Exact Mass: 1145.5013
Exact Mass Matches: 1145.5013
Found 56 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 1145.5013,
within given mass tolerance error 0.05 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error
0.01 dalton.
Hexacosanoyl-CoA
Hexacosanoyl-coa, also known as C26:0-CoA, C26:0-coenzyme A, or cerotoyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a hexacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Hexacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 26 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Hexacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Hexacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Hexacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Hexacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Hexacosanoyl-CoA into Hexacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Hexacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to Hexacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Hexacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Hexacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Hexacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol gro... hexacosanoyl CoA is an intermediate in Biosynthesis of fatty acids. hexacosanoyl CoA (26:O CoA) oxidation was detected in peroxisomal and
10-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
10-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 10-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 10-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 10-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 10-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 10-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 10-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 10-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 10-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 10-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 10-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 10-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 10-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 10-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
21-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
21-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 21-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 21-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 21-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 21-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 21-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 21-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 21-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 21-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 21-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 21-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 21-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 21-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 21-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
20-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
20-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 20-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 20-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 20-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 20-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 20-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 20-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 20-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 20-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 20-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 20-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 20-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 20-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 20-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
17-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
17-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 17-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 17-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 17-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 17-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 17-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 17-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 17-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 17-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 17-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 17-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 17-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 17-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 17-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
14-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
14-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 14-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 14-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 14-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 14-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 14-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 14-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 14-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 14-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 14-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 14-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 14-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 14-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 14-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
8-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
8-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an 8-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 8-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 8-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 8-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 8-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 8-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 8-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 8-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 8-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 8-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 8-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 8-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 8-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcoh...
11-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
11-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an 11-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 11-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 11-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 11-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 11-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 11-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 11-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 11-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 11-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 11-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 11-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 11-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 11-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to...
9-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
9-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 9-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 9-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 9-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 9-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 9-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 9-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 9-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 9-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 9-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 9-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 9-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 9-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 9-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcoho...
5-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
5-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 5-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 5-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 5-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 5-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 5-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 5-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 5-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 5-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 5-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 5-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 5-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 5-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 5-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcoho...
6-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
6-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 6-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 6-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 6-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 6-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 6-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 6-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 6-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 6-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 6-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 6-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 6-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 6-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 6-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcoho...
23-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
23-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 23-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 23-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 23-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 23-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 23-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 23-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 23-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 23-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 23-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 23-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 23-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 23-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 23-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
16-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
16-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 16-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 16-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 16-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 16-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 16-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 16-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 16-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 16-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 16-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 16-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 16-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 16-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 16-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
19-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
19-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 19-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 19-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 19-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 19-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 19-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 19-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 19-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 19-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 19-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 19-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 19-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 19-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 19-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
13-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
13-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 13-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 13-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 13-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 13-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 13-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 13-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 13-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 13-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 13-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 13-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 13-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 13-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 13-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
3-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
3-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 3-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcoho...
15-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
15-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 15-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 15-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 15-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 15-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 15-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 15-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 15-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 15-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 15-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 15-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 15-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 15-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 15-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
4-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
4-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 4-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 4-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 4-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 4-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 4-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 4-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 4-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 4-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 4-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 4-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 4-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 4-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 4-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcoho...
22-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
22-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 22-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 22-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 22-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 22-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 22-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 22-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 22-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 22-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 22-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 22-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 22-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 22-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 22-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
18-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
18-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 18-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 18-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 18-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 18-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 18-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 18-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 18-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 18-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 18-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 18-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 18-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 18-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 18-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
24-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
24-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 24-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 24-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 24-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 24-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 24-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 24-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 24-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 24-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 24-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 24-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 24-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 24-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 24-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
7-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
7-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 7-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 7-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 7-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 7-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 7-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 7-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 7-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 7-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 7-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 7-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 7-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 7-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 7-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcoho...
12-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA
12-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 12-methylpentacosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 12-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 25 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 12-methylpentacosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 12-methylpentacosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 12-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 12-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 12-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA into 12-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 12-Methylpentacosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 12-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 12-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 12-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 12-Methylpentacosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ...
Hexacosanoyl-CoA
A very long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of hexacosanoic (cerotic) acid..
Lys-[Des-Arg9]Bradykinin (TFA)
Lys-[Des-Arg9]Bradykinin TFA, a naturally occurring kinin, is a potent and highly selective bradykinin B1 receptor agonist with a Ki of 0.12 nM, 1.7 nM and 0.23 nM for human, mouse and rabbit B1 receptors, respectively. Lys-[Des-Arg9]Bradykinin TFA has low inhibitory activity on B2 receptors[1][2].
