Classification Term: 713
Isosorbides (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0001987)
Organic polycyclic compounds containing an isosorbide(1,4-Dianhydrosorbitol) moiety, which consists of two -oxolan-3-ol rings." []
found 10 associated metabolites at sub_class metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Furofurans
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
D-Glucurono-6,3-lactone
D-Glucurono-6,3-lactone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isosorbides. These are organic polycyclic compounds containing an isosorbide(1,4-Dianhydrosorbitol) moiety, which consists of two -oxolan-3-ol rings. D-Glucurono-6,3-lactone is a very mild and mentholic tasting compound. Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring substance that is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues. It is frequently used in energy drinks to increase energy levels and improve alertness, and can also be used to reduce "brain fog" caused by various medical conditions. Glucuronolactone is also found in many plant gums. Glucuronolactone is a white solid odorless compound, soluble in hot and cold water. Its melting point ranges from 176 to 178 °C. The compound can exist in a monocyclic aldehyde form or in a bicyclic hemiacetal (lactol) form. Glucuronolactone is a popular ingredient in energy drinks because it has been shown to be effective at increasing energy levels and improving alertness. Glucuronolactone supplementation also significantly reduces "brain fog" cause by various medical conditions. Although levels of glucuronolactone in energy drinks can far exceed those found in the rest of the diet, glucuronolactone is extremely safe and well tolerated. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has concluded that exposure to glucuronolactone from regular consumption of energy drinks is not a safety concern.[2] The no-observed-adverse-effect level of glucuronolactone is 1000 mg/kg/day. Additionally, according to The Merck Index, glucuronolactone is used as a detoxicant. The liver uses glucose to create glucuronolactone, which inhibits the enzyme B-glucuronidase (metabolizes glucuronides), which should cause blood-glucuronide levels to rise. Glucuronides combines with toxic substances, such as morphine and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, by converting them to water-soluble glucuronide-conjugates which are excreted in the urine. Higher blood-glucuronides help remove toxins from the body, leading to the claim that energy drinks are detoxifying. Free glucuronic acid (or its self-ester glucuronolactone) has less effect on detoxification than glucose, because the body synthesizes UDP-glucuronic acid from glucose. Therefore, sufficient carbohydrate intake provides enough UDP-glucuronic acid for detoxication, and foods rich in glucose are usually abundant in developed nations. Glucuronolactone is also metabolized to glucaric acid, xylitol, and L-xylulose, and humans may also be able to use glucuronolactone as a precursor for ascorbic acid synthesis. D-glucurono-6,3-lactone participates in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. D-glucurono-6,3-lactone is produced by the reaction between D-glucaric acid and the enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) [EC: 1.2.1.3]. [HMDB] D-Glucuronic acid lactone is an endogenous metabolite.
Isosorbide Dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a vasodilator used in the treatment of angina pectoris. Its actions are similar to nitroglycerin but with a slower onset of action. [PubChem]Similar to other nitrites and organic nitrates, isosorbide dinitrate is converted to nitric oxide (NO), an active intermediate compound which activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase (atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A). This stimulates the synthesis of cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophosphate (cGMP) which then activates a series of protein kinase-dependent phosphorylations in the smooth muscle cells, eventually resulting in the dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain of the smooth muscle fiber. The subsequent release of calcium ions results in the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells and vasodilation. C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05A - Agents for treatment of hemorrhoids and anal fissures for topical use > C05AE - Muscle relaxants C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01D - Vasodilators used in cardiac diseases > C01DA - Organic nitrates C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C29707 - Vasodilating Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D020030 - Nitric Oxide Donors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents
Isosorbide Mononitrate
Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN), sold under the names Imdur and Monoket, among others, is an organic nitrate used principally in the prophylactic treatment of angina pectoris (ischemic chest pain). ISMN is an active metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate and exerts qualitatively similar effects. Like other organic nitrates, ISMN acts as a prodrug for its active metabolite, nitric oxide, which mediates the therapeutic action of ISMN. Nitric oxide works on both arteries and veins, but predominantly veins. Nitric oxide functions by relaxing veins and reducing the central venous pressure, thereby causing venous pooling and a decrease in the venous return to the heart, thus decreasing cardiac preload (PMID: 31643263). The net effect when administering ISMN is therefore a reduced workload for the heart and an improvement in the oxygen supply/demand balance of the myocardium. ISMN is not subject to first pass metabolism in the human liver. Detectable metabolites include isosorbide, sorbitol, and 2-glucuronide of mononitrate, which are pharmacologically inactive (PMID: 1449102). Research on ISMN as a cervical ripener to reduce time at hospital to birth is supportive (PMID: 23983763). Isosorbide mononitrate is only found in individuals who have consumed or used this drug. C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01D - Vasodilators used in cardiac diseases > C01DA - Organic nitrates C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C29707 - Vasodilating Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D020030 - Nitric Oxide Donors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents
Ascorbigen
Ascorbigen (CAS: 8075-98-7) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isosorbides. These are organic polycyclic compounds containing an isosorbide (1,4-dianhydrosorbitol) moiety, which consists of two -oxolan-3-ol rings. Ascorbigen is possibly neutral. Ascorbigen is found, on average, in the highest concentration within guava and mung beans. Ascorbigen has also been detected, but not quantified, in bitter gourds and brassicas. Ascorbigen is present in plants, especially cabbage and other cruciferous plants. This could make ascorbigen a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Present in plants, especies cabbage and other crucifers. Ascorbigen is found in many foods, some of which are mung bean, guava, brassicas, and bitter gourd.
[(3S,3Ar,6R,6aS)-6-nitrooxy-2,3,3a,5,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl] 2-ethylsulfanyl-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate
dehydroascorbate (bicyclic form)
Dehydroascorbate (bicyclic form) is a member of the class of compounds known as isosorbides. Isosorbides are organic polycyclic compounds containing an isosorbide(1,4-Dianhydrosorbitol) moiety, which consists of two -oxolan-3-ol rings. Dehydroascorbate (bicyclic form) is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dehydroascorbate (bicyclic form) can be found in a number of food items such as white lupine, grass pea, broccoli, and endive, which makes dehydroascorbate (bicyclic form) a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.