid. It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphate moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidic acids can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PA(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of palmitic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of linoleic acid at the C-2 position. The palmitic acid moiety is derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats, while the linoleic acid moiety is derived from seed oils. Phosphatidic acids are quite rare but are extremely important as intermediates in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Indeed, the concentration of phosphatidic acids is often over-estimated in tissues and biofluids as it can arise by inadvertent enzymatic hydrolysis during inappropriate storage or extraction conditions during analysis. The main biosynthetic route of phosphatidic acid in animal tissues involves sequential acylation of alpha-glycerophosphate by acyl-CoA derivatives of fatty acids. PAs are biologically active lipids that can stimulate a large range of responses in many different cell types, such as platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, in vivo vasoactive effects, chemotaxis, expression of adhesion molecules, increased tight junction permeability of endothelial cells, induction of stress fibres, modulation of cardiac contractility, and many others. Diacylglycerols (DAGs) can be converted to PAs by DAG kinases and indirect evidence supports the notion that PAs alter the excitability of neurons. Phospholipase Ds (PLDs), which catalyze the conversion of glycerolphospholipids, particularly phosphatidylcholine, to PAs and the conversion of N-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) to anandamide and PAs are activated by several inflammatory mediators including bradykinin, ATP and glutamate. PAs activate downstream signaling pathways such as PKCs and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are linked to an increase in sensitivity of sensory neurons either during inflammation or in chronic pain models. Circumstantial evidence that PAs are converted to DAGs. (PMID: 12618218, 16185776).

PGP(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z))

C40H76O13P2 (826.4760906)

PGP(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)) is a phosphatidylglycerolphosphate or glycerophospholipid (PGP or GP). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphoglycerol moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site followed by another phosphate moiety. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PGP(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of palmitic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of linoleic acid at the C-2 position. The palmitic acid moiety is derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats, while the linoleic acid moiety is derived from seed oils. Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate is present at a level of 1-2\\% in most animal tissues, but it can be the second most abundant phospholipid in lung surfactant at up to 11\\% of the total. It is well established that the concentration of Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate increases during fetal development. Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate may be present in animal tissues merely as a precursor for diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin). Phosphatidylglycerol is formed from phosphatidic acid by a sequence of enzymatic reactions that proceeds via the intermediate, cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol). Bioynthesis proceeds by condensation of phosphatidic acid and cytidine triphosphate with elimination of pyrophosphate via the action of phosphatidate cytidyltransferase (or CDP-synthase). CDP-diacylglycerol then reacts with glycerol-3-phosphate via phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase to form 3-sn-phosphatidyl-1-sn-glycerol 3-phosphoric acid, with the release of cytidine monophosphate (CMP). Finally, phosphatidylglycerol is formed by the action of specific phosphatases. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PGPs have a net charge of -1 at physiological pH and are found in high concentration in mitochondrial membranes and as components of pulmonary surfactant. PGP also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of cardiolipin. PGP is synthesized from CDP-diacylglycerol and glycerol-3-phosphate. PGP(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)) is a phosphatidylglycerolphosphate or glycerophospholipid (PGP or GP). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphoglycerol moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site followed by another phosphate moiety. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PGP(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of palmitic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of linoleic acid at the C-2 position. The palmitic acid moiety is derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats, while the linoleic acid moiety is derived from seed oils. Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate is present at a level of 1-2\\% in most animal tissues, but it can be the second most abundant phospholipid in lung surfactant at up to 11\\% of the total. It is well established that the concentration of Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate increases during fetal development. Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate may be present in animal tissues merely as a precursor for diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin). Phosphatidylglycerol is formed from phosphatidic acid by a sequence of enzymatic reactions that proceeds via the intermediate, cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol). Bioynthesis proceeds by condensation of phosphatidic acid and cytidine triphosphate with elimination of pyrophosphate via the action of phosphatidate cytidyltransferase (or CDP-synthase). CDP-diacylglycerol then reacts with glycerol-3-phosphate via phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase to form 3-sn-phosphatidyl-1-sn-glycerol 3-phosphoric acid, with the release of cytidine monophosphate (CMP). Finally, phosphatidylglycerol is formed by the action of specific phosphatases.

CL(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z))

C87H146O17P2 (1525.0034726)

CL(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) is a cardiolipin (CL). Cardiolipins are sometimes called double phospholipids because they have four fatty acid tails, instead of the usual two. They are glycerophospholipids in which the O1 and O3 oxygen atoms of the central glycerol moiety are each linked to one 1,3-diacylglyerol chain. Their general formula is OC(COP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H](CO[R1])O[R2])COP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H](CO[R3])O[R4], where R1-R4 are four fatty acyl chains. CL(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) contains one chain of hexadecanoic acid at the C1 position, one chain of (9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl) at the C2 position, one chain of (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosapentaenoyl) at the C3 position, one chain of (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoyl) at the C4 position fatty acids. Cardiolipins are known to be present in all mammalian cells, especially cells with a high number of mitochondria. De novo synthesis of Cardiolipins begins with condensing phosphatidic acid (PA) with cytidine-5’-triphosphate (CTP) to form cytidine-diphosphate-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (CDP-DG). Glycerol-3-phosphate is subsequently added to this newly formed CDP-DG molecule to form phosphatidylglycerol phosphate (PGP), which is immediately dephosphorylated to form PG. The final step is the process of condensing the PG molecule with another CDP-DG molecule to form a new cardiolipin, which is catalyzed by cardiolipin synthase. All new cardiolipins immediately undergo a series remodeling resulting in the common cardiolipin compositions. (PMID: 16442164). Cardiolipin synthase shows no selectivity for fatty acyl chains used in the de novo synthesis of cardiolipin (PMID: 16442164). Cardiolipins (bisphosphatidyl glycerol) are an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where they constitute about 20\\% of the total lipid. While most lipids are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, cardiolipin is synthesized on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane and are important for mitochondrial respiratory capacity. They are highly abundant in metabolically active cells (heart, muscle) and play an important role in the blood clotting process. Tafazzin is an important enzyme in the remodeling of cardiolipins, and in contrast to cardiolipin synthase, it shows strong acyl specificity. This suggests that the specificity in cardiolipin composition is achieved through the remodeling steps. Mutation in the tafazzin gene disrupts the remodeling of cardiolipins and is the cause of Barth syndrome (BTHS), an X-linked human disease (PMID: 16973164). BTHS patients seem to lack acyl specificity. As a result, there are many potential cardiolipin species that can exist (PMID: 16226238).

CDP-DG(22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z))

C56H85N3O15P2 (1101.545564)

CDP-DG(22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) is a cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol or CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DG). CDP-diacylglycerol is an important branchpoint intermediate in eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis and could be a key regulatory molecule in phospholipid metabolism. It is a glycerophospholipid in which a cytidine diphosphate moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, CDP-diacylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. CDP-DG(22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of clupanodonic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of osbond acid at the C-2 position. Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerols are rarely noticed in analyses of lipid compositions of tissues, as they are present is such small amounts (perhaps only 0.05\\% or so of the total phospholipids).

(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl hexadecanoate

C19H39O7P (410.2433274)

Phosphate Ion

O4P-3 (94.953423)

Diphosphate

O7P2-4 (173.911931)

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