Biological Pathway: BioCyc:META_ALL-CHORISMATE-PWY
superpathway of chorismate metabolism related metabolites
find 202 related metabolites which is associated with the biological pathway superpathway of chorismate metabolism
this pathway object is a conserved pathway across multiple organism.
View the spectrum consensus network of the metabolites related with current biological pathway.
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, also known as 4-formylphenol or 4-hydroxybenzenecarbonal, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzaldehydes. These are organic aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring carrying an aldehyde group and a hydroxyl group. A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a sweet, almond, and balsam tasting compound. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within vinegars and oats. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as cardoons, colorado pinyons, oyster mushrooms, common chokecherries, and potato. This could make 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde is a hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a mouse metabolite and an EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. Occurs naturally combined in many glycosides. Constituent of vanillin. Isol. in free state from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=123-08-0 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 123-08-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations.
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoate or 4-carboxyphenol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives are compounds containing a hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxyl and a hydroxyl groups. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a white crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water and chloroform but more soluble in polar organic solvents such as alcohols and acetone. It is a nutty and phenolic tasting compound. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be found naturally in coconut. It is one of the main catechins metabolites found in humans after consumption of green tea infusions. It is also found in wine, in vanilla, in Açaí oil, obtained from the fruit of the açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea), at relatively high concetrations (892±52 mg/kg). It is also found in cloudy olive oil and in the edible mushroom Russula virescens. It has been detected in red huckleberries, rabbiteye blueberries, and corianders and in a lower concentration in olives, red raspberries, and almonds. In humans, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis. In particular, the enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase uses a polyprenyl diphosphate and 4-hydroxybenzoate to produce diphosphate and 4-hydroxy-3-polyprenylbenzoate. This enzyme participates in ubiquinone biosynthesis. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be biosynthesized by the enzyme Chorismate lyase. Chorismate lyase is an enzyme that transforms chorismate into 4-hydroxybenzoate and pyruvate. This enzyme catalyses the first step in ubiquinone biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. 4-Hydroxybenzoate is an intermediate in many enzyme-mediated reactions in microbes. For instance, the enzyme 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase uses 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, NAD+ and H2O to produce 4-hydroxybenzoate, NADH and H+. This enzyme participates in toluene and xylene degradation in bacteria such as Pseudomonas mendocina. 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase is also found in carrots. The enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase transforms 4-hydroxybenzoate, NAD(P)H, 2 H+ and O2 into hydroquinone, NAD(P)+, H2O and CO2. This enzyme participates in 2,4-dichlorobenzoate degradation and is found in Candida parapsilosis. The enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase transforms 4-hydroxybenzoate, NADPH, H+ and O2 into protocatechuate, NADP+ and H2O. This enzyme participates in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation and 2,4-dichlorobenzoate degradation and is found in Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a popular antioxidant in part because of its low toxicity. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid has estrogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo (PMID 9417843).
Isolated from many plants, free and combined. Alkyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (see below) are used as food and cosmetic preservatives, mainly in their Na salt form, which makes them more water soluble. They are active at low concentrations and more pH-independent than the commonly used Benzoic acid
2-Amino-6-[(1R,2S)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-7,8-dihydro-3H-pteridin-4-one
7,8-Dihydroneopterin, an inflammation marker, induces cellular apoptosis in astrocytes and neurons via enhancement of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].
Trimethoprim
A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to pyrimethamine. The interference with folic acid metabolism may cause a depression of hematopoiesis. It is potentiated by sulfonamides and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. Trimethoprim resistance has been reported. [PubChem] Trimethoprim. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=738-70-5 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 738-70-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
1,4-Dithiothreitol
Dithiothreitol (DTT) is the common name for a small-molecule redox reagent known as Clelands reagent. DTTs formula is C4H10O2S2 and the molecular structure of its reduced form is shown at the right; its oxidized form is a disulfide-bonded 6-membered ring (shown below). Its name derives from the four-carbon sugar, threose. DTT has an epimeric (sister) compound, dithioerythritol. A common use of DTT is as a reducing or "deprotecting" agent for thiolated DNA. The terminal sulfur atoms of thiolated DNA have a tendency to form dimers in solution, especially in the presence of oxygen. Dimerization greatly lowers the efficiency of subsequent coupling reactions such as DNA immobilization on gold in biosensors. Typically DTT is mixed with a DNA solution and allowed to react, and then is removed by filtration (for the solid catalyst) or by chromatography (for the liquid form). The DTT removal procedure is often called "desalting.". DTT is frequently used to reduce the disulfide bonds of proteins and, more generally, to prevent intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bonds from forming between cysteine residues of proteins. However, even DTT cannot reduce buried (solvent-inaccessible) disulfide bonds, so reduction of disulfide bonds is sometimes carried out under denaturing conditions (e.g., at high temperatures, or in the presence of a strong denaturant such as 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride, 8 M urea, or 1\\% sodium dodecylsulfate). Conversely, the solvent exposure of different disulfide bonds can be assayed by their rate of reduction in the presence of DTT. DTT can also be used as an oxidizing agent. Its principal advantage is that effectively no mixed-disulfide species are populated, in contrast to other agents such as glutathione. In very rare cases, a DTT adduct may be formed, i.e., the two sulfur atoms of DTT may form disulfide bonds to different sulfur atoms; in such cases, DTT cannot cyclize since it has no remaining free thiols. Due to air oxidation, DTT is a relatively unstable compound whose useful life can be extended by refrigeration and handling in an inert atmosphere. Since protonated sulfurs have lowered nucleophilicities, DTT becomes less potent as the pH lowers. Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine HCl (TCEP hydrochloride) is an alternative which is more stable and works even at low pH. Dithiothreitol (DTT) is the common name for a small-molecule redox reagent known as Clelands reagent. DTT has an epimeric compound, dithioerythritol. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Indole
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. The participation of the nitrogen lone electron pair in the aromatic ring means that indole is not a base, and it does not behave like a simple amine. Indole is a microbial metabolite and it can be produced by bacteria as a degradation product of the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal smell. At very low concentrations, however, indole has a flowery smell and is a constituent of many flower scents (such as orange blossoms) and perfumes. As a volatile organic compound, indole has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230). Natural jasmine oil, used in the perfume industry, contains around 2.5\\\\\% of indole. Indole also occurs in coal tar. Indole has been found to be produced in a number of bacterial genera including Alcaligenes, Aspergillus, Escherichia, and Pseudomonas (PMID: 23194589, 2310183, 9680309). Indole plays a role in bacterial biofilm formation, bacterial motility, bacterial virulence, plasmid stability, and antibiotic resistance. It also functions as an intercellular signalling molecule (PMID: 26115989). Recently, it was determined that the bacterial membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase (HK) known as CpxA acts as a bacterial indole sensor to facilitate signalling (PMID: 31164470). It has been found that decreased indole concentrations in the gut promote bacterial pathogenesis, while increased levels of indole in the gut decrease bacterial virulence gene expression (PMID: 31164470). As a result, enteric pathogens sense a gradient of indole concentrations in the gut to migrate to different niches and successfully establish an infection. Constituent of several flower oils, especies of Jasminum and Citrus subspecies (Oleaceae) production of bacterial dec. of proteins. Flavouring ingredientand is also present in crispbread, Swiss cheese, Camembert cheese, wine, cocoa, black and green tea, rum, roasted filbert, rice bran, clary sage, raw shrimp and other foodstuffs Indole. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=120-72-9 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 120-72-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.
N-ethylmaleimide
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D013439 - Sulfhydryl Reagents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID E008
Glycolaldehyde
Glycolaldehyde, also known as hydroxyacetaldehyde or methylol formaldehyde, is a member of the class of compounds known as short-chain aldehydes. Short-chain aldehydes are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 2 and 5 carbon atoms. Glycolaldehyde is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Glycolaldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as acorn, elderberry, dandelion, and conch, which makes glycolaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Glycolaldehyde can be found primarily in human neuron tissue. Glycolaldehyde exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, glycolaldehyde is involved in the vitamin B6 metabolism. Glycolaldehyde is also involved in hypophosphatasia, which is a metabolic disorder. Glycolaldehyde is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2-CHO. It is the smallest possible molecule that contains both an aldehyde group and a hydroxyl group. It is a highly reactive molecule that occurs both in the biosphere and in the interstellar medium. It is normally supplied as a white solid. Although it conforms to the general formula for carbohydrates, Cn(H2O)n, it is not generally considered to be a saccharide . Glycolaldehyde (HOCH2-CH=O, IUPAC name 2-hydroxyethanal) is a type of diose (2-carbon monosaccharide). Glycolaldehyde is readily converted to acetyl coenzyme A. It has an aldehyde and a hydroxyl group. However, it is not actually a sugar, because there is only one hydroxyl group. Glycolaldehyde is formed from many sources, including the amino acid glycine and from purone catabolism. It can form by action of ketolase on fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in an alternate glycolysis pathway. This compound is transferred by thiamin pyrophosphate during the pentose phosphate shunt.
Diethyl dicarbonate
Diethyl dicarbonate is formerly used as a fermentation inhibitor and preservative for wines, soft drinks and fruit juices. No longer permitted as a food additive. Formerly used as a fermentation inhibitor and preservative for wines, soft drinks and fruit juices. No longer permitted as a food additive.
Chymosin preparation, escherichia coli k-12
Chymosin preparation, escherichia coli k-12 is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]") D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents > D007502 - Iron Chelating Agents
Water
Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71\\% of Earths surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the bodys solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the suns energy to split off waters hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the suns energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia). Water, also known as purified water or dihydrogen oxide, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous other non-metal compounds. Homogeneous other non-metal compounds are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom belongs to the class of other nonmetals. Water can be found in a number of food items such as caraway, oxheart cabbage, alaska wild rhubarb, and japanese walnut, which makes water a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Water can be found primarily in most biofluids, including ascites Fluid, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lymph, as well as throughout all human tissues. Water exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, water is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-15:0/i-20:0/i-24:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(18:0/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/i-18:0/i-13:0/i-19:0). Water is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/i-13:0/21:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(22:0/20:0/i-20:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(a-21:0/i-20:0/i-14:0), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/a-17:0/i-12:0). Water is a drug which is used for diluting or dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the drug to be administered [fda label]. Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70\\% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, and diving .
Oxygen
Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earths crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9\\% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70\\% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131) [HMDB]. Oxygen is found in many foods, some of which are soy bean, watermelon, sweet basil, and spinach. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earths crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9\\% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70\\% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131). V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AN - Medical gases
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend on living and decaying plants for food, either directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Additionally, carbon dioxide is used by plants during photosynthesis to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and the wide variety of other organic compounds required for plant growth and development. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially. Leavening agent, propellant, aerating agent, preservative. Solvent for supercritical extraction e.g. of caffeine in manufacture of caffeine-free instant coffee. It is used in carbonation of beverages, in the frozen food industry and as a component of controlled atmosphere packaging (CAD) to inhibit bacterial growth. Especies effective against Gram-negative spoilage bacteria, e.g. Pseudomonas V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AN - Medical gases
Pyrophosphate
The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout. COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
zinc ion
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AB - Enzymes D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059004 - Topoisomerase I Inhibitors C307 - Biological Agent > C29726 - Enzyme Replacement or Supplement Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Methanol
Methanol, also known as columbian spirit or CH3OH, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as primary alcohols. Primary alcohols are compounds comprising the primary alcohol functional group, with the general structure RCOH (R=alkyl, aryl). The target of methanol in the eye is the retina, specifically the optic disk and optic nerve. Toxicity is due to the metabolic products of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Methanol exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Methanol is an alcoholic tasting compound. Outside of the human body, Methanol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within cow milk and sweet oranges. Methanol has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as prairie turnips, mountain yams, mentha (mint), watermelons, and pasta. Methanol is responsible for accidental, suicidal, and epidemic poisonings, resulting in death or permanent sequelae. Methanol is a potentially toxic compound. Visual disturbances develop between 18h to 48h after ingestion and range from mild photophobia and blurred vision to markedly reduced visual acuity and complete blindness. Methanol is metabolized to formaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase, then from that to formate by formaldehyde dehydrogenase, and then to carbon dioxide by limited H4 folate. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor that is somewhat milder and sweeter than ethanol. Present in various wines and spirits. It is used as a solvent for the preparation of modified hop extracts and spice oleoresins D012997 - Solvents
Potassium
Potassium is an essential electrolyte. Potassium balance is crucial for regulating the excitability of nerves and muscles and so critical for regulating contractility of cardiac muscle. Although the most important changes seen in the presence of deranged potassium are cardiac, smooth muscle is also affected with increasing muscle weakness, a feature of both hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Potassium (K+) is a positively charged electrolyte, cation, which is present throughout the body in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. The majority of body potassium, >90\\%, are intracellular. It moves freely from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF) and vice versa when adenosine triphosphate increases the permeability of the cell membrane. It is mainly replaced inside or outside the cells by another cation, sodium (Na+). The movement of potassium into or out of the cells is linked to certain body hormones and also to certain physiological states. Standard laboratory tests measure ECF potassium. Potassium enters the body rapidly during food ingestion. Insulin is produced when a meal is eaten; this causes the temporary movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. Over the ensuing hours, the kidneys excrete the ingested potassium and homeostasis is returned. In the critically ill patient, suffering from hyperkalaemia, this mechanism can be manipulated beneficially by administering high concentration (50\\%) intravenous glucose. Insulin can be added to the glucose, but glucose alone will stimulate insulin production and cause movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. The stimulation of alpha receptors causes increased movement of potassium from ICF to ECF. A noradrenaline infusion can elevate serum potassium levels. An adrenaline infusion, or elevated adrenaline levels, can lower serum potassium levels. Metabolic acidosis causes a rise in extracellular potassium levels. In this situation, excess of hydrogen ions (H+) are exchanged for intracellular potassium ions, probably as a result of the cellular response to a falling blood pH. Metabolic alkalosis causes the opposite effect, with potassium moving into the cells. (PMID: 17883675) [HMDB]. Potassium is found in many foods, some of which are half-highbush blueberry, liquor, grouper, and squashberry. Potassium is an essential electrolyte. Potassium balance is crucial for regulating the excitability of nerves and muscles and so critical for regulating contractility of cardiac muscle. Although the most important changes seen in the presence of deranged potassium are cardiac, smooth muscle is also affected with increasing muscle weakness, a feature of both hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Potassium (K+) is a positively charged electrolyte, cation, which is present throughout the body in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. The majority of body potassium, >90\\%, are intracellular. It moves freely from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF) and vice versa when adenosine triphosphate increases the permeability of the cell membrane. It is mainly replaced inside or outside the cells by another cation, sodium (Na+). The movement of potassium into or out of the cells is linked to certain body hormones and also to certain physiological states. Standard laboratory tests measure ECF potassium. Potassium enters the body rapidly during food ingestion. Insulin is produced when a meal is eaten; this causes the temporary movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. Over the ensuing hours, the kidneys excrete the ingested potassium and homeostasis is returned. In the critically ill patient, suffering from hyperkalaemia, this mechanism can be manipulated beneficially by administering high concentration (50\\%) intravenous glucose. Insulin can be added to the glucose, but glucose alone will stimulate insulin production and cause movement of potassium from ECF to ICF. The stimulation of alpha receptors causes increased movement of potassium from ICF to ECF. A noradrenaline infusion can elevate serum potassium levels. An adrenaline infusion, or elevated adrenaline levels, can lower serum potassium levels. Metabolic acidosis causes a rise in extracellular potassium levels. In this situation, excess of hydrogen ions (H+) are exchanged for intracellular potassium ions, probably as a result of the cellular response to a falling blood pH. Metabolic alkalosis causes the opposite effect, with potassium moving into the cells. (PMID: 17883675).
Bicarbonate ion
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D002021 - Buffers > D001639 - Bicarbonates
Chloride ion
Under standard conditions, chlorine exists as a diatomic molecule. Chlorine is a highly toxic, pale yellow-green gas that has a specific strong smell. In nature, chlorine is most abundant as a chloride ion. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. The chloride ion is an essential anion that the body needs for many critical functions. It also helps keep the bodys acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl- into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the bloods capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion. Chloride-transporting proteins (CLC) play fundamental roles in many tissues in the plasma membrane as well as in intracellular membranes. CLC proteins form a gene family that comprises nine members in mammals, at least four of which are involved in human genetic diseases. GABA(A) receptors are pentameric complexes that function as ligand-gated chloride ion channels. WNK kinases are a family of serine-threonine kinases that have been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, and they are found in diverse epithelia throughout the body that are involved in chloride ion flux. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by alterations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene that result in deranged sodium and chloride ion transport channels. (PMID: 17539703, 17729441, 17562499, 15300163) (For a complete review see Evans, Richard B. Chlorine: state of the art. Lung (2005), 183(3), 151-167. PMID: 16078037). The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the Cl- anion. The chloride ion is one of the most common anions in nature and is necessary to most forms of life. It is an essential electrolyte responsible for maintaining acid/base balance and regulating fluid in and out of cells. [Wikipedia]. Chloride is found in many foods, some of which are jute, grapefruit, lentils, and lime.
Sodium
Na+, also known as sodium ion or na(+), is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous alkali metal compounds. Homogeneous alkali metal compounds are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a alkali metal atom. Na+ can be found in a number of food items such as nanking cherry, opium poppy, alpine sweetvetch, and salmonberry, which makes na+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Na+ can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine, as well as in human kidney tissue. Na+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, na+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include eplerenone action pathway, betaxolol action pathway, furosemide action pathway, and morphine action pathway. Na+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include diltiazem action pathway, bendroflumethiazide action pathway, dimethylthiambutene action pathway, and lidocaine (antiarrhythmic) action pathway. NA, N.A., Na, or n/a may refer to: . Sodium ions are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Sodium is needed by animals, which maintain high concentrations in their blood and extracellular fluids, but the ion is not needed by plants. The human requirement for sodium in the diet is less than 500 mg per day, which is typically less than a tenth as much as many diets "seasoned to taste." Most people consume far more sodium than is physiologically needed. For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health.
2-octaprenylphenol
2-[(2e,6e,10e,14e,18e,22e,26e)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30-octaenyl]phenol, also known as 2-all-trans-octaprenylphenol, is a member of the class of compounds known as polyprenylphenols. Polyprenylphenols are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a phenol group. 2-[(2e,6e,10e,14e,18e,22e,26e)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30-octaenyl]phenol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-[(2e,6e,10e,14e,18e,22e,26e)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30-octaenyl]phenol can be found in a number of food items such as lettuce, pak choy, common verbena, and tree fern, which makes 2-[(2e,6e,10e,14e,18e,22e,26e)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30-octaenyl]phenol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-[(2e,6e,10e,14e,18e,22e,26e)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30-octaenyl]phenol may be a unique E.coli metabolite.
3-(all-trans-octaprenyl)benzene-1,2-diol
3-(all-trans-octaprenyl)benzene-1,2-diol, also known as 3-octaprenylcatechol or 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol, is a member of the class of compounds known as polyprenylbenzene-1,2-diols. Polyprenylbenzene-1,2-diols are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a catechol group. 3-(all-trans-octaprenyl)benzene-1,2-diol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-(all-trans-octaprenyl)benzene-1,2-diol can be found in a number of food items such as thistle, cardoon, brussel sprouts, and capers, which makes 3-(all-trans-octaprenyl)benzene-1,2-diol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-(all-trans-octaprenyl)benzene-1,2-diol may be a unique E.coli metabolite.
2-Octaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol
A 2-methoxy-6-(all-trans-polyprenyl)phenol in which the substituent at position 6 is an all-trans-octaprenyl moiety.
CHAPS
D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D003902 - Detergents
Rubidium
Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, present in traces amounts in human tissues and fluids. Rb-87, a naturally occurring isotope, is (slightly) radioactive. Rubidium is very soft and highly reactive, with properties similar to other elements in group 1, like rapid oxidation in air. Rubidium, particularly 87Rb, in the form of vapor, is one of the most commonly-used atomic species employed for laser cooling and Bose-Einstein condensation. Its desirable features for this application include the ready availability of inexpensive diode laser light at the relevant wavelength, and the moderate temperatures required to obtain substantial vapor pressures. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It has been found slightly increased in neoplastic human breast tissues obtained from patients at the time of mastectomy, compared to normal tissue. (PMID: 6488192, 15820728, 7324778, 9630429, 577330). Rubidium is a chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is not known to be necessary for any living organisms. However, like caesium, rubidium ions are handled by living organisms in a manner similar to potassium ions, being actively taken up by plants and by animal cells. Rubidium, like sodium and potassium, almost always has ==+1== oxidation state when dissolved in water, including its presence in all biological systems. The human body tends to treat Rb==+== ions as if they were potassium ions, and therefore concentrates rubidium in the bodys intracellular fluid. The ions are not particularly toxic. [Wikipedia]. Rubidium is found in many foods, some of which are garden tomato, sweet orange, black walnut, and coconut.
Tetranitromethane
Tetranitromethane appears as a pale yellow liquid. Irritates skin and respiratory tract. Very toxic by inhalation. Difficult to ignite. Burns at a steady rate once ignited. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat containers may rupture violently and rocket Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D002619 - Chemical Warfare Agents D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants D053834 - Explosive Agents Tetranitromethane. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=509-14-8 (retrieved 2024-12-10) (CAS RN: 509-14-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Hydrogen Ion
Hydrogen ion, also known as proton or h+, is a member of the class of compounds known as other non-metal hydrides. Other non-metal hydrides are inorganic compounds in which the heaviest atom bonded to a hydrogen atom is belongs to the class of other non-metals. Hydrogen ion can be found in a number of food items such as lowbush blueberry, groundcherry, parsley, and tarragon, which makes hydrogen ion a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hydrogen ion exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, hydrogen ion is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-25:0/a-21:0/i-15:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/a-17:0/i-13:0/a-25:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/i-13:0/a-17:0/a-15:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/18:1(11Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)). Hydrogen ion is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(20:3(8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/20:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(24:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/24:0). A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions . Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [Wikipedia])
7,8-Dihydroneopterin
7,8-Dihydroneopterin, also known as dihydroneopterin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Within humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 7,8-dihydroneopterin can be biosynthesized from sepiapterin; which is catalyzed by the enzyme sepiapterin reductase or carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1. In humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin is involved in the metabolic disorder called hyperphenylalaninemia due to 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin is produced by human monocyte-derived macrophages upon stimulation with interferon-gamma. Increased amounts of 7,8-dihydroneopterin in human body fluids are found in many disorders, including viral infections and autoimmune diseases (PMID: 12804528). 7,8-dihydroneopterin, also known as npr, belongs to biopterins and derivatives class of compounds. Those are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. 7,8-dihydroneopterin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7,8-dihydroneopterin can be found in a number of food items such as prickly pear, star anise, cocoa bean, and black salsify, which makes 7,8-dihydroneopterin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 7,8-dihydroneopterin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin is involved in the pterine biosynthesis. 7,8-dihydroneopterin is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency, sepiapterin reductase deficiency, dopa-responsive dystonia, and hyperphenylalaniemia due to guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase deficiency. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin, an inflammation marker, induces cellular apoptosis in astrocytes and neurons via enhancement of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].
Ubiquinol 8
Ubiquinol 8 is a ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is octaprenyl. Ubiquinol-8 is the reduced form of ubiquinone-8. Ubiquinone (also known as coenzyme Q) is an isoprenoid quinone that functions as an electron carrier in membranes. In eukaryotes, ubiquinone is found mostly within the inner mitochondrial membrane where it functions in respiratory electron transport, transferring two electrons from either complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) or complex II (succinate-ubiquinone reductase) to complex III (bc1 complex). The quinone nucleus of ubiquinone is derived directly from 4-hydroxybenzoate, while the isoprenoid subunits of the polyisoprenoid tail are synthesized via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway, which feeds isoprene units into the polyprenyl biosynthesis pathways. The number of isoprenoid subunits in the ubiquinone side chain varies in different species. For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has 6 such subunits, Escherichia coli K-12 has 8, rat and mouse have 9, and Homo sapiens has 10. Ubiquinol-8 is effective as an anti-oxidant. By donating one of its hydrogen atoms to become the free-radical semiquinone (.Q-), it can neutralize a lipid peroxyl radical. The free-radical semiquinone is then restored to a non-free-radical state by the respiratory chain Q cycle. Ubiquinol or the free-radical semiquinone can also regenerate the Vitamin E tocopheroxyl radical by electron donation (http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/CoEnzymeQ.html).
Nitrate
In inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of nitric acid. In organic chemistry the esters of nitric acid and various alcohols are called nitrates. The nitrate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula NO3- and a molecular mass of 62.01 daltons; it consists of one central nitrogen atom surrounded by three identical oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement. The nitrate ion carries a negative one formal charge. Nitrates should not be confused with nitrites, the salts of nitrous acid. Organic compounds containing the nitro functional group (which has the same formula and structure as the nitrate ion save that one of the O2 atoms is replaced by the R group) are known as nitro compounds. Nitrate ions can be toxic. In particular, nitrate toxicosis in humans occurs through enterohepatic metabolism of nitrates to ammonia, with nitrite being an intermediate. Nitrites oxidize the iron atoms in hemoglobin from Ferrous Iron (2+) to Ferric Iron (3+), rendering it unable to carry oxygen. This condition is called methemoglobinemia and can lead to a lack of oxygen in tissues. Methemoglobinemia can be treated with methylene blue. -- Wikipedia. The nitrate ion is a polyatomic ion. Nitrates are mainly produced for use as fertilizers in agriculture because of their high solubility and biodegradability. The main nitrates are ammonium, sodium, potassium, and calcium salts. Several million kilograms are produced annually for this purpose. [Wikipedia]. Nitrate is found in many foods, some of which are canola, peach, spelt, and loquat.
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate
4-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyryl-CoA
4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyryl-coa, also known as 2-succinylbenzoyl-coa or 2-(3-carboxypropionyl)benzoyl-coa, is a member of the class of compounds known as acyl coas. Acyl coas are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to an acyl chain. 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyryl-coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyryl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as spinach, lettuce, date, and chervil, which makes 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyryl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
4-aminobenzoate
4-aminobenzoate, also known as para-aminobenzoic acid or paba, is a member of the class of compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. Aminobenzoic acids are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. 4-aminobenzoate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-aminobenzoate can be found in a number of food items such as babassu palm, nectarine, java plum, and black cabbage, which makes 4-aminobenzoate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Aminobenzoic acid (a benzoic acid with an amino group) can refer to: 4-Aminobenzoic acid (p-aminobenzoic acid or para-aminobenzoic acid) 3-Aminobenzoic acid (m-aminobenzoic acid or meta-aminobenzoic acid) 2-aminobenzoic acid (o-aminobenzoic acid or ortho-aminobenzoic acid, Anthranilic acid) .
6-hydroxymethyl-dihydropterin diphosphate
6-hydroxymethyl-dihydropterin pyrophosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 6-hydroxymethyl-dihydropterin pyrophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as black huckleberry, chickpea, chinese chives, and annual wild rice, which makes 6-hydroxymethyl-dihydropterin pyrophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 6-hydroxymethyl-dihydropterin pyrophosphate exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).
formate
Formate, also known as formic acid or methanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH. Formate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Formate can be found in a number of food items such as mammee apple, chicory roots, malabar spinach, and grapefruit, which makes formate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Formate (IUPAC name: methanoate) is the anion derived from formic acid. Its formula is represented in various equivalent ways: CHOO‚àí or HCOO‚àí or HCO2‚àí. It is the product of deprotonation of formic acid. It is the simplest carboxylate anion. A formate (compound) is a salt or ester of formic acid . Formate, also known as formic acid or methanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH. Formate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Formate can be found in a number of food items such as mammee apple, chicory roots, malabar spinach, and grapefruit, which makes formate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Formate (IUPAC name: methanoate) is the anion derived from formic acid. Its formula is represented in various equivalent ways: CHOO− or HCOO− or HCO2−. It is the product of deprotonation of formic acid. It is the simplest carboxylate anion. A formate (compound) is a salt or ester of formic acid .
iodoacetamide
D009676 - Noxae > D000477 - Alkylating Agents > D007461 - Iodoacetates D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
H2O
An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Water. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7732-18-5 (retrieved 2024-10-17) (CAS RN: 7732-18-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Trimethioprim
Trimethoprim. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=738-70-5 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 738-70-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations.
Enterobactin
A macrotriolide produced by certain members of Enterobacteriaceae, e.g. Escherichia coli and Salmonella. D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents > D007502 - Iron Chelating Agents
Triton X-100
D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D014677 - Pharmaceutical Vehicles > D005079 - Excipients D009676 - Noxae > D000988 - Antispermatogenic Agents > D013089 - Spermatocidal Agents D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D011092 - Polyethylene Glycols D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D000934 - Antifoaming Agents D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D003902 - Detergents D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials
DL-Dithiothreitol
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Acetate
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid. Acetate, also known as acetic acid or ethanoate, is a member of the class of compounds known as carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH. Acetate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Acetate can be found in a number of food items such as pitanga, soursop, green bean, and beech nut, which makes acetate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Acetate is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with an alkaline, earthy, or metallic base. "Acetate" also describes the conjugate base or ion (specifically, the negatively charged ion called an anion) typically found in aqueous solution and written with the chemical formula C2H3O2−. The neutral molecules formed by the combination of the acetate ion and a positive ion (called a cation) are also commonly called "acetates" (hence, acetate of lead, acetate of aluminum, etc.). The simplest of these is hydrogen acetate (called acetic acid) with corresponding salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion CH3CO2−, or CH3COO− . In cases of skin or eye exposure, the area should be flushed with water and burns covered with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination. If ingested, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respiration if necessary (A569) (T3DB).
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
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Coenzyme II
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delta-Prenyl diphosphate
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Anthranilate
An aminobenzoate that is the conjugate base of anthranilic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Phosphonatoenolpyruvate
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5-Phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate
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Uridine-triphosphate
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Pyridoxal 5-phosphate(2-)
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3-Bromopyruvate
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D000345 - Affinity Labels D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
5-[[4-Methoxy-3-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl]methyl]-2,4-pyrimidinediamine
4-Amino-4-deoxychorismate(1-)
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of 4-amino-4-deoxychorismic acid.
s-Triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1-(p-butylphenyl)-4,6-diamino-2,2-dimethyl-
FR-0985
p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations.
5-S-[(3S)-3-azaniumyl-3-carboxylatopropyl]-5-thioadenosine
3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoate
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Spermidine(3+)
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[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-oxidophosphoryl]oxy-oxidophosphoryl] phosphate
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coenzyme A(4-)
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Spermine (fully protonated form)
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Geranyl diphosphate(3-)
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beta-NADH
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Adenosine-diphosphate
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(2E,6E)-3,7,11-Trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl diphosphate
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2-Oxo-3-phenylpropanoate
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2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate
D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents > D007502 - Iron Chelating Agents
Menaquinol-8
A menaquinol whose structure comprises a 2-methylbenzohydroquinone nucleus and a side chain of eight isoprenoid units.
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvic acid. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
3-Dehydroquinate
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 3-dehydroquinic acid.
Thiamine(1+) diphosphate(3-)
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3-methylbut-3-enyl pyrophosphate
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D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(2-)
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1,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphthoate
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid.
L-glutamate(1-)
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
Adenosine 3,5-bismonophosphate(4-)
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(3R,4S,5R)--3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate
1-(2-carboxylatophenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate(3-)
Roundup
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D014475 - Uncoupling Agents D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals
D-erythrose 4-phosphate(2-)
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Dithionitrobenzoic acid
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D013439 - Sulfhydryl Reagents
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoyl 5-adenylate(1-)
Conjugate base of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl 5-adenylate.
(1S,2R)-1-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-(phosphonatooxy)propane-1,2-diol
(1R,6R)-2-(3-carboxylatopropanoyl)-6-hydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate
2,4-Diamino-5-[3-(2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)propoxy]-6-methylpyrimidine
2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvoyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate
2,4-Diamino-6-ethyl-5,3-(2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)prop-1-yloxypyrimidine
2,4-Diamino-6-methyl-5,3-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxy)prop-1-yloxypyrimidine
2,4-Diamino-6-ethyl-5,3-(2-trifluoromethyl-4-sulphonamidophenoxy)prop-1-yloxypyrimidine
1,4-bis-{[N-(1-imino-1-guanidino-methyl)]sulfanylmethyl}-3,6-dimethyl-benzene
(2S)-2-azaniumyl-3-(7-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate
5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethylpyrimidin-3-ium-2,4-diamine
[(2R,3S,4S)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-(11,12,14,14-tetramethyl-3,5-dioxo-1,4,6,8-tetrazatetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.013,17]heptadeca-2(7),9(17),10,12-tetraen-8-yl)pentyl] phosphate
alpha-oxo-1-carboxy-5,6-dihydrothiopyranpropanoate S-oxide
alpha-oxo-1-carboxy-4-tetrahydrothiopyranpropanoate S-oxide
2,4-Diamino-6-ethyl-5,3-(2-cyclohexylphenoxy)prop-1-yloxypyrimidine
beta-(2,6-anhydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulopyranosid)onate 7-phosphate
alpha-(2,6-anhydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulopyranosid)onate 7-phosphonate
alpha-(2,6-anhydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulopyranosid)onate 7-phosphate
Carbon Dioxide
A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food. V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AN - Medical gases
N-ethylmaleimide
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D013439 - Sulfhydryl Reagents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Diphosphoric acid
An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid. COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
TETRANITROMETHANE
D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D002619 - Chemical Warfare Agents D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants D053834 - Explosive Agents
glycolaldehyde
The glycolaldehyde derived from ethylene glycol. The parent of the class of glycolaldehydes.
Zinc cation
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AB - Enzymes D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D059003 - Topoisomerase Inhibitors > D059004 - Topoisomerase I Inhibitors C307 - Biological Agent > C29726 - Enzyme Replacement or Supplement Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
2-Octaprenylphenol
A 2-polyprenylphenol in which the polyprenyl chain contains 8 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.
3-(all-trans-octaprenyl)benzene-1,2-diol
A 3-(all-trans-polyprenyl)benzene-1,2-diol in which the substituent at position 3 is an all-trans-octaprenyl moiety.
4-Aminobenzoate
An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.
