Exact Mass: 931.1863546000001

c0411; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+;

C31H48N7O18P3S (931.1989298)

4-Isopropenyl-2-oxy-cyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA

C31H48N7O18P3S (931.1989298)

Dihydrocaffeoyl-CoA

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of dihydrocaffeic acid.

S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanethioate

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-3_8-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-3_8-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-3_8-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-2_8-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-2_8-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-2_8-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-5_8-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-5_8-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-5_8-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-4_6-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-4_6-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-4_6-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-2_6-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-2_6-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-2_6-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-3_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-3_9-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-3_9-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-3_5-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-3_5-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-3_5-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-7_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-7_9-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-7_9-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-5_7-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-5_7-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-5_7-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-5_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-5_9-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-5_9-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-2_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-2_9-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-2_9-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-6_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-6_9-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-6_9-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-6_8-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-6_8-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-6_8-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-3_7-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-3_7-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-3_7-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-2_4-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-2_4-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-2_4-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-2_7-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-2_7-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-2_7-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-4_8-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-4_8-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-4_8-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-2_5-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-2_5-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-2_5-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-4_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-4_9-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-4_9-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-4_7-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-4_7-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-4_7-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undeca-3_6-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-CoA into Undeca-3_6-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undeca-3_6-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the a...

nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-CoA

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

Nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a nona-2_4_6-trienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 9 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-CoA into nona-2_4_6-trienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, nona-2_4_6-trienedioylcarnitine is converted back to nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol....

(2E,4E,7E)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-CoA

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

(2e,4e,7e)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2E_4E_7E)-nona-2_4_7-trienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2e,4e,7e)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 9 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2e,4e,7e)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2e,4e,7e)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2E,4E,7E)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2E,4E,7E)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2E,4E,7E)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-CoA into (2E_4E_7E)-nona-2_4_7-trienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2E_4E_7E)-nona-2_4_7-trienedioylcarnitine is converted back to (2E,4E,7E)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2E,4E,7E)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2E,4E,7E)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2E,4E,7E)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD i...

MS000146995

C46H42ClNO18 (931.2090301999999)

PubChem CID: 46173447; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+;

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

(R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactoyl-CoA

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

CoA 10:3;O

C31H48N7O18P3S (931.1989298)

PubChem CID: 46173447; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

4-isopropenyl-2-oxocyclohexane-1-carbonyl-CoA

C31H48N7O18P3S (931.1989298)

A 3-oxoacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 4-isopropenyl-2-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid.

3-oxodecanoyl-CoA(4-)

C31H48N7O18P3S-4 (931.1989298)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoyl-CoA

C30H46N8O18P3S-3 (931.1863546000001)

2-methyldecanoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S-4 (931.2353132)

S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (2E,4Z)-undeca-2,4-dienethioate

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (2E,4E)-undeca-2,4-dienethioate

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanethioate

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-[[[[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-[[3-[2-(9-methyldecanoylsulfanyl)ethylamino]-3-oxopropyl]amino]-4-oxobutoxy]-oxidophosphoryl]oxy-oxidophosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl] phosphate

C32H52N7O17P3S-4 (931.2353132)

Undeca-3,8-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,8-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-5,8-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,6-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-3,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-3,5-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-7,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-5,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-3,7-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,7-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-4,8-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-2,5-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-4,9-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

Undeca-3,6-dienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

nona-2,4,6-trienedioyl-CoA

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

(2E,4E,7E)-nona-2,4,7-trienedioyl-CoA

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

undecanoyl-CoA(4-)

C32H52N7O17P3S-4 (931.2353132)

3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl-CoA

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

A 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid.

4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA(4-)

C32H52N7O17P3S-4 (931.2353132)

(2,3,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA

C31H48N7O18P3S (931.1989298)

An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (2,3,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetic acid.

Alpha-Difluoromethylornithine-CoA; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C27H46F2N9O17P3S (931.19132)

c0411; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C31H48N7O18P3S (931.1989298)

4-Isopropenyl-2-ketocyclohexane-1-carbonyl-CoA

C31H48N7O18P3S (931.1989298)

PubChem CID: 45479358; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C30H44N7O19P3S (931.1625464)

[(1R)-2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl]acetyl-CoA

C31H48N7O18P3S (931.1989298)

An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of [(1R)-2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-en-1-yl]acetic acid.

3-oxodecanoyl-CoA(4-)

C31H48N7O18P3S (931.1989298)

Tetraanion of 3-oxodecanoyl-CoA arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate functions; principal microspecies at pH 7.3.

undecanoyl-CoA(4-)

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

An acyl-CoA(4-) species arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of undecanoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.

4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA(4-)

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

An acyl-CoA oxoanion that results from the removal of all four protons from the phosphate groups of 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA. Major species at pH 7.3.

Undecadienoyl-CoA

C32H52N7O17P3S (931.2353132)

3-(acetyloxy)-2-methyl-6-{2,7,9,11,13-pentahydroxy-5-methyl-3,18-dioxo-19-oxapentacyclo[8.8.1.0¹,¹⁰.0²,⁷.0¹²,¹⁷]nonadeca-4,12,14,16-tetraen-14-yl}oxan-4-yl 9-[(8-chloro-4,7-dihydroxy-2-oxochromen-3-yl)carbamoyl]nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoate

C46H42ClNO18 (931.2090301999999)