Chemical Formula: C34H56N7O18P3S
Chemical Formula C34H56N7O18P3S
Found 24 metabolite its formula value is C34H56N7O18P3S
3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA
3-hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxytrideca-4_6-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA into 3-Hydroxytrideca-4_6-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-Hydroxytrideca-4_6-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes th...
3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA
3-hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxytrideca-6_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA into 3-Hydroxytrideca-6_9-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-Hydroxytrideca-6_9-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes th...
(5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA
(5e,9e)-3-hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (5E_9E)-3-hydroxytrideca-5_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (5e,9e)-3-hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (5e,9e)-3-hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (5e,9e)-3-hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA into (5E_9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5_9-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (5E_9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5_9-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between ...
5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA
5-hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 5-hydroxytrideca-7_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 5-hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 5-hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 5-hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA into 5-Hydroxytrideca-7_9-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 5-Hydroxytrideca-7_9-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to 5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes th...
5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-CoA
5-hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 5-hydroxytrideca-8_11-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 5-hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 5-hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 5-hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-CoA into 5-Hydroxytrideca-8_11-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 5-Hydroxytrideca-8_11-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to 5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydras...
4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA
4-hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 4-hydroxytrideca-6_8-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 4-hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 4-hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 4-hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA into 4-Hydroxytrideca-6_8-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 4-Hydroxytrideca-6_8-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to 4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes th...
3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA
3-hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxytrideca-5_8-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA into 3-Hydroxytrideca-5_8-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-Hydroxytrideca-5_8-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes th...
3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA
3-hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxytrideca-5_7-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA into 3-Hydroxytrideca-5_7-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-Hydroxytrideca-5_7-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes th...
6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA
6-hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 6-hydroxytrideca-8_10-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 6-hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 6-hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 6-hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA into 6-Hydroxytrideca-8_10-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 6-Hydroxytrideca-8_10-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to 6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydras...
4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-CoA
4-hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 4-hydroxytrideca-7_10-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 4-hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 4-hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 4-hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-CoA into 4-Hydroxytrideca-7_10-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 4-Hydroxytrideca-7_10-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to 4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydras...
7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA
7-hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 7-hydroxytrideca-9_11-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 7-hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 7-hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 7-hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA into 7-Hydroxytrideca-9_11-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 7-Hydroxytrideca-9_11-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to 7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydras...
