Chemical Formula: C33H56N7O17P3S

3Z-dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

3Z-dodecenoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism. 3Z-dodecenoyl-CoA is converted from trans-Dodec-2-enoyl-CoA via acyl-CoA oxidase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC:1.3.3.6, 1.3.99.3, 1.3.99.13] [HMDB] 3Z-dodecenoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism. 3Z-dodecenoyl-CoA is converted from trans-Dodec-2-enoyl-CoA via acyl-CoA oxidase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC:1.3.3.6, 1.3.99.3, 1.3.99.13].

Trans-2,3-dehydrododecanoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

Trans-2,3-dehydrododecanoyl-CoA is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from cysteamine, pantothenate, and adenosine triphosphate. This compound is formed by Trans-2,3-dehydrododecanoic acid reacting with thiol group of CoA molecules. [HMDB] Trans-2,3-dehydrododecanoyl-CoA is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from cysteamine, pantothenate, and adenosine triphosphate. This compound is formed by Trans-2,3-dehydrododecanoic acid reacting with thiol group of CoA molecules.

(2E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

(2E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, the substrate of the enzyme acyl-CoA oxidase [EC-1.3.3.6], and enzymes acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.3.99.3-1.3.99.13]; (2E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, being the substrate of the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase and [EC 4.2.1.17]. (KEGG) [HMDB] (2E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, the substrate of the enzyme acyl-CoA oxidase [EC-1.3.3.6], and enzymes acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.3.99.3-1.3.99.13]; (2E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, being the substrate of the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase and [EC 4.2.1.17]. (KEGG).

Cis-dodec-3-enoyl-CoA(4-)

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

Cis-dodec-3-enoyl-CoA(4-) is also known as (3Z)-Dodecenoyl-CoA. Cis-dodec-3-enoyl-CoA(4-) is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic

(9E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

(9e)-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (9E)-dodec-9-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (9e)-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 10 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (9e)-dodecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (9e)-dodecenoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (9E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (9E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (9E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA into (9E)-Dodecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (9E)-Dodecenoylcarnitine is converted back to (9E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (9E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (9E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (9E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is pro...

4-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

4-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a dodec-4-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 4-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 4-dodecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 4-dodecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 4-Dodecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 4-Dodecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 4-Dodecenoyl-CoA into 4-Dodecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 4-Dodecenoylcarnitine is converted back to 4-Dodecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 4-Dodecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 4-Dodecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 4-Dodecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the...

11-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

11-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a Dodecenoylcarnitine thioester of coenzyme A. 11-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 11-dodecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 11-dodecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 11-Dodecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 11-Dodecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 11-Dodecenoyl-CoA into 11-Dodecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 11-Dodecenoylcarnitine is converted back to 11-Dodecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 11-Dodecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 11-Dodecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 11-Dodecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleav...

5-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

5-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a dodec-5-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 5-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 5-dodecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 5-dodecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 5-Dodecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 5-Dodecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 5-Dodecenoyl-CoA into 5-Dodecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 5-Dodecenoylcarnitine is converted back to 5-Dodecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 5-Dodecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 5-Dodecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 5-Dodecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the...

7-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

7-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a dodec-7-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 7-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 7-dodecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 7-dodecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 7-Dodecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 7-Dodecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 7-Dodecenoyl-CoA into 7-Dodecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 7-Dodecenoylcarnitine is converted back to 7-Dodecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 7-Dodecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 7-Dodecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 7-Dodecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the...

8-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

8-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a dodec-8-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 8-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 8-dodecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 8-dodecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 8-Dodecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 8-Dodecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 8-Dodecenoyl-CoA into 8-Dodecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 8-Dodecenoylcarnitine is converted back to 8-Dodecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 8-Dodecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 8-Dodecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 8-Dodecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the...

6-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

6-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a dodec-6-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 6-dodecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 6-dodecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 6-dodecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 6-Dodecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 6-Dodecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 6-Dodecenoyl-CoA into 6-Dodecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 6-Dodecenoylcarnitine is converted back to 6-Dodecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 6-Dodecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 6-Dodecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 6-Dodecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the...

2-trans-dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

2-trans-dodecenoyl-coa, also known as (2e)-dodec-2-enoyl-coa, is a member of the class of compounds known as medium-chain 2-enoyl coas. Medium-chain 2-enoyl coas are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to a medium-chain 2-enoyl chain of 5 to 12 carbon atoms. Thus, 2-trans-dodecenoyl-coa is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. 2-trans-dodecenoyl-coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-trans-dodecenoyl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as spirulina, fox grape, apple, and wild leek, which makes 2-trans-dodecenoyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-trans-dodecenoyl-coa may be a unique S.cerevisiae (yeast) metabolite.

3-cis-dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

3-cis-dodecenoyl-coa is a member of the class of compounds known as 3-enoyl coas. 3-enoyl coas are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to a 3-enoyl chain. Thus, 3-cis-dodecenoyl-coa is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. 3-cis-dodecenoyl-coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-cis-dodecenoyl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as yam, horned melon, tarragon, and bitter gourd, which makes 3-cis-dodecenoyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

CoA 12:1

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (E)-dodec-9-enethioate

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

(5Z)-dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

(2E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

S-[2-[3-[[4-[[[5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (E)-dodec-9-enethioate

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

4-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

5-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

7-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

8-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

6-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

S-[2-[3-[[4-[[[5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (E)-dodec-3-enethioate

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

11,12-didehydroacyl-CoA; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

PubChem CID: 25245959; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

trans-dodec-2-enoyl-coa

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

An acyl-CoA having trans-dodec-2-enoyl as the S-acyl group.

cis-dodec-3-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

Trans-2,3-dehydrododecanoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)

3Z-dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O17P3S (947.2666116000001)