Zinc (BioDeep_00000019501)

描述信息

Zinc, also known as zinc ion or zn2+, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. Homogeneous transition metal compounds are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom. Zinc can be found in a number of food items such as sunburst squash (pattypan squash), star fruit, kelp, and common salsify, which makes zinc a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Zinc can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine, as well as in human brain, erythrocyte and liver tissues. Zinc exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, zinc is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include pantoprazole action pathway, pyruvate metabolism, cimetidine action pathway, and phenylbutazone action pathway. Zinc is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include gamma-glutamyltransferase deficiency, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. Moreover, zinc is found to be associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, kidney disease, chronic renal failure, and hemodialysis. Zinc is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in electrical batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory . Ingestion of large doses of zinc causes stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Acute inhalation of large amounts of zinc causes metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Dermal contact with zinc results in skin irritation (L49) (T3DB).
Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life. It is a trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. In addition, there are over a dozen cell types in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system, and intestine are other types that secrete zinc. Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. Brain development is stunted by zinc deficiency in utero and in youth. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kill some organisms.

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