Exact Mass: 963.2615266000001

3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

3-oxododecanoyl-coa, also known as 3-oxolauroyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-oxododecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-oxododecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-oxododecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-oxododecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA into 3-oxododecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-oxododecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ket... 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase catalyzes the formation of this metabolite from Acetyl-CoA. [HMDB]

Cobalt-precorrin 5A

C45H52CoN4O16 (963.2710132)

(3S)-3-Hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(3S)-3-Hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA with (3S)-3-hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoate moiety. An acyl-CoA (or formyl-CoA) is a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. It is a temporary compound formed when coenzyme A (CoA) attaches to the end of a long-chain fatty acid inside living cells. The compound undergoes beta oxidation, forming one or more molecules of acetyl-CoA. This, in turn, enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several molecules of ATP. (3S)-3-hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoyl-CoA is an intermediate in Di-unsaturated fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. In the reaction, it acts as the precursor of producing (3S)-3-hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoyl-CoA[X]. (3S)-3-hydroxylinoleoyl-CoA is an acy-CoA with (3S)-3-hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoate moiety.

3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA to (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA.3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoAis an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]; 3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (KEGG) [HMDB] 3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA to (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA. 3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]; 3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (KEGG).

Tridecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

Tridecanoyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA with C-13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety. Acyl-CoA (or formyl-CoA) is a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. It is a temporary compound formed when coenzyme A (CoA) attaches to the end of a long-chain fatty acid inside living cells. The compound undergoes beta oxidation, forming one or more molecules of acetyl-CoA. This, in turn, enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several molecules of ATP. Tridecanoyl-CoA is involved in Phytanic acid peroxisomal oxidation pathway as an intermediate reduction product. Tridecanoyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA with C-13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety.

3-oxo-dodecanoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

3-oxo-dodecanoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the 3-oxo-acyl CoAs. 3-oxo-acyl CoAs are organic compounds containing a 3-oxo acylated coenzyme A derivative. 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-CoA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic. 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule

Anteisotridecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of anteisotridecanoic acid.

Isotridecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of isotridecanoic acid (ChEBI: 71437).

5-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

5-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 5-methyldodecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 5-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 5-methyldodecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 5-methyldodecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 5-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 5-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 5-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into 5-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 5-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 5-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 5-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 5-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 5-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol grou...

6-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

6-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 6-methyldodecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 6-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 6-methyldodecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 6-methyldodecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 6-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 6-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 6-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into 6-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 6-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 6-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 6-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 6-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 6-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol grou...

3-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

3-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-methyldodecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-methyldodecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-methyldodecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into 3-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol grou...

7-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

7-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 7-methyldodecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 7-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 7-methyldodecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 7-methyldodecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 7-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 7-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 7-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into 7-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 7-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 7-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 7-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 7-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 7-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol grou...

11-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

11-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an 11-methyldodecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 11-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 11-methyldodecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 11-methyldodecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 11-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 11-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 11-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into 11-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 11-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 11-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 11-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 11-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 11-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes t...

8-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

8-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an 8-methyldodecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 8-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 8-methyldodecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 8-methyldodecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 8-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 8-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 8-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into 8-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 8-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 8-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 8-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 8-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 8-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol gro...

4-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

4-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 4-methyldodecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 4-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 4-methyldodecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 4-methyldodecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 4-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 4-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 4-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into 4-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 4-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 4-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 4-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 4-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 4-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol grou...

10-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

10-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 10-methyldodecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 10-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 10-methyldodecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 10-methyldodecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 10-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 10-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 10-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA into 10-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 10-Methyldodecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 10-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 10-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 10-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 10-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes th...

9-methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

9-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 9-methyldodecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 9-methyldodecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 9-methyldodecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 9-methyldodecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 9-methyldodecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 9-methyldodecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 9-methyldodecanoyl-CoA into 9-methyldodecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 9-methyldodecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 9-methyldodecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 9-methyldodecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 9-methyldodecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 9-methyldodecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol grou...

Undec-5-enedioyl-CoA

C32H52N7O19P3S (963.2251431999999)

Undec-5-enedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undec-5-enedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undec-5-enedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undec-5-enedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undec-5-enedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undec-5-enedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undec-5-enedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undec-5-enedioyl-CoA into Undec-5-enedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undec-5-enedioylcarnitine is converted back to Undec-5-enedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undec-5-enedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undec-5-enedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undec-5-enedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and...

(2E)-Undec-2-enedioyl-CoA

C32H52N7O19P3S (963.2251431999999)

(2e)-undec-2-enedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2E)-undec-2-enedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2e)-undec-2-enedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2e)-undec-2-enedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2e)-undec-2-enedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2E)-Undec-2-enedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2E)-Undec-2-enedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2E)-Undec-2-enedioyl-CoA into (2E)-Undec-2-enedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2E)-Undec-2-enedioylcarnitine is converted back to (2E)-Undec-2-enedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2E)-Undec-2-enedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2E)-Undec-2-enedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2E)-Undec-2-enedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hyd...

Undec-4-enedioyl-CoA

C32H52N7O19P3S (963.2251431999999)

Undec-4-enedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undec-4-enedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undec-4-enedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undec-4-enedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undec-4-enedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undec-4-enedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undec-4-enedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undec-4-enedioyl-CoA into Undec-4-enedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undec-4-enedioylcarnitine is converted back to Undec-4-enedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undec-4-enedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undec-4-enedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undec-4-enedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and...

Undec-3-enedioyl-CoA

C32H52N7O19P3S (963.2251431999999)

Undec-3-enedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undec-3-enedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undec-3-enedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undec-3-enedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undec-3-enedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undec-3-enedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undec-3-enedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undec-3-enedioyl-CoA into Undec-3-enedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undec-3-enedioylcarnitine is converted back to Undec-3-enedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undec-3-enedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undec-3-enedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undec-3-enedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and...

(4E)-3-Hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(4e)-3-hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (4E)-3-hydroxydodec-4-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (4e)-3-hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (4e)-3-hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (4e)-3-hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (4E)-3-Hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (4E)-3-Hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (4E)-3-Hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-CoA into (4E)-3-Hydroxydodec-4-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (4E)-3-Hydroxydodec-4-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (4E)-3-Hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (4E)-3-Hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (4E)-3-Hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (4E)-3-Hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of ...

(8Z)-3-Hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(8z)-3-hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (8Z)-3-hydroxydodec-8-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (8z)-3-hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (8z)-3-hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (8z)-3-hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (8Z)-3-Hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (8Z)-3-Hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (8Z)-3-Hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-CoA into (8Z)-3-Hydroxydodec-8-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (8Z)-3-Hydroxydodec-8-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (8Z)-3-Hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (8Z)-3-Hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (8Z)-3-Hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (8Z)-3-Hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of ...

(7E)-5-Hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(7e)-5-hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (7E)-5-hydroxydodec-7-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (7e)-5-hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (7e)-5-hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (7e)-5-hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (7E)-5-Hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (7E)-5-Hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (7E)-5-Hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-CoA into (7E)-5-Hydroxydodec-7-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (7E)-5-Hydroxydodec-7-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (7E)-5-Hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (7E)-5-Hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (7E)-5-Hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (7E)-5-Hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of ...

(9E)-7-Hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(9e)-7-hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (9E)-7-hydroxydodec-9-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (9e)-7-hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (9e)-7-hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (9e)-7-hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (9E)-7-Hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (9E)-7-Hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (9E)-7-Hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-CoA into (9E)-7-Hydroxydodec-9-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (9E)-7-Hydroxydodec-9-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (9E)-7-Hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (9E)-7-Hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (9E)-7-Hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (9E)-7-Hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of ...

(10E)-8-Hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(10e)-8-hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (10E)-8-hydroxydodec-10-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (10e)-8-hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (10e)-8-hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (10e)-8-hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (10E)-8-Hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (10E)-8-Hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (10E)-8-Hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-CoA into (10E)-8-Hydroxydodec-10-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (10E)-8-Hydroxydodec-10-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (10E)-8-Hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (10E)-8-Hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (10E)-8-Hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (10E)-8-Hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydras...

Peonidin 3-feruloyl-diglucoside 5-glucoside

C44H51O24 (963.2770146)

Peonidin 3-feruloyl-diglucoside 5-glucoside is a member of the class of compounds known as anthocyanidin 3-o-6-p-coumaroyl glycosides. Anthocyanidin 3-o-6-p-coumaroyl glycosides are anthocyanidin 3-O-glycosides where the carbohydrate moiety is esterified at the C6 position with a p-coumaric acid. P-coumaric acid is an organic derivative of cinnamic acid, that carries a hydroxyl group at the 4-position of the benzene ring. Peonidin 3-feruloyl-diglucoside 5-glucoside is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Peonidin 3-feruloyl-diglucoside 5-glucoside can be found in sweet potato, which makes peonidin 3-feruloyl-diglucoside 5-glucoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

Petunidin 3-O-[6-O-(4-O-(4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-feruloyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside]- 5-O-[beta-D-glucopyranoside]

C44H51O24 (963.2770146)

Petunidin 3-o-[6-o-(4-o-(4-o-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-feruloyl)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-d-glucopyranoside]- 5-o-[beta-d-glucopyranoside] is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Petunidin 3-o-[6-o-(4-o-(4-o-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-feruloyl)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-d-glucopyranoside]- 5-o-[beta-d-glucopyranoside] can be found in potato, which makes petunidin 3-o-[6-o-(4-o-(4-o-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-feruloyl)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-d-glucopyranoside]- 5-o-[beta-d-glucopyranoside] a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

Peonidin 3-ferulyldiglucoside-5-glucoside

C44H51O24 (963.2770146)

Malvidin 3-caffeylrutinoside-5-glucoside

C44H51O24 (963.2770146)

Pelargonidin 3-(6-(malonyl)glucoside)-7-(6-(4-(glucosyl)-p-hydroxybenzoyl)glucoside)

C43H47O25 (963.2406312)

Petunidin 3-O-[6-O-(4-O-(4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-feruloyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside]- 5-O-[beta-D-glucopyranoside]

C44H51O24 (963.2770146)

3-Oxolauroyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

An oxo-fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxylic acid group of 3-oxolauroic acid.

CoA 12:1;O

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

CoA 13:0

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

Peonidin 3-ferulyldiglucoside-5-glucoside

C44H51O24+ (963.2770146)

Tridecanoyl-coenzyme A

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

(S)-3-Hydroxy-5Z-Dodecenoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (E,3R)-3-hydroxydodec-5-enethioate

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

3-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

5-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

6-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

7-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

8-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

4-Methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

9-methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

10-methyldodecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

S-[2-[3-[[4-[[[5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] 11-methyldodecanethioate

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

Undec-5-enedioyl-CoA

C32H52N7O19P3S (963.2251431999999)

Undec-4-enedioyl-CoA

C32H52N7O19P3S (963.2251431999999)

Undec-3-enedioyl-CoA

C32H52N7O19P3S (963.2251431999999)

(2E)-Undec-2-enedioyl-CoA

C32H52N7O19P3S (963.2251431999999)

3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(4E)-3-Hydroxydodec-4-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(8Z)-3-Hydroxydodec-8-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(7E)-5-Hydroxydodec-7-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(9E)-7-Hydroxydodec-9-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(3S)-3-Hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

(10E)-8-Hydroxydodec-10-enoyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

Peonidin 3-feruloyl-diglucoside 5-glucoside

C44H51O24+ (963.2770146)

[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromenylium-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate

C44H51O24+ (963.2770146)

Cobalt-precorrin 5A

C45H52CoN4O16-2 (963.2710132)

beta-D-GlcpA3S-(1->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-D-Glcp

C32H53NO30S (963.2372998000001)

3-methyldodecanoyl-coenzyme A

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

C13:0-CoA; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

D-Dethiobiotin-CoA; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C31H52N9O18P3S (963.2363762000001)

CID3386156; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C32H52N7O19P3S (963.2251431999999)

S-[2-[3-[[4-[[[5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] 2-amino-5-[[amino-(prop-2-enylamino)methylidene]amino]pentanethioate

C30H52N11O17P3S (963.2476092)

isotridecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of isotridecanoic acid

Tridecanoyl-CoA

C34H60N7O17P3S (963.2979100000001)

A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of tridecanoic acid.

CoA(12:0(3Ke))

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

CoA 12:0;3oxo

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

Oxolauroyl-CoA

C33H56N7O18P3S (963.2615266000001)

Peonidin 3-feruloyl-diglucoside-5-glucoside

C44H51O24 (963.2770146)

Petunidin 3-O-[6-O-(4-O-(4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-feruloyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside]-5-O-[beta-D-glucopyranoside]

C44H51O24 (963.2770146)