Chemical Formula: C37H60N7O19P3S
Chemical Formula C37H60N7O19P3S
Found 15 metabolite its formula value is C37H60N7O19P3S
(6Z,8Z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-CoA
(6z,8z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (6Z_8Z)-hexadeca-6_8-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (6z,8z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (6z,8z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (6z,8z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (6Z,8Z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (6Z,8Z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (6Z,8Z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-CoA into (6Z_8Z)-hexadeca-6_8-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (6Z_8Z)-hexadeca-6_8-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to (6Z,8Z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (6Z,8Z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (6Z,8Z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (6Z,8Z)-hexadeca-6,8-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FAD...
(4E,6Z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-CoA
(4e,6z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (4E_6Z)-hexadeca-4_6-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (4e,6z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (4e,6z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (4e,6z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (4E,6Z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (4E,6Z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (4E,6Z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-CoA into (4E_6Z)-hexadeca-4_6-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (4E_6Z)-hexadeca-4_6-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to (4E,6Z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (4E,6Z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (4E,6Z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (4E,6Z)-hexadeca-4,6-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FAD...
(6E,9E)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-CoA
(6e,9e)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (6E_9E)-hexadeca-6_9-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (6e,9e)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (6e,9e)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (6e,9e)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (6E,9E)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (6E,9E)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (6E,9E)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-CoA into (6E_9E)-hexadeca-6_9-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (6E_9E)-hexadeca-6_9-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to (6E,9E)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (6E,9E)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (6E,9E)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (6E,9E)-hexadeca-6,9-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FAD...
(3Z,9Z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-CoA
(3z,9z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (3Z_9Z)-hexadeca-3_9-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (3z,9z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (3z,9z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (3z,9z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (3Z,9Z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (3Z,9Z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (3Z,9Z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-CoA into (3Z_9Z)-hexadeca-3_9-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (3Z_9Z)-hexadeca-3_9-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to (3Z,9Z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (3Z,9Z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (3Z,9Z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (3Z,9Z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FAD...
(4Z,7Z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-CoA
(4z,7z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (4Z_7Z)-hexadeca-4_7-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (4z,7z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (4z,7z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (4z,7z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (4Z,7Z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (4Z,7Z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (4Z,7Z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-CoA into (4Z_7Z)-hexadeca-4_7-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (4Z_7Z)-hexadeca-4_7-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to (4Z,7Z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (4Z,7Z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (4Z,7Z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (4Z,7Z)-hexadeca-4,7-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FAD...
(2E,4Z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA
(2e,4z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2E_4Z)-hexadeca-2_4-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2e,4z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2e,4z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2e,4z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2E,4Z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2E,4Z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2E,4Z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA into (2E_4Z)-hexadeca-2_4-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2E_4Z)-hexadeca-2_4-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to (2E,4Z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2E,4Z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2E,4Z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2E,4Z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FAD...
