Chemical Formula: C33H54N7O17P3S
Chemical Formula C33H54N7O17P3S
Found 33 metabolite its formula value is C33H54N7O17P3S
(2-trans,6-cis)-dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA
(2-trans,6-cis)-dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA is also known as (2t,6C)-Dodecadienoyl-coenzyme A or trans,cis-2,6-Laurodienoyl-coenzyme A. (2-trans,6-cis)-dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic. (2-trans,6-cis)-dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
cis,cis-3,6-Dodecadienoyl-CoA
cis,cis-3,6-Dodecadienoyl-CoA is an intermediate in Fatty acid metabolism. cis,cis-3,6-Dodecadienoyl-CoA is produced from trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA via the enzyme dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase (EC 5.3.3.8). [HMDB] cis,cis-3,6-Dodecadienoyl-CoA is an intermediate in Fatty acid metabolism. cis,cis-3,6-Dodecadienoyl-CoA is produced from trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA via the enzyme dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase (EC 5.3.3.8).
trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA
Trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA is a co-enzyme A intermediate that participates in fatty acid metabolism, especially long chain fatty acid biosynthesis. trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA is converted from cis,cis-3,6-Dodecadienoyl-CoA via the enzyme known as dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase [EC:5.3.3.8] and vice-versa. Fatty acid degradation is the process in which fatty acids are broken down, resulting in release of energy. It includes three major steps: Activation and transport into mitochondria, β-oxidation and movement through the electron transport chain. Fatty acids are transported across the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine-palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-I), and then couriered across the inner mitochondrial membrane by carnitine (PMID:11413487). Once inside the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acyl-carnitine reacts with coenzyme A to release the fatty acid and produce acetyl-CoA. CPT-I is believed to be the rate limiting step in fatty acid oxidation. Once inside the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acids undergo β-oxidation (PMID: 25703630). During this process, two-carbon molecules (in the form of acetyl-CoA) are repeatedly cleaved from the fatty acid. Acetyl-CoA can then enter the TCA cycle, which produces NADH and FADH. NADH and FADH are subsequently used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell. trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA participates in fatty acid metabolism. trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA is converted from cis,cis-3,6-Dodecadienoyl-CoA via dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase [EC:5.3.3.8] and vice-versa.
(7Z,9E)-Dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA
(7z,9e)-dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (7Z_9E)-dodeca-7_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (7z,9e)-dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (7z,9e)-dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (7z,9e)-dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (7Z,9E)-Dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (7Z,9E)-Dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (7Z,9E)-Dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA into (7Z_9E)-Dodeca-7_9-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (7Z_9E)-Dodeca-7_9-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (7Z,9E)-Dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (7Z,9E)-Dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (7Z,9E)-Dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (7Z,9E)-Dodeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water acro...
(5E,7E)-Dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA
(5e,7e)-dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (5E_7E)-dodeca-5_7-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (5e,7e)-dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (5e,7e)-dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (5e,7e)-dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (5E,7E)-Dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (5E,7E)-Dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (5E,7E)-Dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA into (5E_7E)-Dodeca-5_7-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (5E_7E)-Dodeca-5_7-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (5E,7E)-Dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (5E,7E)-Dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (5E,7E)-Dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (5E,7E)-Dodeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water acro...
(2E,8Z)-Dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA
(2e,8z)-dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2E_8Z)-dodeca-2_8-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2e,8z)-dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2e,8z)-dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2e,8z)-dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2E,8Z)-Dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2E,8Z)-Dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2E,8Z)-Dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA into (2E_8Z)-Dodeca-2_8-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2E_8Z)-Dodeca-2_8-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (2E,8Z)-Dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2E,8Z)-Dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2E,8Z)-Dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2E,8Z)-Dodeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water acro...
(2E,4E)-Dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA
(2e,4e)-dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2E_4E)-dodeca-2_4-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2e,4e)-dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2e,4e)-dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2e,4e)-dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2E,4E)-Dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2E,4E)-Dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2E,4E)-Dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA into (2E_4E)-Dodeca-2_4-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2E_4E)-Dodeca-2_4-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (2E,4E)-Dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2E,4E)-Dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2E,4E)-Dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2E,4E)-Dodeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water acro...
(2E,6Z)-Dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA
(2e,6z)-dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2E_6Z)-dodeca-2_6-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2e,6z)-dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2e,6z)-dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2e,6z)-dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2E,6Z)-Dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2E,6Z)-Dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2E,6Z)-Dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA into (2E_6Z)-Dodeca-2_6-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2E_6Z)-Dodeca-2_6-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (2E,6Z)-Dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2E,6Z)-Dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2E,6Z)-Dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2E,6Z)-Dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water acro...
(8Z,10E)-Dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA
(8z,10e)-dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (8Z_10E)-dodeca-8_10-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (8z,10e)-dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (8z,10e)-dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (8z,10e)-dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (8Z,10E)-Dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (8Z,10E)-Dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (8Z,10E)-Dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA into (8Z_10E)-Dodeca-8_10-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (8Z_10E)-Dodeca-8_10-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (8Z,10E)-Dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (8Z,10E)-Dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (8Z,10E)-Dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (8Z,10E)-Dodeca-8,10-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyze...
CoA 12:2
S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (8E,10E)-dodeca-8,10-dienethioate
S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (3Z,5E)-dodeca-3,5-dienethioate
S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (2E,5E)-dodeca-2,5-dienethioate
(2-trans,6-cis)-dodeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA
An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (2-trans,6-cis)-dodeca-2,6-dienoic acid.
3-methylundecanoyl-CoA(4-)
A 3-methyl fatty acyl-CoA(4-) oxanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of 3-methylundecanoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3
(3Z,6Z)-dodecadienoyl-CoA
A medium-chain unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of cis,cis-dodeca-3,6-dienoic acid.
lauroyl-CoA(4-)
An acyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions of lauroyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.