Chemical Formula: C39H66N7O18P3S
Chemical Formula C39H66N7O18P3S
Found 29 metabolite its formula value is C39H66N7O18P3S
(3S)-3-Hydroxylinoleoyl-CoA
(3S)-3-hydroxylinoleoyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA with (3S)-3-hydroxylinoleoate moiety. Acyl-CoA (or formyl-CoA) is a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. It is a temporary compound formed when coenzyme A (CoA) attaches to the end of a long-chain fatty acid inside living cells. The compound undergoes beta oxidation, forming one or more molecules of acetyl-CoA. This, in turn, enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several molecules of ATP. (3S)-3-hydroxylinoleoyl-CoA is an intermediate in Di-unsaturated fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. In the reaction, it acts as the precursor of producing (3S)-3-hydroxylinoleoyl-CoA[X]. (3S)-3-hydroxylinoleoyl-CoA is an acy-CoA with (3S)-3-hydroxylinoleoate moiety.
3-oxo-11-cis-octadecenoyl-CoA
3-oxo-11-cis-octadecenoyl-CoA is also known as (11Z)-3-Ketooctadecenoyl-CoA(4-) or 3-keto-(11Z)-Octadecenoyl-coenzyme A(4-). 3-oxo-11-cis-octadecenoyl-CoA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic
(9Z,12Z)-6-Hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-CoA
(9z,12z)-6-hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (9Z_12Z)-6-hydroxyoctadeca-9_12-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (9z,12z)-6-hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (9z,12z)-6-hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (9z,12z)-6-hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (9Z,12Z)-6-Hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (9Z,12Z)-6-Hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (9Z,12Z)-6-Hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-CoA into (9Z_12Z)-6-Hydroxyoctadeca-9_12-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (9Z_12Z)-6-Hydroxyoctadeca-9_12-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (9Z,12Z)-6-Hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (9Z,12Z)-6-Hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (9Z,12Z)-6-Hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (9Z,12Z)-6-Hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-di...
(11E,13Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA
(11e,13z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (11E_13Z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-11_13-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (11e,13z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (11e,13z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (11e,13z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (11E,13Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (11E,13Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (11E,13Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA into (11E_13Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-11_13-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (11E_13Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-11_13-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (11E,13Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (11E,13Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (11E,13Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenatio...
(12Z,15Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoyl-CoA
(12z,15z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (12Z_15Z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-12_15-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (12z,15z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (12z,15z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (12z,15z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (12Z,15Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (12Z,15Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (12Z,15Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoyl-CoA into (12Z_15Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-12_15-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (12Z_15Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-12_15-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (12Z,15Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (12Z,15Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (12Z,15Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-12,15-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenatio...
(11E,13E)-9-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA
(11e,13e)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (11E_13E)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-11_13-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (11e,13e)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (11e,13e)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (11e,13e)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (11E,13E)-9-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (11E,13E)-9-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (11E,13E)-9-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA into (11E_13E)-9-Hydroxyoctadeca-11_13-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (11E_13E)-9-Hydroxyoctadeca-11_13-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (11E,13E)-9-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (11E,13E)-9-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (11E,13E)-9-Hydroxyoctadeca-11,13-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (11E,13E...
(8E,12Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoyl-CoA
(8e,12z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (8E_12Z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-8_12-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (8e,12z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (8e,12z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (8e,12z)-10-hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (8E,12Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (8E,12Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (8E,12Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoyl-CoA into (8E_12Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-8_12-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (8E_12Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-8_12-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (8E,12Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (8E,12Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (8E,12Z)-10-Hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (8E,12Z)-10-Hydroxyoc...
(9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoyl-CoA
(9s,10e,12z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (9S_10E_12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10_12-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (9s,10e,12z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (9s,10e,12z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (9s,10e,12z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoyl-CoA into (9S_10E_12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10_12-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (9S_10E_12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10_12-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, whic...
(11Z)-3-oxooctadecenoyl-CoA
An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (11Z)-3-oxooctadecenoic acid.
S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (9Z,12R,15Z)-12-hydroxyoctadeca-9,15-dienethioate
S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (Z)-18-oxooctadec-9-enethioate
(9Z,12Z)-18-hydroxyoctadecadienoyl-CoA
An omega-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (9Z,12Z)-18-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid.
(R)-3-hydroxystearoyl-CoA(4-)
A 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of (R)-3-hydroxystearoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.
3-Oxooleoyl-CoA
An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 3-oxooleic acid.
(3S)-3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA(4-)
A 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of (3S)-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.
3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA(4-)
A 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate groups of 3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.
12-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA(4-)
A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of 12-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.
2-hydroxystearoyl-CoA(4-)
An acyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate functions of 2-hydroxystearoyl-CoA.