Chemical Formula: C29H48N7O17P3S
Chemical Formula C29H48N7O17P3S
Found 30 metabolite its formula value is C29H48N7O17P3S
S-2-Octenoyl CoA
S-2-Octenoyl coenzyme A is an intermediate metabolite of fatty acid metabolism. Mitochondrial beta-oxidation of saturated acyl-CoA esters proceeds by a repeated cycle of four concerted reactions: flavoprotein-linked dehydrogenation, hydration, NAD-linked dehydrogenation and thiolysis. The three chain-length-specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenases which catalyse the first dehydrogenation step are linked to the respiratory chain by the electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) and ETF: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF: QO). The second dehydrogenation step is catalysed by two chain-length-specific NAD+-dependent 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenases. The control of beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix occurs at several steps and depends on the redox state and the rate of recycling of CoA. The rate is lowered with reduced states, since high NAD+/NADH ratios impair the activity of the hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and increase the formation of ETF semiquinone (ETFSq), which is a potent inhibitor of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. These changes affect the steady-state concentrations of acyl-CoA intermediates, which in turn may change the control strength of other enzymes of the pathway. In liver mitochondria, acetyl-CoA produced by each cycle of beta-oxidation has four major routes of disposal: ketogenesis, oxidation by the citrate cycle, conversion into acetylcarnitine or hydrolysis to acetate; each of these reactions generates free CoA. During maximum flux through beta-oxidation, up to 95 \\% of the mitochondrial CoA pool is acylated, and thus the rate of recycling of CoA may partly control beta-oxidation. Increased steady-state concentrations of some acyl-CoA esters may also occur when one or more of the enzymes of beta-oxidation is inhibited, as in hypoglycin poisoning, or where one or more of the enzymes of the pathway is absent. Such inborn errors of beta-oxidation are being increasingly recognized as important causes of disease, especially in children, and deficiencies of long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, medium-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, ETF, ETF: QO and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase have been described. (PMID: 2818568).
(2E)-Octenoyl-CoA
(2E)-Octenoyl-CoA is the main metabolite produced in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3, MCAD) deficiency; however the product of the enzymatic reaction is not directly detected in several methods for screening of inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation. In order to aid the timely follow-up of screening results that suggest abnormalities in MCAD, rapid and simple confirmatory tests for the enzyme activity and/or gene mutation analysis should be available. Medium-chain fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) catalyzes the conversion of different chain length fatty acyl- CoAs into their corresponding trans-enoyl-CoA moieties via two consecutive sequences of steps. The first step involves the concerted abstraction of a proton and a hydride ion from the a- and 8-carbon chains of the fatty acyl-CoA substrates, concomitant with the reduction of the enzyme (E)-bound FAD to FADH2. The reoxidation of EFADH2, to propagate further rounds of catalysis, is accomplished via transfer of electrons to a variety of organic electron acceptors; the natural electron acceptor for this process, under physiological conditions, is the electron-transferring flavoprotein. Of the different chain length fatty acyl-CoA substrates, octanoyl-CoA/octenoyl-CoA have been known as the most efficient (and physiological) substrates for the medium-chain fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)-catalyzed reaction. (PMID: 16046200, 1390638, 8038175). (2E)-Octenoyl-CoA is the main metabolite produced in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3, MCAD) deficiency; however the product of the enzymatic reaction is not directly detected in several methods for screening of inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation. In order to aid the timely follow-up of screening results that suggest abnormalities in MCAD, rapid and simple confirmatory tests for the enzyme activity and/or gene mutation analysis should be available.
2-ene-Valproic acid CoA
2-ene-Valproic acid CoA is a metabolite of valproic acid. Valproic acid (VPA) is a chemical compound and an acid that has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and, less commonly, major depression. It is also used to treat migraine headaches and schizophrenia. VPA is a liquid at room temperature, but it can be reacted with a base such as sodium hydroxide to form the salt sodium valproate, which is a solid. (Wikipedia)
3-ene-Valproic acid CoA
3-ene-Valproic acid CoA is a metabolite of valproic acid. Valproic acid (VPA) is a chemical compound and an acid that has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and, less commonly, major depression. It is also used to treat migraine headaches and schizophrenia. VPA is a liquid at room temperature, but it can be reacted with a base such as sodium hydroxide to form the salt sodium valproate, which is a solid. (Wikipedia)
4-ene-Valproic acid CoA
4-ene-Valproic acid CoA is a metabolite of valproic acid. Valproic acid (VPA) is a chemical compound and an acid that has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and, less commonly, major depression. It is also used to treat migraine headaches and schizophrenia. VPA is a liquid at room temperature, but it can be reacted with a base such as sodium hydroxide to form the salt sodium valproate, which is a solid. (Wikipedia)
3-octenoyl-CoA
3-octenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an oct-3-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-octenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 8 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-octenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-octenoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-octenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-octenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-octenoyl-CoA into 3-octenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-octenoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-octenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-octenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-octenoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-octenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the alpha carbon and ...
6-octenoyl-CoA
6-octenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an oct-6-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 6-octenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 8 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 6-octenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 6-octenoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 6-octenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 6-octenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 6-octenoyl-CoA into 6-octenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 6-octenoylcarnitine is converted back to 6-octenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 6-octenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 6-octenoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 6-octenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the alpha carbon and ...
4-octenoyl-CoA
4-octenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an oct-4-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 4-octenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 8 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 4-octenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 4-octenoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 4-octenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 4-octenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 4-octenoyl-CoA into 4-octenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 4-octenoylcarnitine is converted back to 4-octenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 4-octenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 4-octenoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 4-octenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the alpha carbon and ...
5-octenoyl-CoA
5-octenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an oct-5-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 5-octenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 8 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 5-octenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 5-octenoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 5-octenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 5-octenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 5-octenoyl-CoA into 5-octenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 5-octenoylcarnitine is converted back to 5-octenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 5-octenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 5-octenoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 5-octenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the alpha carbon and ...
2-propylpent-4-enoyl-CoA
2-propylpent-4-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 2-propylpent-4-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 2-propylpent-4-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 5 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 2-propylpent-4-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 2-propylpent-4-enoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 2-propylpent-4-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 2-propylpent-4-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 2-propylpent-4-enoyl-CoA into 2-propylpent-4-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 2-propylpent-4-enoylcarnitine is converted back to 2-propylpent-4-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 2-propylpent-4-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 2-propylpent-4-enoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 2-propylpent-4-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA de...
(2E)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-CoA
(2e)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2E)-2-propylpent-2-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2e)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 5 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2e)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2e)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2E)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2E)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2E)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-CoA into (2E)-2-propylpent-2-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2E)-2-propylpent-2-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (2E)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2E)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2E)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2E)-2-propylpent-2-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the ne...
(3Z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-CoA
(3z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (3Z)-2-propylpent-3-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (3z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 5 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (3z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (3z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (3Z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (3Z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (3Z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-CoA into (3Z)-2-propylpent-3-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (3Z)-2-propylpent-3-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (3Z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (3Z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (3Z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (3Z)-2-propylpent-3-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the ne...
CoA 8:1
cis-3-octenoyl-CoA
An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of cis-3-octenoic acid.
S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (E)-2-propylpent-2-enethioate
S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (E)-6-methylhept-4-enethioate
S-[2-[3-[[4-[[[5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (E)-2-propylpent-2-enethioate
(3E)-octenoyl-CoA
An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (3E)-octenoic acid.
S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (Z)-oct-6-enethioate
trans-oct-2-enoyl-CoA
An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of trans-oct-2-enoic acid.