Exact Mass: 491.3249818

Exact Mass Matches: 491.3249818

Found 332 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 491.3249818, within given mass tolerance error 0.05 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error 0.01 dalton.

N2-Acetylgentamicin C1a

N(2)-acetylgentamycin C1a

C21H41N5O8 (491.29549860000003)

Glutathionylspermine

C20H41N7O5S (491.2889736000001)

Bardoxolone

C31H41NO4 (491.30354260000007)

C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent > C2198 - Nonnarcotic Analgesic C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29574 - Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1323 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor

(7E,10E,13E,16E)-3-Hydroxydocosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoylcarnitine

3-[(3-hydroxydocosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyl)oxy]-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate

C29H49NO5 (491.36105440000006)

(7E,10E,13E,16E)-3-Hydroxydocosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (7E,10E,13E,16E)-3-hydroxydocosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (7E,10E,13E,16E)-3-Hydroxydocosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a very-long chain AC. As a very long-chain acylcarnitine (7E,10E,13E,16E)-3-Hydroxydocosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoylcarnitine is generally formed in the cytoplasm from very long acyl groups synthesized by fatty acid synthases or obtained from the diet. Very-long-chain fatty acids are generally too long to be involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation. As a result peroxisomes are the main organelle where very-long-chain fatty acids are metabolized and their acylcarnitines synthesized (PMID: 18793625). Altered levels of very long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of peroxisomal metabolism. The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].

(10E)-11-(3,4-Dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)undec-10-enoylcarnitine

3-{[11-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)undec-10-enoyl]oxy}-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate

C29H49NO5 (491.36105440000006)

(10E)-11-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)undec-10-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (10E)-11-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)undec-10-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (10E)-11-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)undec-10-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a very-long chain AC. As a very long-chain acylcarnitine (10E)-11-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)undec-10-enoylcarnitine is generally formed in the cytoplasm from very long acyl groups synthesized by fatty acid synthases or obtained from the diet. Very-long-chain fatty acids are generally too long to be involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation. As a result peroxisomes are the main organelle where very-long-chain fatty acids are metabolized and their acylcarnitines synthesized (PMID: 18793625). Altered levels of very long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of peroxisomal metabolism. The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].

11-{3,4-Dimethyl-5-[(1E)-pent-1-en-1-yl]furan-2-yl}undecanoylcarnitine

3-({11-[3,4-dimethyl-5-(pent-1-en-1-yl)furan-2-yl]undecanoyl}oxy)-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate

C29H49NO5 (491.36105440000006)

11-{3,4-dimethyl-5-[(1E)-pent-1-en-1-yl]furan-2-yl}undecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 11-{3,4-dimethyl-5-[(1E)-pent-1-en-1-yl]furan-2-yl}undecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 11-{3,4-dimethyl-5-[(1E)-pent-1-en-1-yl]furan-2-yl}undecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a very-long chain AC. As a very long-chain acylcarnitine 11-{3,4-dimethyl-5-[(1E)-pent-1-en-1-yl]furan-2-yl}undecanoylcarnitine is generally formed in the cytoplasm from very long acyl groups synthesized by fatty acid synthases or obtained from the diet. Very-long-chain fatty acids are generally too long to be involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation. As a result peroxisomes are the main organelle where very-long-chain fatty acids are metabolized and their acylcarnitines synthesized (PMID: 18793625). Altered levels of very long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of peroxisomal metabolism. The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].

N-Docosahexaenoyl Tyrosine

2-[(1-Hydroxydocosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaen-1-ylidene)amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate

C31H41NO4 (491.30354260000007)

N-docosahexaenoyl tyrosine belongs to the class of compounds known as N-acylamides. These are molecules characterized by a fatty acyl group linked to a primary amine by an amide bond. More specifically, it is a Docosahexaenoyl amide of Tyrosine. It is believed that there are more than 800 types of N-acylamides in the human body. N-acylamides fall into several categories: amino acid conjugates (e.g., those acyl amides conjugated with amino acids), neurotransmitter conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated with neurotransmitters), ethanolamine conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated to ethanolamine), and taurine conjugates (e.g., those acyamides conjugated to taurine). N-Docosahexaenoyl Tyrosine is an amino acid conjugate. N-acylamides can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain N-acylamides; 2) medium-chain N-acylamides; 3) long-chain N-acylamides; and 4) very long-chain N-acylamides; 5) hydroxy N-acylamides; 6) branched chain N-acylamides; 7) unsaturated N-acylamides; 8) dicarboxylic N-acylamides and 9) miscellaneous N-acylamides. N-Docosahexaenoyl Tyrosine is therefore classified as a very long chain N-acylamide. N-acyl amides have a variety of signaling functions in physiology, including in cardiovascular activity, metabolic homeostasis, memory, cognition, pain, motor control and others (PMID: 15655504). N-acyl amides have also been shown to play a role in cell migration, inflammation and certain pathological conditions such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and obesity (PMID: 23144998; PMID: 25136293; PMID: 28854168).N-acyl amides can be synthesized both endogenously and by gut microbiota (PMID: 28854168). N-acylamides can be biosynthesized via different routes, depending on the parent amine group. N-acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) are formed via the hydrolysis of an unusual phospholipid precursor, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), by a specific phospholipase D. N-acyl amino acids are synthesized via a circulating peptidase M20 domain containing 1 (PM20D1), which can catalyze the bidirectional the condensation and hydrolysis of a variety of N-acyl amino acids. The degradation of N-acylamides is largely mediated by an enzyme called fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acylamides into fatty acids and the biogenic amines. Many N-acylamides are involved in lipid signaling system through interactions with transient receptor potential channels (TRP). TRP channel proteins interact with N-acyl amides such as N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (Anandamide), N-arachidonoyl dopamine and others in an opportunistic fashion (PMID: 23178153). This signaling system has been shown to play a role in the physiological processes involved in inflammation (PMID: 25136293). Other N-acyl amides, including N-oleoyl-glutamine, have also been characterized as TRP channel antagonists (PMID: 29967167). N-acylamides have also been shown to have G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) binding activity (PMID: 28854168). The study of N-acylamides is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel N-acylamides will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered for these molecules.

Chenodeoxycholylvaline

2-(4-{5,9-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl}pentanamido)-3-methylbutanoic acid

C29H49NO5 (491.36105440000006)

Chenodeoxycholylvaline belongs to a class of molecules known as bile acid-amino acid conjugates. These are bile acid conjugates that consist of a primary bile acid such as cholic acid, doxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, conjugated to an amino acid. Chenodeoxycholylvaline consists of the bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid conjugated to the amino acid Valine conjugated at the C24 acyl site.Bile acids play an important role in regulating various physiological systems, such as fat digestion, cholesterol metabolism, vitamin absorption, liver function, and enterohepatic circulation through their combined signaling, detergent, and antimicrobial mechanisms (PMID: 34127070). Bile acids also act as detergents in the gut and support the absorption of fats through the intestinal membrane. These same properties allow for the disruption of bacterial membranes, thereby allowing them to serve a bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic function. In humans (and other mammals) bile acids are normally conjugated with the amino acids glycine and taurine by the liver. This conjugation catalyzed by two liver enzymes, bile acid CoA ligase (BAL) and bile acid CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAT). Glycine and taurine bound BAs are also referred to as bile salts due to their decreased pKa and complete ionization resulting in these compounds being present as anions in vivo. Unlike glycine and taurine-conjugated bile acids, these recently discovered bile acids, such as Chenodeoxycholylvaline, are produced by the gut microbiota, making them secondary bile acids (PMID: 32103176) or microbially conjugated bile acids (MCBAs) (PMID: 34127070). Evidence suggests that these bile acid-amino acid conjugates are produced by microbes belonging to Clostridia species (PMID: 32103176). These unusual bile acid-amino acid conjugates are found in higher frequency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and in infants (PMID: 32103176). Chenodeoxycholylvaline appears to act as an agonist for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and it can also lead to reduced expression of bile acid synthesis genes (PMID: 32103176). It currently appears that microbially conjugated bile acids (MCBAs) or amino acid-bile acid conjugates are only conjugated to cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid (PMID: 34127070). It has been estimated that if microbial conjugation of bile acids is very promiscuous and occurs for all potential oxidized, epimerized, and dehydroxylated states of each hydroxyl group present on cholic acid (C3, C7, C12) in addition to ring orientation, the total number of potential human bile acid conjugates could be over 2800 (PMID: 34127070).

Deoxycholylvaline

2-[(4-{5,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0,.0,]heptadecan-14-yl}-1-hydroxypentylidene)amino]-3-methylbutanoate

C29H49NO5 (491.36105440000006)

Deoxycholylvaline belongs to a class of molecules known as bile acid-amino acid conjugates. These are bile acid conjugates that consist of a primary bile acid such as cholic acid, doxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, conjugated to an amino acid. Deoxycholylvaline consists of the bile acid deoxycholic acid conjugated to the amino acid Valine conjugated at the C24 acyl site.Bile acids play an important role in regulating various physiological systems, such as fat digestion, cholesterol metabolism, vitamin absorption, liver function, and enterohepatic circulation through their combined signaling, detergent, and antimicrobial mechanisms (PMID: 34127070). Bile acids also act as detergents in the gut and support the absorption of fats through the intestinal membrane. These same properties allow for the disruption of bacterial membranes, thereby allowing them to serve a bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic function. In humans (and other mammals) bile acids are normally conjugated with the amino acids glycine and taurine by the liver. This conjugation catalyzed by two liver enzymes, bile acid CoA ligase (BAL) and bile acid CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAT). Glycine and taurine bound BAs are also referred to as bile salts due to their decreased pKa and complete ionization resulting in these compounds being present as anions in vivo. Unlike glycine and taurine-conjugated bile acids, these recently discovered bile acids, such as Deoxycholylvaline, are produced by the gut microbiota, making them secondary bile acids (PMID: 32103176) or microbially conjugated bile acids (MCBAs) (PMID: 34127070). Evidence suggests that these bile acid-amino acid conjugates are produced by microbes belonging to Clostridia species (PMID: 32103176). These unusual bile acid-amino acid conjugates are found in higher frequency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and in infants (PMID: 32103176). Deoxycholylvaline appears to act as an agonist for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and it can also lead to reduced expression of bile acid synthesis genes (PMID: 32103176). It currently appears that microbially conjugated bile acids (MCBAs) or amino acid-bile acid conjugates are only conjugated to cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid (PMID: 34127070). It has been estimated that if microbial conjugation of bile acids is very promiscuous and occurs for all potential oxidized, epimerized, and dehydroxylated states of each hydroxyl group present on cholic acid (C3, C7, C12) in addition to ring orientation, the total number of potential human bile acid conjugates could be over 2800 (PMID: 34127070).