Reaction Process: PathBank:SMP0087436
Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle related metabolites
find 9 related metabolites which is associated with chemical reaction(pathway) Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle
Glycerol 3-phosphate + Quinone ⟶ Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + Hydroquinone
Glycerol 3-phosphate
Glycerol 3-phosphate, also known as glycerophosphoric acid or alpha-glycerophosphorate, is a member of the class of compounds known as glycerophosphates. Glycerophosphates are compounds containing a glycerol linked to a phosphate group. Glycerol 3-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Glycerol 3-phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as sacred lotus, common oregano, mixed nuts, and yautia, which makes glycerol 3-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Glycerol 3-phosphate can be found primarily in blood, feces, saliva, and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. Glycerol 3-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, glycerol 3-phosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/i-21:0/a-21:0/i-21:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/a-25:0/i-13:0/i-12:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-21:0/i-21:0/a-25:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-25:0/i-18:0/a-13:0). Glycerol 3-phosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-24:0/19:0/16:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(16:0/22:4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/16:1(9Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:0/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/14:1(9Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/20:2(11Z,14Z)). Glycerol 3-phosphate is a chemical intermediate in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. It is commonly confused with the similarly named glycerate 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycerol 3-phosphate is produced from glycerol, the triose sugar backbone of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, by the enzyme glycerol kinase. Glycerol 3-phospate may then be converted by dehydrogenation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. DHAP can then be rearranged into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) by triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), and feed into glycolysis. The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is used to rapidly regenerate NAD+ in the brain and skeletal muscle cells of mammals (wikipedia). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID G072
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.; Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a biochemical compound involved in many reactions, from the Calvin cycle in plants to the ether-lipid biosynthesis process in Leishmania mexicana. Its major biochemical role is in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. DHAP may be referred to as glycerone phosphate in older texts.; Dihydroxyacetone phosphate lies in the glycolysis metabolic pathway, and is one of the two products of breakdown of fructose 1,6-phosphate, along with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is rapidly and reversibly isomerised to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.; In the Calvin cycle, DHAP is one of the products of the sixfold reduction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by NADPH. It is also used in the synthesis of sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate which are both used to reform ribulose 5-phosphate, the key carbohydrate of the Calvin cycle. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are sesame, mexican groundcherry, parsley, and common wheat. [Spectral] Glycerone phosphate (exact mass = 169.99802) and beta-D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (exact mass = 339.99605) and NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is found to be associated with transaldolase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). KEIO_ID D014
Phosphate
Phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid and is an essential component of life. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry, biogeochemistry, and ecology. In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (neutral) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO2-4 and H2PO-4 ions. Phosphates are most commonly found in the form of adenosine phosphates (AMP, ADP, and ATP) and in DNA and RNA, and can be released by the hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. Phosphoanhydride bonds in ADP and ATP, or other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, contain high amounts of energy which give them their vital role in all living organisms. Phosphate must be actively transported into cells against its electrochemical gradient. In vertebrates, two unrelated families of Na+-dependent Pi transporters carry out this task. Remarkably, the two families transport different Pi species: whereas type II Na+/Pi cotransporters (SCL34) prefer divalent HPO4(2), type III Na+/Pi cotransporters (SLC20) transport monovalent H2PO4. The SCL34 family comprises both electrogenic and electroneutral members that are expressed in various epithelia and other polarized cells. Through regulated activity in apical membranes of the gut and kidney, they maintain body Pi homeostasis, and in salivary and mammary glands, liver, and testes they play a role in modulating the Pi content of luminal fluids. Phosphate levels in the blood play an important role in hormone signalling and in bone homeostasis. In classical endocrine regulation, low serum phosphate induces the renal production of the secosteroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). This active metabolite of vitamin D acts to restore circulating mineral (i.e. phosphate and calcium) levels by increasing absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidney, and mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone. Thus, chronic renal failure is associated with hyperparathyroidism, which in turn contributes to osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Another complication of chronic renal failure is hyperphosphatemia (low levels of phosphate in the blood). Hyperphosphatemia (excess levels of phosphate in the blood) is a prevalent condition in kidney dialysis patients and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Hypophosphatemia (hungry bone syndrome) has been associated with postoperative electrolyte aberrations and after parathyroidectomy (PMID: 17581921, 11169009, 11039261, 9159312, 17625581). Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has recently been recognized as a key mediator of phosphate homeostasis and its most notable effect is the promotion of phosphate excretion. FGF-23 was discovered to be involved in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and tumour-induced osteomalacia in which phosphate wasting was coupled to inappropriately low levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. FGF-23 is regulated by dietary phosphate in humans. In particular, it was found that phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23, and phosphate loading increased FGF-23. In agriculture, phosphate refers to one of the three primary plant nutrients, and it is a component of fertilizers. In ecological terms, because of its important role in biological systems, phosphate is a highly sought after resource. Consequently, it is often a limiting reagent in environments, and its availability may govern the rate of growth of organisms. Addition of high levels of phosphate to environments and to micro-environments in which it is typically rare can have significant ecological consequences. In the context of pollution, phosphates are a principal component of total dissolved solids, a major indicator of water quality. Dihydrogen phosphate is an inorganic sal... Found in fruit juices. It is used in foods as an acidulant for drinks and candies, pH control agent, buffering agent, flavour enhancer, flavouring agent, sequestrant, stabiliser and thickener, and synergist D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials > D003764 - Dental Materials
Nadide
[C21H28N7O14P2]+ (664.1169428000001)
[Spectral] NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) and NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
1,4-Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed) [HMDB]. NADH is found in many foods, some of which are dill, ohelo berry, fox grape, and black-eyed pea. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) (CAS: 591-59-3), also known as triose phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates are compounds containing a glyceraldehyde substituted at position O3 by a phosphate group. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sea-buckthorn berries, lingonberries, prunus (cherry, plum), quinoa, and sparkleberries. This could make glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an aldotriose, an important metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and in tryptophan biosynthesis. G3P is formed from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG). This is the process by which glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenesis pathways. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) or triose phosphate is an aldotriose, an important metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and in tryptophan biosynthesis. G3P is formed from Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP),and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, (1,3BPG), and this is how glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenesis pathways. D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are quince, chinese cabbage, carob, and peach. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Quinone
Quinone is also called 1,4-benzoquinone or cyclohexadienedione. Quinones are oxidized derivatives of aromatic compounds and are often readily made from reactive aromatic compounds with electron-donating substituents such as phenols and catechols, which increase the nucleophilicity of the ring and contributes to the large redox potential needed to break aromaticity. Derivatives of quinones are common constituents of biologically relevant molecules. Some serve as electron acceptors in electron transport chains such as those in photosynthesis (plastoquinone, phylloquinone), and aerobic respiration (ubiquinone). Quinone is a common constituent of biologically relevant molecules (e.g. Vitamin K1 is phylloquinone). A natural example of quinones as oxidizing agents is the spray of bombardier beetles. Hydroquinone is reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce a fiery blast of steam, a strong deterent in the animal world. 1,4-Benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone or quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2. 1,4-Benzoquinone is found in barley, olive, and anise. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents
Hydroquinone
Hydroquinone, also benzene-1,4-diol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. Its chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position. Hydroquinone is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure. The presence of hydroquinone in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines. Hydroquinone is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure. The hydroxyl groups of hydroquinone are quite weakly acidic. Hydroquinone can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion. Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water. It is a major component in most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver. [HMDB]. Hydroquinone is found in many foods, some of which are kai-lan, agar, red bell pepper, and jostaberry. Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. Its chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position. Hydroquinone is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure. The presence of hydroquinone in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin-containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines. Hydroquinone is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure. The hydroxyl groups of hydroquinone are quite weakly acidic. Hydroquinone can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion. Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water. It is a major component of most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver. D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens D - Dermatologicals
Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate
Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate (CAS: 1981-49-3), also known as 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG) or PGAP, is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all living creatures. It primarily exists as a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis during respiration. 1,3BPG has been recognized as regulatory signal implicated in the control of metabolism, oxygen affinity of red cells, and other cellular functions. 1,3BPG concentration in erythrocytes changes in a number of pathological conditions, such as inherited phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency in erythrocytes (involved in the synthesis and breakdown of 1,3BPG) (PMID: 3555887). Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate is phosphorylated at the number 1 and 3 carbons. The result of this phosphorylation gives 1,3BPG important biological properties such as the ability to phosphorylate ADP to form the energy storage molecule ATP (Wikipedia). 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate, also known as 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate or D-glycerate 1,3-diphosphate, is a member of the class of compounds known as acyl monophosphates. Acyl monophosphates are organic compounds containing a monophosphate linked to an acyl group. They have the general structure R-CO-P(O)(O)OH, R=H or organyl. 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as tamarind, narrowleaf cattail, mustard spinach, and cereals and cereal products, which makes 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).