Classification Term: 628
Thiamine phosphates (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0001287)
Thiamine derivatives in which the hydroxyl group of the ethanol moiety is substituted by a phosphate group." []
found 9 associated metabolites at family metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Thiamines
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
Thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine pyrophosphate is the active form of thiamine, and it serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved primarily in carbohydrate catabolism. The enzymes are important in the biosynthesis of a number of cell constituents, including neurotransmitters, and for the production of reducing equivalents used in oxidant stress defenses and in biosyntheses and for synthesis of pentoses used as nucleic acid precursors. The chemical structure of TPP is that of an aromatic methylaminopyrimidine ring, linked via a methylene bridge to a methylthiazolium ring with a pyrophosphate group attached to a hydroxyethyl side chain. In non-enzymatic model studies it has been demonstrated that the thiazolium ring can catalyse reactions which are similar to those of TPP-dependent enzymes but several orders of magnitude slower. Using infrared and NMR spectrophotometry it has been shown that the dissociation of the proton from C2 of the thiazolium ring is necessary for catalysis; the abstraction of the proton leads to the formation of a carbanion (ylid) with the potential for a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl group of the substrate. In all TPP-dependent enzymes the abstraction of the proton from the C2 atom is the first step in catalysis, which is followed by a nucleophilic attack of this carbanion on the substrate. Subsequent cleavage of a C-C bond releases the first product with formation of a second carbanion (2-greek small letter alpha-carbanion or enamine). The formation of this 2-greek small letter alpha-carbanion is the second feature of TPP catalysis common to all TPP-dependent enzymes. Depending on the enzyme and the substrate(s), the reaction intermediates and products differ. Methyl-branched fatty acids, as phytanic acid, undergo peroxisomal beta-oxidation in which they are shortened by 1 carbon atom. This process includes four steps: activation, 2-hydroxylation, thiamine pyrophosphate dependent cleavage and aldehyde dehydrogenation. In the third step, 2-hydroxy-3-methylacyl-CoA is cleaved in the peroxisomal matrix by 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase (2-HPCL), which uses thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as cofactor. The thiamine pyrophosphate dependence of the third step is unique in peroxisomal mammalian enzymology. Human pathology due to a deficient alpha-oxidation is mostly linked to mutations in the gene coding for the second enzyme of the sequence, phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.18). (PMID: 12694175, 11899071, 9924800) [HMDB] Thiamine pyrophosphate (CAS: 154-87-0) is the active form of thiamine, and it serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved primarily in carbohydrate catabolism. These enzymes are important in the biosynthesis of several cell constituents, including neurotransmitters, and for the production of reducing equivalents used in oxidant stress defences. The enzymes are also important for the synthesis of pentoses used as nucleic acid precursors. The chemical structure of TPP is that of an aromatic methylaminopyrimidine ring, linked via a methylene bridge to a methylthiazolium ring with a pyrophosphate group attached to a hydroxyethyl side chain. In non-enzymatic model studies, it has been demonstrated that the thiazolium ring can catalyze reactions that are similar to those of TPP-dependent enzymes but several orders of magnitude slower. Using infrared and NMR spectrophotometry it has been shown that the dissociation of the proton from C2 of the thiazolium ring is necessary for catalysis; the abstraction of the proton leads to the formation of a carbanion with the potential for a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl group of the substrate. In all TPP-dependent enzymes, the abstraction of the proton from the C2 atom is the first step in catalysis, which is followed by a nucleophilic attack of this carbanion on the substrate. Subsequent cleavage of a C-C bond releases the first product with the formation of a second carbanion (enamine). This formation is the second feature of TPP catalysis common to all TPP-dependent enzymes. Depending on the enzyme and the substrate(s), the reaction intermediates and products differ. Methyl-branched fatty acids, as phytanic acid, undergo peroxisomal beta-oxidation in which they are shortened by 1 carbon atom. This process includes four steps: activation, 2-hydroxylation, thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent cleavage, and aldehyde dehydrogenation. In the third step, 2-hydroxy-3-methylacyl-CoA is cleaved in the peroxisomal matrix by 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase (2-HPCL), which uses thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as a cofactor. The thiamine pyrophosphate dependence of the third step is unique in peroxisomal mammalian enzymology. Human pathology due to a deficient alpha-oxidation is mostly linked to mutations in the gene coding for the second enzyme of the sequence, phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.18) (PMID:12694175, 11899071, 9924800). D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins KEIO_ID C077
Thiamine monophosphate
Thiamine monophosphate, also known as thiamin phosphoric acid or TMP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as thiamine phosphates. These are thiamine derivatives in which the hydroxyl group of the ethanol moiety is substituted by a phosphate group. Thiamine monophosphate is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Thiamine monophosphate is one of the five known natural thiamine phosphate derivatives. Thiamine (vitamin B1) is the transport form of the vitamin while the phosphorylated derivatives are the active forms. Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate. -- Pubchem [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins KEIO_ID T057; [MS3] KO009298 KEIO_ID T057; [MS2] KO009297 KEIO_ID T057
Thiamine triphosphate
Thiamine triphosphate is the triphosphate ester of thiamine. Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was previously considered to be a specific neuroactive form of thiamine. However, it was recently shown that ThTP exists in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals suggesting a much more general cellular role. In particular, it seems to play a role in response to amino acid starvation. In mammals, ThTP is hydrolyzed by a specific thiamine triphosphatase. In Leighs disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation. [HMDB] Thiamine triphosphate is the triphosphate ester of thiamine. Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was previously considered to be a specific neuroactive form of thiamine. However, it was recently shown that ThTP exists in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals suggesting a much more general cellular role. In particular, it seems to play a role in response to amino acid starvation. In mammals, ThTP is hydrolyzed by a specific thiamine triphosphatase. In Leighs disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins
2-(a-Hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate
2-Hydroxyethyl-ThPP is involved in Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Alanine and aspartate matabolism, Valine, Leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, Pyruvate metabolism, and Butanoate metabolism [Kegg: c05125] [HMDB] 2-Hydroxyethyl-ThPP is involved in Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Alanine and aspartate matabolism, Valine, Leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, Pyruvate metabolism, and Butanoate metabolism [Kegg: c05125].
3-Carboxy-1-hydroxypropylthiamine diphosphate
3-Carboxy-1-hydroxypropyl-ThPP is an intermediate in Citrate cycle (TCA cycle). 3-Carboxy-1-hydroxypropyl-ThPP is the second to last step in the synthesis of Succinyl-CoA and is converted from 2-Oxoglutarate via the enzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component (EC.1.2.4.2). It is then converted to S-Succinyldihydrolipoamide-E via the enzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component (EC.1.2.4.2). [HMDB] 3-Carboxy-1-hydroxypropyl-ThPP is an intermediate in Citrate cycle (TCA cycle). 3-Carboxy-1-hydroxypropyl-ThPP is the second to last step in the synthesis of Succinyl-CoA and is converted from 2-Oxoglutarate via the enzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component (EC.1.2.4.2). It is then converted to S-Succinyldihydrolipoamide-E via the enzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component (EC.1.2.4.2).
3-Methyl-1-hydroxybutyl-ThPP
3-Methyl-1-hydroxybutyl-ThPP is an intermediate in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation(KEGG ID C15974). It is the second to last step in the synthesis of 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA and is converted from 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate via the enzyme 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.4.4]. It is then converted to S-(3-methylbutanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide-E via the enzyme 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.4.4]. [HMDB] 3-Methyl-1-hydroxybutyl-ThPP is an intermediate in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation(KEGG ID C15974). It is the second to last step in the synthesis of 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA and is converted from 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate via the enzyme 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.4.4]. It is then converted to S-(3-methylbutanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide-E via the enzyme 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.4.4].
2-Methyl-1-hydroxypropyl-ThPP
2-Methyl-1-hydroxypropyl-ThPP is an intermediate in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation(KEGG ID C15976). It is the second to last step in the synthesis of isobutyryl-CoA and is converted from 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate via the enzyme 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.4.4]. It is then converted to S-(2-methylpropanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide-E via the enzyme 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.4.4]]. [HMDB] 2-Methyl-1-hydroxypropyl-ThPP is an intermediate in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation(KEGG ID C15976). It is the second to last step in the synthesis of isobutyryl-CoA and is converted from 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate via the enzyme 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.4.4]. It is then converted to S-(2-methylpropanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide-E via the enzyme 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.4.4]].
2-Methyl-1-hydroxybutyl-ThPP
2-Methyl-1-hydroxybutyl-ThPP is an intermediate in Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation. 2-Methyl-1-hydroxybutyl-ThPP is the second to last step for the synthesis of (S)-2-Methylbutanoyl-CoA. 2-Methyl-1-hydroxybutyl-ThPP is converted from (S)-3-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid via the enzyme 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase E1 component, alpha subunit(EC 1.2.4.4). It is then converted to S-(2-Methylbutanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide-E via the same enzyme. 2-Methyl-1-hydroxybutyl-ThPP is an intermediate in Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation. 2-Methyl-1-hydroxybutyl-ThPP is the second to last step for the synthesis of (S)-2-Methylbutanoyl-CoA. 2-Methyl-1-hydroxybutyl-ThPP is converted
2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate
2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate, also known as 2-(α-hydroxyethyl)-tpp, is a member of the class of compounds known as thiamine phosphates. Thiamine phosphates are thiamine derivatives in which the hydroxyl group of the ethanol moiety is substituted by a phosphate group. 2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as amaranth, wild rice, date, and elliotts blueberry, which makes 2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-(α-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate, also known as 2-(α-hydroxyethyl)-tpp, is a member of the class of compounds known as thiamine phosphates. Thiamine phosphates are thiamine derivatives in which the hydroxyl group of the ethanol moiety is substituted by a phosphate group. 2-(α-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-(α-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as amaranth, wild rice, date, and elliotts blueberry, which makes 2-(α-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
