NCBI Taxonomy: 6960
Hexapoda (ncbi_taxid: 6960)
found 500 associated metabolites at subphylum taxonomy rank level.
Ancestor: Pancrustacea
Child Taxonomies: Diplura, Protura, Insecta, Collembola, unclassified Hexapoda
Scopoletin
Scopoletin is a hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone bearing a methoxy substituent at position 6. It has a role as a plant growth regulator and a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to an umbelliferone. Scopoletin is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Haplophyllum cappadocicum, and other organisms with data available. Scopoletin is a coumarin compound found in several plants including those in the genus Scopolia and the genus Brunfelsia, as well as chicory (Cichorium), redstem wormwood (Artemisia scoparia), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), passion flower (Passiflora), noni (Morinda citrifolia fruit) and European black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) that is comprised of umbelliferone with a methoxy group substituent at position 6. Scopoletin is used to standardize and establish pharmacokinetic properties for products derived from the plants that produce it, such as noni extract. Although the mechanism(s) of action have not yet been established, this agent has potential antineoplastic, antidopaminergic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase effects. Plant growth factor derived from the root of Scopolia carniolica or Scopolia japonica. See also: Arnica montana Flower (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of); Viburnum opulus root (part of). Isolated from Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui). Scopoletin is found in many foods, some of which are lambsquarters, lemon, sunflower, and sherry. Scopoletin is found in anise. Scopoletin is isolated from Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone bearing a methoxy substituent at position 6. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA72_Scopoletin_neg_20eV.txt Scopoletin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=92-61-5 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 92-61-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Scopoletin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Scopoletin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
Umbelliferone
Umbelliferone is a hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. It has a role as a fluorescent probe, a plant metabolite and a food component. Umbelliferone is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Artemisia ordosica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Chamomile (part of). Occurs widely in plants including Angelica subspecies Phytoalexin of infected sweet potato. Umbelliferone is found in many foods, some of which are macadamia nut, silver linden, quince, and capers. Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_50eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_40eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_30eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_10eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_20eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_40eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_10eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_30eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_20eV_000039.txt Umbelliferone. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=93-35-6 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 93-35-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent. Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent.
Loganin
Loganin is an iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H26O10 that is isolated from several plant species and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a neuroprotective agent, an EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor, an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent and an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor. It is a cyclopentapyran, a beta-D-glucoside, an enoate ester, a monosaccharide derivative, an iridoid monoterpenoid, a methyl ester and a secondary alcohol. It is functionally related to a loganetin. Loganin is one of the best-known of the iridoid glycosides. It is named for the Loganiaceae, having first been isolated from the seeds of a member of that plant family, namely those of Strychnos nux-vomica. It also occurs in Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae),[1] a medicinal tree of West Africa and in the medicinal/entheogenic shrub Desfontainia spinosa (Columelliaceae) native to Central America and South America. Loganin is a natural product found in Strychnos axillaris, Lonicera japonica, and other organisms with data available. An iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H26O10 that is isolated from several plant species and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Loganin, also known as loganoside, is a member of the class of compounds known as iridoid o-glycosides. Iridoid o-glycosides are iridoid monoterpenes containing a glycosyl (usually a pyranosyl) moiety linked to the iridoid skeleton. Thus, loganin is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Loganin is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Loganin can be found in a number of food items such as groundcherry, annual wild rice, muscadine grape, and broad bean, which makes loganin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Loganin is one of the best-known of the iridoid glycosides.It is named for the Loganiaceae,having first been isolated from the seeds of a member of that plant family, namely those of Strychnos nux-vomica. It also occurs in Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae), a medicinal tree of West Africa and in the medicinal/entheogenic shrub Desfontainia spinosa (Columelliaceae) native to Central America and South America . Loganin is formed from loganic acid by the enzyme loganic acid O-methyltransferase (LAMT). Loganin then becomes a substrate for the enzyme secologanin synthase (SLS) to form secologanin, a secoiridoid monoterpene found as part of ipecac and terpene indole alkaloids. Loganin is the main iridoid glycoside compound in Cornus officinalis and has anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects. Loganin is the main iridoid glycoside compound in Cornus officinalis and has anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects.
Quercitrin
Quercitrin, also known as quercimelin or quercitronic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonoid-3-o-glycosides. These are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to carbohydrate moiety at the C3-position. A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Quercitrin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Quercitrin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as lingonberries, american cranberries, and olives and in a lower concentration in common beans, tea, and welsh onions. Quercitrin has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as guava, bilberries, common pea, apricots, and spearmints. Quercitrin is a quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antileishmanial agent, an EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor, an EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor, an EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a monosaccharide derivative, a tetrahydroxyflavone, an alpha-L-rhamnoside and a quercetin O-glycoside. It is a conjugate acid of a quercitrin-7-olate. Quercitrin is a natural product found in Xylopia emarginata, Lotus ucrainicus, and other organisms with data available. Quercitrin is a glycoside formed from the flavonoid quercetin and the deoxy sugar rhamnose. It is a constituent of the dye quercitron. Quercitrin is found in many foods, some of which are garden tomato (variety), kiwi, italian sweet red pepper, and guava. A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_neg_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA03_Quercitrin_pos_40eV.txt Quercitrin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=522-12-3 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 522-12-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Quercitrin (Quercetin 3-rhamnoside) is a bioflavonoid compound with potential anti-inflammation, antioxidative and neuroprotective effect. Quercitrin induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Quercitrin can be used for the research of cardiovascular and neurological disease research[1][2]. Quercitrin (Quercetin 3-rhamnoside) is a bioflavonoid compound with potential anti-inflammation, antioxidative and neuroprotective effect. Quercitrin induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Quercitrin can be used for the research of cardiovascular and neurological disease research[1][2]. Quercitrin (Quercetin 3-rhamnoside) is a bioflavonoid compound with potential anti-inflammation, antioxidative and neuroprotective effect. Quercitrin induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Quercitrin can be used for the research of cardiovascular and neurological disease research[1][2].
Rosmarinic acid
Rosmarinic acid is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. It is commonly found in species of the Boraginaceae and the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae. It is a red-orange powder that is slightly soluble in water, but well soluble is most organic solvents. Rosmarinic acid is one of the polyphenolic substances contained in culinary herbs such as perilla (Perilla frutescens L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), mint (Mentha arvense L.), and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). These herbs are commonly grown in the garden as kitchen herbs, and while used to add flavor in cooking, are also known to have several potent physiological effects (PMID: 12482446, 15120569). BioTransformer predicts that rosmarinic acid is a product of methylrosmarinic acid metabolism via a hydrolysis-of-carboxylic-acid-ester-pattern1 reaction occurring in humans and human gut microbiota and catalyzed by the liver carboxylesterase 1 (P23141) enzyme (PMID: 30612223). (R)-rosmarinic acid is a stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a conjugate acid of a (R)-rosmarinate. It is an enantiomer of a (S)-rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinic acid is a natural product found in Dimetia scandens, Scrophularia scorodonia, and other organisms with data available. See also: Rosemary Oil (part of); Comfrey Root (part of); Holy basil leaf (part of) ... View More ... D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015842 - Serine Proteinase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors Isolated from rosemary, mint, sage, thyme, lemon balm and other plants D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Rosmarinic acid is a widespread phenolic ester compound in the plants. Rosmarinic acid inhibits MAO-A, MAO-B and COMT enzymes with IC50s of 50.1, 184.6 and 26.7 μM, respectively. Rosmarinic acid is a widespread phenolic ester compound in the plants. Rosmarinic acid inhibits MAO-A, MAO-B and COMT enzymes with IC50s of 50.1, 184.6 and 26.7 μM, respectively.
Bufalin
Bufalin is a cardiotonic steroid toxin[1] originally isolated from Chinese toad venom, which is a component of some traditional Chinese medicines.[2][3] Bufalin has in vitro antitumor effects against various malignant cell lines, including hepatocellular[4] and lung carcinoma.[5] However, as with other bufadienolides, its potential use is hampered by its cardiotoxicity.[6] Bufalin is a 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a cardiotonic drug, an anti-inflammatory agent and an animal metabolite. It is a 3beta-hydroxy steroid and a 14beta-hydroxy steroid. It is functionally related to a bufanolide. Bufalin is a natural product found in Cunninghamella blakesleeana, Bufo gargarizans, and other organisms with data available. Bufalin is an active ingredient and one of the glycosides in the traditional Chinese medicine ChanSu; it is also a bufadienolide toxin originally isolated from the venom of the Chinese toad Bufo gargarizans, with potential cardiotonic and antineoplastic activity. Although the mechanism of action of bufalin is still under investigation, this agent is a specific Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor and can induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines through the activation of the transcription factor AP-1 via a mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo. Bufalin is an active component isolated from Chan Su, acts as a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, binds to the subunit α1, α2 and α3, with Kd of 42.5, 45 and 40 nM, respectively[1][2]. Anti-cancer activity[2]. Bufalin is an active component isolated from Chan Su, acts as a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, binds to the subunit α1, α2 and α3, with Kd of 42.5, 45 and 40 nM, respectively[1][2]. Anti-cancer activity[2].
Liquiritin
Liquiritin is a flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an anticoronaviral agent and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a flavanone glycoside, a beta-D-glucoside, a monosaccharide derivative and a monohydroxyflavanone. It is functionally related to a liquiritigenin. Liquiritin is a natural product found in Polygonum aviculare, Artemisia capillaris, and other organisms with data available. See also: Glycyrrhiza Glabra (part of); Glycyrrhiza uralensis Root (part of). Liquiritin is found in herbs and spices. Liquiritin is isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice Liquiritin, a flavonoid isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, is a potent and competitive AKR1C1 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.62 μM, 0.61 μM, and 3.72μM for AKR1C1, AKR1C2 and AKR1C3, respectively. Liquiritin efficiently inhibits progesterone metabolism mediated by AKR1C1 in vivo[1]. Liquiritin acts as an antioxidant and has neuroprotective, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity[2]. Liquiritin, a flavonoid isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, is a potent and competitive AKR1C1 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.62 μM, 0.61 μM, and 3.72μM for AKR1C1, AKR1C2 and AKR1C3, respectively. Liquiritin efficiently inhibits progesterone metabolism mediated by AKR1C1 in vivo[1]. Liquiritin acts as an antioxidant and has neuroprotective, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity[2].
Catechin
Catechin, also known as cyanidanol or catechuic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as catechins. Catechins are compounds containing a catechin moiety, which is a 3,4-dihydro-2-chromene-3,5.7-tiol. Catechin also belongs to the group of compounds known as flavan-3-ols (or simply flavanols), part of the chemical family of flavonoids. Catechin is one of the 4 catechin known diastereoisomers. Two of the isomers are in trans configuration and are called catechin and the other two are in cis configuration and are called epicatechin. The most common catechin isomer is the (+)-catechin. The other stereoisomer is (-)-catechin or ent-catechin. The most common epicatechin isomer is (-)-epicatechin. Catechin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Catechin is a bitter tasting compound and is associated with the bitterness in tea. Catechin is a plant secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically non-essential metabolites that may serve a role as defense or signalling molecules. In some cases they are simply molecules that arise from the incomplete metabolism of other secondary metabolites. Catechin is an antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both Catechin and (-)-Catechin (cis) forms. Outside of the human body, Catechin is found, on average, in the highest concentration in foods, such as blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum), evergreen blackberries (Rubus laciniatus), and blackberries (Rubus) and in a lower concentration in dills (Anethum graveolens), hot chocolates, and medlars (Mespilus germanica). Catechin has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as rice (Oryza sativa), apple ciders, peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), fruit juices, and red teas. This could make catechin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Catechin. (+)-catechin is the (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-catechin. An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. Cianidanol is a natural product found in Visnea mocanera, Salacia chinensis, and other organisms with data available. Catechin is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. See also: Gallocatechin (related); Crofelemer (monomer of); Bilberry (part of) ... View More ... Present in red wine. Widespread in plants; found in a variety of foodstuffs especies apricots, broad beans, cherries, chocolate, grapes, nectarines, red wine, rhubarb, strawberries and tea The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite. Catechin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=154-23-4 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 154-23-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (±)-Catechin (rel-Cianidanol) is the racemate of Catechin. (±)-Catechin has two steric forms of (+)-Catechin and its enantiomer (-)-Catechin. (+)-Catechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 1.4 μM. Anticancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anticardiovascular, anti-infectious, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects[1]. (±)-Catechin (rel-Cianidanol) is the racemate of Catechin. (±)-Catechin has two steric forms of (+)-Catechin and its enantiomer (-)-Catechin. (+)-Catechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 1.4 μM. Anticancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anticardiovascular, anti-infectious, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects[1]. Catechin ((+)-Catechin) inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 1.4 μM. Catechin ((+)-Catechin) inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 1.4 μM.
Harman
Harman is an indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A. It has a role as an anti-HIV agent, a plant metabolite and an EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor. It is an indole alkaloid, an indole alkaloid fundamental parent and a harmala alkaloid.
Harman is a natural product found in Ophiopogon, Strychnos johnsonii, and other organisms with data available.
An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.
Isolated from roots of Panax ginseng and Codonopsis lanceolata (todok). Struct. has now been shown to be identical with 1-Acetyl-b-carboline
Isomangiferin
Isomangiferin is a member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 and a 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol moiety at position 1. It has a role as an anti-HSV-1 agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of xanthones, a C-glycosyl compound and a polyphenol. Isomangiferin is a natural product found in Cystopteris moupinensis, Cystopteris montana, and other organisms with data available. Isomangiferin is found in fruits. Isomangiferin is a constituent of Mangifera indica (mango) Constituent of Mangifera indica (mango). Isomangiferin is found in fruits. Isomangiferin, a natural product, is reported to have antiviral activity. Isomangiferin, a natural product, is reported to have antiviral activity.
Marmesin
Marmesin is a member of psoralens and a tertiary alcohol. 2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydrofuro[3,2-g]chromen-7-one is a natural product found in Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Zanthoxylum arnottianum, and other organisms with data available. Nodakenetin is found in wild celery. Nodakenetin is a constituent of Angelica species Constituent of Angelica subspecies Nodakenetin is found in wild celery. (+)-marmesin is a marmesin. It is an enantiomer of a nodakenetin. Marmesin is a natural product found in Coronilla scorpioides, Clausena dunniana, and other organisms with data available. S-(+)-Marmesin is a natural coumarin, exhibiting COX-2/5-LOX dual inhibitory activity. (+)-Marmesin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=13849-08-6 (retrieved 2024-09-04) (CAS RN: 13849-08-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Naringenin
Naringenin is a flavorless, colorless flavanone, a type of flavonoid. It is the predominant flavanone in grapefruit, and is found in a variety of fruits and herbs. Naringenin has the skeleton structure of a flavanone with three hydroxy groups at the 4, 5, and 7 carbons. It may be found both in the aglycol form, naringenin, or in its glycosidic form, naringin, which has the addition of the disaccharide neohesperidose attached via a glycosidic linkage at carbon 7. Naringenin (not to be confused with naringin) is a flavanone that is considered to have a bioactive effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, antiinflammatory, carbohydrate metabolism promoter, immunity system modulater. This substance has also been shown to repair DNA. Scientists exposed cells to 80 micomoles of naringenin per liter, for 24 hours, and found that the amount of hydroxyl damage to the DNA was reduced by 24 percent in that very short period of time. Unfortunately, this bioflavonoid is difficult to absorb on oral ingestion. Only 15\\\\\\\% of ingested naringenin will get absorbed, in the human gastrointestinal tract, in the best case scenario. A full glass of orange juice will supply about enough naringenin to achieve a concentration of about 0.5 micromoles per liter. Naringenin is a biomarker for the consumption of citrus fruits. (S)-naringenin is the (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. It has a role as an expectorant and a plant metabolite. It is a naringenin and a (2S)-flavan-4-one. It is a conjugate acid of a (S)-naringenin(1-). It is an enantiomer of a (R)-naringenin. Naringenin is a natural product found in Elaeodendron croceum, Garcinia multiflora, and other organisms with data available. See also: Naringin (related). Most widely distributed flavanone. Citrus fruits (grapefruit, oranges and pummelos) are especially good sources. Glycosides also widely distributed The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_20eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_10eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_40eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_30eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_pos_50eV_CB000030.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_10eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_30eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_50eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_20eV_000021.txt [Raw Data] CB070_Naringenin_neg_40eV_000021.txt (±)-Naringenin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=67604-48-2 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 67604-48-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (±)-Naringenin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid. (±)-Naringenin displays vasorelaxant effect on endothelium-denuded vessels via the activation of BKCa channels in myocytes[1]. (±)-Naringenin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid. (±)-Naringenin displays vasorelaxant effect on endothelium-denuded vessels via the activation of BKCa channels in myocytes[1]. Naringenin is the predominant flavanone in Citrus reticulata Blanco; displays strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Naringenin has anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity. Naringenin is the predominant flavanone in Citrus reticulata Blanco; displays strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Naringenin has anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity.
Thymidine
Deoxythymidine, also known as 2-deoxy-5-methyluridine or 5-methyl-2-deoxyuridine, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deoxythymidine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Deoxythymidine can be synthesized from thymine. Deoxythymidine is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, tritiated thymidine, alpha-tritiated thymidine, and 5,6-dihydrothymidine. Deoxythymidine can be found in a number of food items such as butternut squash, mammee apple, catjang pea, and climbing bean, which makes deoxythymidine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Deoxythymidine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including blood, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Deoxythymidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, deoxythymidine is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism. Deoxythymidine is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include beta ureidopropionase deficiency, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Moreover, deoxythymidine is found to be associated with canavan disease and degenerative disc disease. Thymidine (deoxythymidine; other names deoxyribosylthymine, thymine deoxyriboside) is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Deoxythymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. In cell biology it is used to synchronize the cells in G1/early S phase . Thymidine, also known as deoxythymidine or deoxyribosylthymine or thymine deoxyriboside, is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. It consists of the nucleobase thymine attached to deoxyribose through a beta N- glycosidic bond. Thymidine also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deoxythymidine (or thymidine) is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. Therefore, thymidine is essential to all life. Indeed, thymidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, thymidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, thymidine can be biosynthesized from 5-thymidylic acid through its interaction with the enzyme cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In addition, thymidine can be converted into 5-thymidylic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme thymidine kinase. Deoxythymidine can be phosphorylated with one, two or three phosphoric acid groups, creating dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate), dTDP, or dTTP (for the di- and tri- phosphates, respectively). dTMP can be incorporated into DNA via DNA polymerases. In cell biology, thymidine can be used to synchronize the cells in S phase. Derivatives of thymidine are used in a number of drugs, including Azidothymidine (AZT), which is used in the treatment of HIV infection. AZT inhibits the process of reverse transcription in the human immunodeficiency virus. Thymidine is a pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside having thymine as the nucleobase. It has a role as a metabolite, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to a thymine. It is an enantiomer of a telbivudine. Thymidine is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Thymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. In cell biology it is used to synchronize the cells in S phase. Thymidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Thymidine is a natural product found in Fritillaria thunbergii, Saussurea medusa, and other organisms with data available. Thymidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the pyrimidine base thymine attached to the sugar deoxyribose. As a constituent of DNA, thymidine pairs with adenine in the DNA double helix. (NCI04) Thymidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nucleoside in which THYMINE is linked to DEOXYRIBOSE. A pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleoside having thymine as the nucleobase. KEIO_ID T014; [MS2] KO009272 KEIO_ID T014 Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3]. Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication[1][2][3].
Vanillic acid
Vanillic acid is a phenolic acid found in some forms of vanilla and many other plant extracts. It is a flavouring and scent agent that produces a pleasant, creamy odour. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13). Vanillic acid, which is a chlorogenic acid, is an oxidized form of vanillin. It is also an intermediate in the production of vanillin from ferulic acid. Vanillic acid is a metabolic byproduct of caffeic acid and is often found in the urine of humans who have consumed coffee, chocolate, tea, and vanilla-flavoured confectionary. Vanillic acid selectively and specifically inhibits 5nucleotidase activity (PMID: 16899266). Vanillic acid is a microbial metabolite found in Amycolatopsis, Delftia, and Pseudomonas (PMID: 11152072, 10543794, 11728709, 9579070). Vanillic acid is a phenolic acid found in some forms of vanilla and many other plant extracts. It is a flavoring and scent agent that produces a pleasant, creamy odor. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13). Vanillic acid, which is a chlorogenic acid, is an oxidized form of vanillin. It is also an intermediate in the production of vanillin from ferulic acid. Vanillic acid is a metabolic byproduct of caffeic acid and is often found in the urine of humans who have consumed coffee, chocolate, tea and vanilla-flavored confectionary. Vanillic acid selectively and specifically inhibits 5nucleotidase activity. (PMID: 16899266). Vanillic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monohydroxybenzoic acid and a methoxybenzoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a vanillate. Vanillic acid is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Haplophyllum cappadocicum, and other organisms with data available. Vanillic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13). A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3. Vanillic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=121-34-6 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 121-34-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Vanillic acid is a flavoring agent found in edible plants and fruits, also found in Angelica sinensis. Vanillic acid inhibits NF-κB activation. Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and chemopreventive effects[1]. Vanillic acid is a flavoring agent found in edible plants and fruits, also found in Angelica sinensis. Vanillic acid inhibits NF-κB activation. Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and chemopreventive effects[1].
Adenosine
C10H13N5O4 (267.09674980000005)
Adenosine is a ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as an anti-arrhythmia drug, a vasodilator agent, an analgesic, a human metabolite and a fundamental metabolite. It is a purines D-ribonucleoside and a member of adenosines. It is functionally related to an adenine. The structure of adenosine was first described in 1931, though the vasodilating effects were not described in literature until the 1940s. Adenosine is indicated as an adjunct to thallium-201 in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, though it is rarely used in this indication, having largely been replaced by [dipyridamole] and [regadenson]. Adenosine is also indicated in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Adenosine was granted FDA approval on 30 October 1989. Adenosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Adenosine is an Adenosine Receptor Agonist. The mechanism of action of adenosine is as an Adenosine Receptor Agonist. Adenosine is a natural product found in Smilax bracteata, Mikania laevigata, and other organisms with data available. Adenosine is a ribonucleoside comprised of adenine bound to ribose, with vasodilatory, antiarrhythmic and analgesic activities. Phosphorylated forms of adenosine play roles in cellular energy transfer, signal transduction and the synthesis of RNA. Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer - as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP. Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously, adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Because of the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Adenosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. See also: Adenosine; Niacinamide (component of); Adenosine; Glycerin (component of); Adenosine; ginsenosides (component of) ... View More ... Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and D-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Due to the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Overdoses of adenosine intake (as a drug) can lead to several side effects including chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, and tingling of the senses. Serious side effects include a worsening dysrhythmia and low blood pressure. When present in sufficiently high levels, adenosine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of adenosine are associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Adenosine is a precursor to deoxyadenosine, which is a precursor to dATP. A buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. High levels of deoxyadenosine also lead to an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is toxic to immature lymphocytes. Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. [Wikipedia]. Adenosine is found in many foods, some of which are borage, japanese persimmon, nuts, and barley. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, COVID-19 Disease Map, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Adenosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-61-7 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 58-61-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2]. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2]. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2].
Berberine
Berberine is an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an alkaloid antibiotic, a botanical anti-fungal agent and a berberine alkaloid. It has a role as an antilipemic drug, a hypoglycemic agent, an antioxidant, a potassium channel blocker, an antineoplastic agent, an EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor, an EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor, an EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor, an EC 2.1.1.116 [3-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor, an EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor, an EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor, an EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor, an EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor, an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor, a geroprotector and a metabolite. An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. Berberine is a quaternary ammonia compound found in many botanical products, including goldenseal, barberry and Oregon grape, which is used for its purported antioxidant and antimicrobial properties for a host of conditions, including obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart failure, H. pylori infection and colonic adenoma prevention. Berberine has not been linked to serum aminotransferase elevations during therapy nor to instances of clinically apparent liver injury. Berberine is a natural product found in Berberis poiretii, Thalictrum delavayi, and other organisms with data available. Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt of an isoquinoline alkaloid and active component of various Chinese herbs, with potential antineoplastic, radiosensitizing, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipidemic and antidiabetic activities. Although the mechanisms of action through which berberine exerts its effects are not yet fully elucidated, upon administration this agent appears to suppress the activation of various proteins and/or modulate the expression of a variety of genes involved in tumorigenesis and inflammation, including, but not limited to transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), C-X-C motif chemokine 2 (CXCL2), cyclin D1, activator protein (AP-1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT), and DNA topoisomerase I and II. The modulation of gene expression may induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. In addition, berberine modulates lipid and glucose metabolism. An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. See also: Goldenseal (part of); Berberis aristata stem (part of). Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt that belongs to the protoberberine group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Chemically, berberine is classified as an isoquinoline alkaloid. More specifically, berberine is a plant alkaloid derived from tyrosine through a complex 8 step biosynthetic process. Berberine is found in plants such as Berberis vulgaris (barberry), Berberis aristata (tree turmeric), Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon grape) and Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal). Two other known berberine-containing plants are Phellodendron chinense and Phellodendron amurense. Berberine is usually found in the roots, rhizomes, stems, and bark of Berberis plants. Due to berberines intense yellow color, plants that contain berberine were traditionally used to dye wool, leather, and wood. Under ultraviolet light, berberine shows a strong yellow fluorescence, making it useful in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. Berberine is a bioactive plant compound that has been frequently used in traditional medicine. Among the known physiological effects or bioactivities are: 1) Antimicrobial action against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, helminthes, and Chlamydia; 2) Antagonism against the effects of cholera and E coli heat-stable enterotoxin; 3) Inhibition of intestinal ion secretion and of smooth muscle contraction; 4) Reduction of inflammation and 5) Stimulation of bile secretion and bilirubin discharge (PMID:32335802). Berberine can inhibit bacterial growth in the gut, including Helicobacter pylori, protect the intestinal epithelial barrier from injury, and ameliorate liver injury. Currently, berberine is sold as an Over-the-Counter (OTC) drug for treating gastrointestinal infections in China (PMID:18442638). Berberine also inhibits the proliferation of various types of cancer cells and impedes invasion and metastasis (PMID:32335802). Recent evidence has also confirmed that berberine improves the efficacy and safety of both chemo and radiotherapies for cancer treatment (PMID:32335802). Berberine has also been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in vitro and in vivo (PMID:18442638). In fact, berberine is the main active component of an ancient Chinese herb Coptis chinensis French, which has been used to treat diabetes for thousands of years. As an anti-diabetic, berberine increases glucose uptake by muscle fibers independent of insulin levels. It triggers AMPK activation and increases glycolysis, leading to decreased insulin resistance and decreased oxygen respiration. The same mechanism leads to a reduction in gluconeogenesis in the liver. AMPK activation by berberine also leads to an antiatherosclerotic effect in mice. Berberines AMPK activation may also underlie berberines anti-obesity effects and favorable influence on weight loss (PMID:18442638). While its use as a medication is widely touted, it is important to remember that berberine inhibits CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes, both of which are involved in the metabolism of many endogenous substances and xenobiotics, including a number of prescription drugs. An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. [HMDB] COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials [Raw Data] CBA98_Berberine_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA98_Berberine_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA98_Berberine_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA98_Berberine_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA98_Berberine_pos_30eV.txt Berberine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2086-83-1 (retrieved 2024-09-04) (CAS RN: 2086-83-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Vanillin
Vanillin, also known as vanillaldehyde or lioxin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. It is used by the food industry as well as ethylvanillin. Vanillin exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Vanillin is a sweet, chocolate, and creamy tasting compound. Vanillin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as corns, ryes, and sherries and in a lower concentration in beers, rums, and oats. Vanillin has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as gooseberries, other bread, brazil nuts, shea tree, and ohelo berries. This could make vanillin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Vanillin is a potentially toxic compound. Synthetic vanillin, instead of natural Vanillin extract, is sometimes used as a flavouring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Vanillin is the primary component of the extract of the Vanillin bean. Because of the scarcity and expense of natural Vanillin extract, there has long been interest in the synthetic preparation of its predominant component. Artificial Vanillin flavoring is a solution of pure vanillin, usually of synthetic origin. Today, artificial vanillin is made from either guaiacol or from lignin, a constituent of wood which is a byproduct of the paper industry. The first commercial synthesis of vanillin began with the more readily available natural compound eugenol. Vanillin appears as white or very slightly yellow needles. Vanillin is a member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent, a flavouring agent, an antioxidant and an anticonvulsant. It is a member of phenols, a monomethoxybenzene and a member of benzaldehydes. Vanillin is a natural product found in Ficus erecta var. beecheyana, Pandanus utilis, and other organisms with data available. Vanillin is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin, instead of natural vanilla extract, is sometimes used as a flavouring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. It is used by the food industry as well as ethylvanillin.Artificial vanilla flavoring is a solution of pure vanillin, usually of synthetic origin. Because of the scarcity and expense of natural vanilla extract, there has long been interest in the synthetic preparation of its predominant component. The first commercial synthesis of vanillin began with the more readily available natural compound eugenol. Today, artificial vanillin is made from either guaiacol or from lignin, a constituent of wood which is a byproduct of the paper industry. (Wiki). Vanillin is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Constituent of vanilla (Vanilla subspecies) and many other plants, e.g. Peru balsam, clove bud oil. Widely used flavouring agent especies in cocoa products. obtained from spent wood-pulp liquors. Vanillin is found in many foods, some of which are pomes, elderberry, common cabbage, and dock. A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D020011 - Protective Agents > D016587 - Antimutagenic Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 59 Vanillin (p-Vanillin) is a single molecule extracted from vanilla beans and also a popular odor used widely in perfume, food and medicine. Vanillin (p-Vanillin) is a single molecule extracted from vanilla beans and also a popular odor used widely in perfume, food and medicine.
Sucrose
Sucrose is a nonreducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. Sucrose is derived by crushing and extracting sugarcane with water or by extracting sugar beet with water, evaporating, and purifying with lime, carbon, and various liquids. Sucrose is also obtainable from sorghum. Sucrose occurs in low percentages in honey and maple syrup. Sucrose is used as a sweetener in foods and soft drinks, in the manufacture of syrups, in invert sugar, confectionery, preserves and jams, demulcent, pharmaceutical products, and caramel. Sucrose is also a chemical intermediate for detergents, emulsifying agents, and other sucrose derivatives. Sucrose is widespread in the seeds, leaves, fruits, flowers, and roots of plants, where it functions as an energy store for metabolism and as a carbon source for biosynthesis. The annual world production of sucrose is in excess of 90 million tons mainly from the juice of sugar cane (20\\\%) and sugar beet (17\\\%). In addition to its use as a sweetener, sucrose is used in food products as a preservative, antioxidant, moisture control agent, stabilizer, and thickening agent. BioTransformer predicts that sucrose is a product of 6-O-sinapoyl sucrose metabolism via a hydrolysis-of-carboxylic-acid-ester-pattern1 reaction occurring in human gut microbiota and catalyzed by the liver carboxylesterase 1 (P23141) enzyme (PMID: 30612223). Sucrose appears as white odorless crystalline or powdery solid. Denser than water. Sucrose is a glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. It has a role as an osmolyte, a sweetening agent, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. A nonreducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from sugarcane, sugar beet (beta vulgaris), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. Sucrose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Sucrose is a natural product found in Haplophyllum ramosissimum, Cyperus esculentus, and other organisms with data available. Sucrose is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. See also: Anise; ferrous disulfide; sucrose (component of); Phosphoric acid; sucrose (component of); Sucrose caramel (related) ... View More ... In chemistry, sugar loosely refers to a number of carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or oligosaccharides. In food, sugar refers to a class of edible crystalline carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose characterized by a sweet flavor. Other sugars are used in industrial food preparation, but are usually known by more specific names - glucose, fructose or fruit sugar, high fructose corn syrup, etc. Sugars is found in many foods, some of which are ucuhuba, butternut squash, common walnut, and miso. A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar. It has the molecular formula C 12H 22O 11. For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined from either sugarcane or sugar beet. Sugar mills – typically located in tropical regions near where sugarcane is grown – crush the cane and produce raw sugar which is shipped to other factories for refining into pure sucrose. Sugar beet factories are located in temperate climates where the beet is grown, and process the beets directly into refined sugar. The sugar-refining process involves washing the raw sugar crystals before dissolving them into a sugar syrup which is filtered and then passed over carbon to remove any residual colour. The sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under a vacuum and crystallized as the final purification process to produce crystals of pure sucrose that are clear, odorless, and sweet. Sugar is often an added ingredient in food production and recipes. About 185 million tonnes of sugar were produced worldwide in 2017.[6] Sucrose is particularly dangerous as a risk factor for tooth decay because Streptococcus mutans bacteria convert it into a sticky, extracellular, dextran-based polysaccharide that allows them to cohere, forming plaque. Sucrose is the only sugar that bacteria can use to form this sticky polysaccharide.[7] Sucrose. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=8030-20-4 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 57-50-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Naringin
Naringin, also known as naringoside or naringin hydrate, is a flavanone-7-O-glycoside between the flavanone naringenin and the disaccharide neohesperidose. Naringin belongs to the flavonoid family. Flavonoids consist of 15 carbon atoms in 3 rings, 2 of which must be benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. Naringin contains the basic flavonoid structure along with one rhamnose and one glucose unit attached to its aglycone portion, called naringenin, at the 7-carbon position. The steric hindrance provided by the two sugar units makes naringin less potent than its aglycone counterpart, naringenin. Naringin is a bitter tasting compound. Naringin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as rosemaries, grapefruit/pummelo hybrids, and grapefruits and in a lower concentration in grape wines, pummelo, and beers. Naringin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as citrus, limes, herbs and spices, common oregano, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine). Both naringin and hesperetin, which are the aglycones of naringin and hesperidin, occur naturally in citrus fruits. Naringin is the major flavonoid glycoside in grapefruit and gives grapefruit juice its bitter taste. Narinigin exerts a variety of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant activity, blood lipid-lowering, anticarcinogenic activity, and inhibition of selected cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, which may result in several drug interactions in-vitro. Naringin is a disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 2-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a metabolite, an antineoplastic agent and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a disaccharide derivative, a dihydroxyflavanone, a member of 4-hydroxyflavanones, a (2S)-flavan-4-one and a neohesperidoside. It is functionally related to a (S)-naringenin. Naringin is a natural product found in Podocarpus fasciculus, Citrus latipes, and other organisms with data available. See also: Naringenin (related); Drynaria fortunei root (part of). A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 2-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. obtained from citrus fruits, Clymenia polyandra (clymenia) and Origanum vulgare (oregano) IPB_RECORD: 401; CONFIDENCE confident structure Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities.
Cinnamic acid
Cinnamic acid is a monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a member of styrenes and a member of cinnamic acids. It is a conjugate acid of a cinnamate. Cinnamic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Cinnamic acid is a natural product found in Marsypopetalum crassum, Aiouea brenesii, and other organisms with data available. Cinnamic acid has the formula C6H5CHCHCOOH and is an odorless white crystalline acid, which is slightly soluble in water. It has a melting point of 133 degree centigrade and a boiling point of 300 degree centigrade. Cinnamic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Cinnamon (part of); Chinese Cinnamon (part of); Stevia rebaudiuna Leaf (part of) ... View More ... Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID C016 Cinnamic acid has potential use in cancer intervention, with IC50s of 1-4.5 mM in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells. Cinnamic acid has potential use in cancer intervention, with IC50s of 1-4.5 mM in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells. trans-Cinnamic acid is a natural antimicrobial, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 μg/mL against fish pathogen A. sobria, SY-AS1[1]. trans-Cinnamic acid is a natural antimicrobial, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 μg/mL against fish pathogen A. sobria, SY-AS1[1].
Neochlorogenic acid
Constituent of coffee and many other plants. First isolated from peaches (Prunus persica). trans-Neochlorogenic acid is found in coffee and coffee products, fruits, and pear. [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_neg_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA73_Neochlorogenic-_pos_30eV.txt Neochlorogenic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=906-33-2 (retrieved 2024-07-17) (CAS RN: 906-33-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation. Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation.
Gallic acid
Gallic acid is an odorless white solid. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999) Gallic acid is a trihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are at positions 3, 4, and 5. It has a role as an astringent, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, a plant metabolite, an antioxidant, an antineoplastic agent, a human xenobiotic metabolite, an EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, an apoptosis inducer and a geroprotector. It is a conjugate acid of a gallate. Gallic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Gallic Acid is a natural product found in Visnea mocanera, Ardisia paniculata, and other organisms with data available. Gallic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent. See also: Gallic acid monohydrate (active moiety of); Paeonia lactiflora root (part of); Galium aparine whole (part of) ... View More ... Gallic acid is an organic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plants. The chemical formula is C6H2(OH)3CO2H. Gallic acid is widely distributed in plants and is found both free and as part of tannins. It is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry. Gallic acid can also be used to synthesize the hallucinogenic alkaloid mescaline, also known as 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine. Salts and esters of gallic acid are termed gallates. Gallic acid has been found to be s metabolite of Aspergillus (PMID:24031294). A trihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are at positions 3, 4, and 5. Present in red wine. Japan approved food antioxidant additive Gallic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=149-91-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 149-91-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound and an free radical scavenger to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)[1]. Gallic acid has various activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticance activities[2]. Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound and an free radical scavenger to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)[1]. Gallic acid has various activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticance activities[2].
Allantoin
Allantoin is an imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 5-aminohydantoin in which a carbamoyl group is attached to the exocyclic nitrogen. It has a role as a vulnerary, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a member of ureas and an imidazolidine-2,4-dione. It is functionally related to a hydantoin. It is a tautomer of a 1-(5-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazol-4-yl)urea. Allantoin is a substance that is endogenous to the human body and also found as a normal component of human diets. In healthy human volunteers, the mean plasma concentration of allantoin is about 2-3 mg/l. During exercise, the plasma allantoin concentration rapidly increases about two fold and remains elevated. In human muscle, urate is oxidized to allantoin during such exercise. The concentration of allantoin in muscles increases from a resting value of about 5000 ug/kg to about 16000 ug/kg immediately after short-term exhaustive cycling exercise. More specifically, allantoin is a diureide of glyoxylic acid that is produced from uric acid. It is a major metabolic intermediate in most organisms. Allantoin is found in OTC cosmetic products and other commercial products such as oral hygiene products, in shampoos, lipsticks, anti-acne products, sun care products, and clarifying lotions. Allantoin has also demonstrated to ameliorate the wound healing process in some studies. Allantoin is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Allantoin is a natural product found in Aristolochia gigantea, Rhinacanthus, and other organisms with data available. Allantoin is a mineral with formula of C4H6N4O3. The corresponding IMA (International Mineralogical Association) number is IMA2020-004a. The IMA symbol is Aan. Allantoin is a diureide of glyoxylic acid with the chemical formula C4H6N4O3. It is also called 5-ureidohydantoin, glyoxyldiureide, and 5-ureidohydantoin. It is a product of oxidation of uric acid. It is a product of purine metabolism in most mammals except higher apes, and it is present in their urine. In humans, uric acid is excreted instead of allantoin. The presence of allantoin in the urine can be an indication of microbial overgrowth or it can be created via non-enzymatic means through high levels of reactive oxygen species. In this regard Allantoin is sometimes used as a marker of oxidative stress. Allantoin can be isolated from cow urine or as a botanical extract of the comfrey plant. It has long been used for its healing, soothing, and anti-irritating properties. Allantoin helps to heal wounds and skin irritations and stimulates the growth of healthy tissue. Allantoin can be found in anti-acne products, sun care products, and clarifying lotions because of its ability to help heal minor wounds and promote healthy skin. Allantoin is frequently present in toothpaste, mouthwash, and other oral hygiene products as well as shampoos, lipsticks, various cosmetic lotions and creams and other cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Allantoin is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A urea hydantoin that is found in URINE and PLANTS and is used in dermatological preparations. See also: Alcloxa (active moiety of); Comfrey Leaf (part of); Comfrey Root (part of) ... View More ... Allantoin is a chemical compound with formula C4H6N4O3. It is also called 5-ureidohydantoin or glyoxyldiureide. It is a diureide of glyoxylic acid. Named after the allantois, an amniote embryonic excretory organ in which it concentrates during development in most mammals except humans and higher apes, it is a product of oxidation of uric acid by purine catabolism. After birth, it is the predominant means by which nitrogenous waste is excreted in the urine of these animals. In humans and higher apes, the metabolic pathway for conversion of uric acid to allantoin is not present, so the former is excreted. Recombinant rasburicase is sometimes used as a drug to catalyze this metabolic conversion in patients. In fish, allantoin is broken down further (into ammonia) before excretion. Allantoin is a major metabolic intermediate in many other organisms including plants and bacteria.; Its chemical formula is C4H6N4O3. It is also called 5-ureidohydantoin, glyoxyldiureide, and 5-ureidohydantoin. It is a product of oxidation of uric acid. It is a diureide of glyoxylic acid. It is a product of purine metabolism in most mammals except higher apes, and it is present in their urine. Allantoin is a botanical extract of the comfrey plant and is used for its healing, soothing, and anti-irritating properties. Allantoin helps to heal wounds and skin irritations and stimulate growth of healthy tissue. This extract can be found in anti-acne products, sun care products, and clarifying lotions because of its ability to help heal minor wounds and promote healthy skin. Allantoin is a diureide of glyoxylic acid with the chemical formula C4H6N4O3. It is also called 5-ureidohydantoin or glyoxyldiureide. It is a product of the oxidation of uric acid. It is also a product of purine metabolism in most mammals except for higher apes, and it is present in their urine. In humans, uric acid is excreted instead of allantoin. The presence of allantoin in the urine can be an indication of microbial overgrowth or it can be created via non-enzymatic means through high levels of reactive oxygen species. In this regard, allantoin is sometimes used as a marker of oxidative stress. Allantoin can be isolated from cow urine or as a botanical extract of the comfrey plant. It has long been used for its healing, soothing, and anti-irritating properties. Allantoin helps to heal wounds and skin irritations and stimulates the growth of healthy tissue. Allantoin can be found in anti-acne products, sun care products, and clarifying lotions because of its ability to help heal minor wounds and promote healthy skin. Allantoin is frequently present in toothpaste, mouthwash, and other oral hygiene products as well as in shampoos, lipsticks, various cosmetic lotions and creams, and other cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. It is also a metabolite of Bacillus (PMID: 18302748) and Streptomyces (PMID: 24292080). An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 5-aminohydantoin in which a carbamoyl group is attached to the exocyclic nitrogen. Allantoin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=5377-33-3 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 97-59-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Allantoin is a skin conditioning agent that promotes healthy skin, stimulates new and healthy tissue growth. Allantoin is a skin conditioning agent that promotes healthy skin, stimulates new and healthy tissue growth.
Digitoxin
Digitoxin appears as odorless white or pale buff microcrystalline powder. Used as a cardiotonic drug. (EPA, 1998) Digitoxin is a cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. It has a role as an EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor. It is functionally related to a digitoxigenin. It is a conjugate acid of a digitoxin(1-). A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of digoxin. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665) Digitoxin is a natural product found in Digitalis obscura, Digitalis parviflora, and other organisms with data available. Digitoxin is a lipid soluble cardiac glycoside that inhibits the plasma membrane sodium potassium ATPase, leading to increased intracellular sodium and calcium levels and decreased intracellular potassium levels. In studies increased intracellular calcium precedes cell death and decreased intracellular potassium increase caspase activation and DNA fragmentation, causing apoptosis and inhibition of cancer cell growth. (NCI) Digitoxin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of digoxin. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)Digitoxin inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Digitoxin also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential. A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665) See also: Acetyldigitoxin (is active moiety of). Digitoxin, also known as crystodigin or digitoxoside, belongs to cardenolide glycosides and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a carbohydrate glycosidically bound to the cardenolide moiety. Thus, digitoxin is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Digitoxin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Digitoxin can be synthesized from digitoxigenin. Digitoxin can also be synthesized into 3-O-acetyldigitoxin. Digitoxin can be found in common bean, which makes digitoxin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Digitoxin can be found primarily in blood and urine. Digitoxin is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Digitoxin is a drug which is used for the treatment and management of congestive cardiac insufficiency, arrhythmias and heart failure. Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside. It is a phytosteroid and is similar in structure and effects to digoxin (though the effects are longer-lasting). Unlike digoxin (which is eliminated from the body via the kidneys), it is eliminated via the liver, so could be used in patients with poor or erratic kidney function. However, it is now rarely used in current Western medical practice. While several controlled trials have shown digoxin to be effective in a proportion of patients treated for heart failure, the evidence base for digitoxin is not as strong, although it is presumed to be similarly effective . Digitoxin exhibits similar toxic effects to the more-commonly used digoxin, namely: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, confusion, visual disturbances, and cardiac arrhythmias (DrugBank). Digitoxin inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Digitoxin also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential (T3DB). Digitoxin is a cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. It has a role as an EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor. It derives from a digitoxigenin. It is a conjugate acid of a digitoxin(1-). Digitoxin appears as odorless white or pale buff microcrystalline powder. It is a cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of digoxin. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. Digitoxin inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Digitoxin also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential. C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AA - Digitalis glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C78322 - Cardiotonic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor Digitoxin is a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an EC50 value of 0.78 μM. Digitoxin is a potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an EC50 value of 0.78 μM.
Camphor
Camphor appears as a colorless or white colored crystalline powder with a strong mothball-like odor. About the same density as water. Emits flammable vapors above 150 °F. Used to make moth proofings, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings. Camphor is a cyclic monoterpene ketone that is bornane bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. A naturally occurring monoterpenoid. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a bornane monoterpenoid and a cyclic monoterpene ketone. Camphor is a natural product found in Xylopia aromatica, Xylopia sericea, and other organisms with data available. A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA. It is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. A cyclic monoterpene ketone that is bornane bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. A naturally occurring monoterpenoid. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.986 Camphor ((±)-Camphor) is a topical anti-infective and anti-pruritic and internally as a stimulant and carminative. However, Camphor is poisonous when ingested. Antiviral, antitussive, and anticancer activities[1]. Camphor is a TRPV3 agonist[2]. Camphor ((±)-Camphor) is a topical anti-infective and anti-pruritic and internally as a stimulant and carminative. However, Camphor is poisonous when ingested. Antiviral, antitussive, and anticancer activities[1]. Camphor is a TRPV3 agonist[2].
L-Tryptophan
Tryptophan (Trp) or L-tryptophan is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-tryptophan is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aromatic amino acid. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. The requirement for tryptophan and protein decreases with age. The minimum daily requirement for adults is 3 mg/kg/day or about 200 mg a day. There is 400 mg of tryptophan in a cup of wheat germ. A cup of low-fat cottage cheese contains 300 mg of tryptophan and chicken and turkey contain up to 600 mg of tryptophan per pound (http://www.dcnutrition.com). Tryptophan is particularly plentiful in chocolate, oats, dried dates, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, red meat, eggs, fish, poultry, sesame, chickpeas, almonds, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, buckwheat, spirulina, and peanuts. Tryptophan is the precursor of both serotonin and melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in animals, which regulates sleep and wakefulness. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter, platelet clotting factor, and neurohormone found in organs throughout the body. Metabolism of tryptophan into serotonin requires nutrients such as vitamin B6, niacin, and glutathione. Niacin (also known as vitamin B3) is an important metabolite of tryptophan. It is synthesized via kynurenine and quinolinic acids, which are products of tryptophan degradation. There are a number of conditions or diseases that are characterized by tryptophan deficiencies. For instance, fructose malabsorption causes improper absorption of tryptophan in the intestine, which reduces levels of tryptophan in the blood and leads to depression. High corn diets or other tryptophan-deficient diets can cause pellagra, which is a niacin-tryptophan deficiency disease with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Hartnups disease is a disorder in which tryptophan and other amino acids are not absorbed properly. Symptoms of Hartnups disease include skin rashes, difficulty coordinating movements (cerebellar ataxia), and psychiatric symptoms such as depression or psychosis. Tryptophan supplements may be useful for treating Hartnups disease. Assessment of tryptophan deficiency is done through studying excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the urine or blood. Blood may be the most sensitive test because the amino acid tryptophan is transported in a unique way. Increased urination of tryptophan breakdown products (such as kynurenine) correlates with increased tryptophan degradation, which occurs with oral contraception, depression, mental retardation, hypertension, and anxiety states. Tryptophan plays a role in "feast-induced" drowsiness. Ingestion of a meal rich in carbohydrates triggers the release of insulin. Insulin, in turn, stimulates the uptake of large neutral branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) into muscle, increasing the ratio of tryptophan to BCAA in the bloodstream. The increased tryptophan ratio reduces competition at the large neutral amino acid transporter (which transports both BCAAs and tryptophan), resulting in greater uptake of tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Once in the CSF, tryptophan is converted into serotonin and the resulting serotonin is further metabolized into melatonin by the pineal gland, which promotes sleep. Because tryptophan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) which is then converted into the neurotransmitter serotonin, it has been proposed th... L-tryptophan is a white powder with a flat taste. An essential amino acid; occurs in isomeric forms. (NTP, 1992) L-tryptophan is the L-enantiomer of tryptophan. It has a role as an antidepressant, a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a tryptophan and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-tryptophanium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-tryptophanate. It is an enantiomer of a D-tryptophan. It is a tautomer of a L-tryptophan zwitterion. An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor of indole alkaloids in plants. It is a precursor of serotonin (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to niacin, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. L-Tryptophan is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Tryptophan is the least plentiful of all 22 amino acids and an essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Tryptophan is found in most proteins and a precursor of serotonin. Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP), converted in turn to serotonin, a neurotransmitter essential in regulating appetite, sleep, mood, and pain. Tryptophan is a natural sedative and present in dairy products, meats, brown rice, fish, and soybeans. (NCI04) Tryptophan is an essential amino acid which is the precursor of serotonin. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter, platelet clotting factor and neurohormone found in organs throughout the body. Metabolism of tryptophan to serotonin requires nutrients such as vitamin B6, niacin and glutathione. Niacin is an important metabolite of tryptophan. High corn or other tryptophan-deficient diets can cause pellagra, which is a niacin-tryptophan deficiency disease with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Inborn errors of tryptophan metabolism exist where a tumor (carcinoid) makes excess serotonin. Hartnups disease is a disease where tryptophan and other amino acids are not absorbed properly. Tryptophan supplements may be useful in each condition, in carcinoid replacing the over-metabolized nutrient and in Hartnups supplementing a malabsorbed nutrient. Some disorders of excess tryptophan in the blood may contribute to mental retardation. Assessment of tryptophan deficiency is done through studying excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the urine or blood. Blood may be the most sensitive test because the amino acid tryptophan is transported in a unique way. Increased urination of tryptophan fragments correlates with increased tryptophan degradation, which occurs with oral contraception, depression, mental retardation, hypertension and anxiety states. The requirement for tryptophan and protein decreases with age. Adults minimum daily requirement is 3 mg/kg/day or about 200 mg a day. This may be an underestimation, for there are 400 mg of tryptophan in just a cup of wheat germ. A cup of low fat cottage cheese contains 300 mg of tryptophan and chicken and turkey contain up to 600 mg per pound. An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. See also: Serotonin; tryptophan (component of); Chamomile; ginger; melatonin; thiamine; tryptophan (component of) ... View More ... Constituent of many plants. Enzymatic hydrolysis production of most plant and animal proteins. Dietary supplement, nutrient D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank The L-enantiomer of tryptophan. Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_30eV_1-1_01_662.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_20eV_1-1_01_661.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_30eV_1-1_01_716.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_10eV_1-1_01_660.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_10eV_1-1_01_714.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_40eV_1-1_01_717.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_20eV_1-1_01_715.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_50eV_1-1_01_664.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_neg_50eV_1-1_01_718.txt [Raw Data] CBA09_Tryptophan_pos_40eV_1-1_01_663.txt IPB_RECORD: 253; CONFIDENCE confident structure KEIO_ID T003 DL-Tryptophan is an endogenous metabolite. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1]. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3[1].
Protocatechuic acid
Protocatechuic acid, also known as protocatechuate or 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives are compounds containing a hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxyl and a hydroxyl groups. The enzyme protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase uses 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate and O2 to produce 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate. Protocatechuic acid is a drug. In the analogous hardening of the cockroach ootheca, the phenolic substance concerned is protocatechuic acid. Protocatechuic acid is a mild, balsamic, and phenolic tasting compound. Outside of the human body, protocatechuic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods, such as garden onions, cocoa powders, and star anises and in a lower concentration in lentils, liquors, and red raspberries. Protocatechuic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as cloud ear fungus, american pokeweeds, common mushrooms, fruits, and feijoa. This could make protocatechuic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in Allium cepa (17,540 ppm). It is a major metabolite of antioxidant polyphenols found in green tea. Similarly, PCA was reported to increase proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of neural stem cells. In vitro testing documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of PCA, while liver protection in vivo was measured by chemical markers and histological assessment. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, also known as protocatechuic acid or 4-carboxy-1,2-dihydroxybenzene, belongs to hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxyl and a hydroxyl groups. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid can be synthesized from benzoic acid. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, and 1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranose. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid is a mild, balsamic, and phenolic tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as white mustard, grape wine, abalone, and asian pear, which makes 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine, as well as in human fibroblasts and testes tissues. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid. It is a major metabolite of antioxidant polyphenols found in green tea. It has mixed effects on normal and cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo studies . 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid is a dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4. It has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite, a plant metabolite, an antineoplastic agent, an EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor and an EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor. It is a member of catechols and a dihydroxybenzoic acid. It is functionally related to a benzoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a natural product found in Visnea mocanera, Amomum subulatum, and other organisms with data available. Protocatechuic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Black Cohosh (part of); Vaccinium myrtillus Leaf (part of); Menyanthes trifoliata leaf (part of) ... View More ... A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4. Protocatechuic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=99-50-3 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 99-50-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Protocatechuic acid is a phenolic compound which exhibits neuroprotective effect. Protocatechuic acid is a phenolic compound which exhibits neuroprotective effect.
Fusidic Acid
Fusidic acid is a steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. It has a role as a protein synthesis inhibitor, an EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a 3alpha-hydroxy steroid, an 11alpha-hydroxy steroid, a sterol ester, a steroid acid, an alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and a steroid antibiotic. It is a conjugate acid of a fusidate. It derives from a hydride of a 5alpha-cholestane. An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis. It is often used topically in creams and eyedrops but is available in systemic formulations including tablets and injections. Fusidic acid is a natural product found in Epidermophyton floccosum, Stilbella aciculosa, and other organisms with data available. Fusidic Acid is a bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from the fungus Fusidium coccineum and used as a topical medication to treat skin infections. Fusidic acid acts as a bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor by preventing the turnover of elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome. Fusidic acid is effective primarily on gram-positive bacteria. An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis. See also: Fusidate Sodium (active moiety of). Fusidic Acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.Fusidic acid works by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, specifically by preventing the translocation of the elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome. It also can inhibit chloramphenicol acetyltransferase enzymes. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01X - Other antibacterials > J01XC - Steroid antibacterials D - Dermatologicals > D09 - Medicated dressings > D09A - Medicated dressings > D09AA - Medicated dressings with antiinfectives D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06A - Antibiotics for topical use S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C52588 - Antibacterial Agent COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Fusidic acid (Fusidate) a bacteriostatic antibiotic produced from the Fusidium coccineum fungus, belongs to the class of steroids. Fusidic acid has no corticosteroid effects. Fusidic acid inhibits the growth of bacteria by preventing the release of translation elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome[1][2].
Imperatorin
Imperatorin is a member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor and a metabolite. Imperatorin is a natural product found in Allium wallichii, Ammi visnaga, and other organisms with data available. Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative.Imperatorin has been shown to exhibit anti-hypertrophic and anti-convulsant functions (A7784, A7785).Imperatorin belongs to the family of Furanocoumarins. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a furan ring fused to a coumarin moeity. See also: Angelica Dahurica Root (part of); Aegle marmelos fruit (part of); Ammi majus seed (part of) ... View More ... Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins Present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) INTERNAL_ID 2244; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2244 Imperatorin is an effective of NO synthesis inhibitor (IC50=9.2 μmol), which also is a BChE inhibitor (IC50=31.4 μmol). Imperatorin is a weak agonist of TRPV1 with EC50 of 12.6±3.2 μM. Imperatorin is an effective of NO synthesis inhibitor (IC50=9.2 μmol), which also is a BChE inhibitor (IC50=31.4 μmol). Imperatorin is a weak agonist of TRPV1 with EC50 of 12.6±3.2 μM.
Luteolin
Luteolin is a naturally occurring flavonoid. (PMID:17168665). The flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found as integral components of the human diet. They are universally present as constituents of flowering plants, particularly of food plants. The flavonoids are phenyl substituted chromones (benzopyran derivatives) consisting of a 15-carbon basic skeleton (C6-C3-C6), composed of a chroman (C6-C3) nucleus (the benzo ring A and the heterocyclic ring C), also shared by the tocopherols, with a phenyl (the aromatic ring B) substitution usually at the 2-position. Different substitutions can typically occur in the rings, A and B. Several plants and spices containing flavonoid derivatives have found application as disease preventive and therapeutic agents in traditional medicine in Asia for thousands of years. The selection of a particular food plant, plant tissue or herb for its potential health benefits appears to mirror its flavonoid composition. The much lower risk of colon, prostate and breast cancers in Asians, who consume more vegetables, fruits and tea than populations in the Western hemisphere do, raises the question of whether flavonoid components mediate the protective effects of diets rich in these foodstuffs by acting as natural chemopreventive and anticancer agents. An impressive body of information exists on the antitumoral action of plant flavonoids. In vitro work has concentrated on the direct and indirect actions of flavonoids on tumor cells, and has found a variety of anticancer effects such as cell growth and kinase activity inhibition, apoptosis induction, suppression of the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases and of tumor invasive behavior. Furthermore, some studies have reported the impairment of in vivo angiogenesis by dietary flavonoids. Experimental animal studies indicate that certain dietary flavonoids possess antitumoral activity. The hydroxylation pattern of the B ring of the flavones and flavonols, such as luteolin seems to critically influence their activities, especially the inhibition of protein kinase activity and antiproliferation. The different mechanisms underlying the potential anticancer action of plant flavonoids await further elucidation. Certain dietary flavonols and flavones targeting cell surface signal transduction enzymes, such as protein tyrosine and focal adhesion kinases, and the processes of angiogenesis appear to be promising candidates as anticancer agents. Further in vivo studies of these bioactive constituents is deemed necessary in order to develop flavonoid-based anticancer strategies. In view of the increasing interest in the association between dietary flavonoids and cancer initiation and progression, this important field is likely to witness expanded effort and to attract and stimulate further vigorous investigations (PMID:16097445). Luteolin is a tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 4, 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers. It has a role as an EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist, a plant metabolite, a nephroprotective agent, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer, a radical scavenger and an immunomodulator. It is a 3-hydroxyflavonoid and a tetrahydroxyflavone. It is a conjugate acid of a luteolin-7-olate. Luteolin is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Carex fraseriana, and other organisms with data available. Luteolin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid, with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptosis-inducing and chemopreventive activities. Upon administration, luteolin scavenges free radicals, protects cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage and induces direct cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells. This inhibits tumor cell proliferation and suppresses metastasis. 5,7,3,4-tetrahydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES. See also: Chamomile (part of); Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Fenugreek seed (part of). A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 4, 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers. Flavone v. widespread in plant world; found especies in celery, peppermint, rosemary, thyme and Queen Annes Lace leaves (wild carrot). Potential nutriceutical. Luteolin is found in many foods, some of which are soy bean, ginger, abalone, and swiss chard. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. IPB_RECORD: 361; CONFIDENCE confident structure CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 48 Luteolin (Luteoline), a flavanoid compound, is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor. Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, in several cancer cell lines, including human non-small lung cancer cells[1][2][3]. Luteolin (Luteoline), a flavanoid compound, is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor. Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, in several cancer cell lines, including human non-small lung cancer cells[1][2][3].
L-Tyrosine
Tyrosine (Tyr) or L-tyrosine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-tyrosine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tyrosine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aromatic amino acid. Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it – usually from phenylalanine. The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, a monooxygenase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction causing the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of the 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine, such that it becomes tyrosine. Tyrosine is found in many high-protein food products such as chicken, turkey, fish, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, cheese, peanuts, almonds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, soy products, lima beans, avocados and bananas. Tyrosine is one of the few amino acids that readily passes the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain, it is a precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, better known as adrenalin. These neurotransmitters are an important part of the bodys sympathetic nervous system, and their concentrations in the body and brain are directly dependent upon dietary tyrosine. Tyrosine is not found in large concentrations throughout the body, probably because it is rapidly metabolized. Folic acid, copper and vitamin C are cofactor nutrients of these reactions. Tyrosine is also the precursor for hormones, including thyroid hormones (diiodotyrosine), catecholestrogens and the major human pigment, melanin. Tyrosine is an important amino acid in many proteins, peptides and even enkephalins, the bodys natural pain reliever. Valine and other branched amino acids, and possibly tryptophan and phenylalanine may reduce tyrosine absorption. A number of genetic errors of tyrosine metabolism have been identified, such as hawkinsinuria and tyrosinemia I. The most common feature of these diseases is the increased amount of tyrosine in the blood, which is marked by decreased motor activity, lethargy and poor feeding. Infection and intellectual deficits may occur. Vitamin C supplements can help reverse these disease symptoms. Some adults also develop elevated tyrosine in their blood. This typically indicates a need for more vitamin C. More tyrosine is needed under stress, and tyrosine supplements prevent the stress-induced depletion of norepinephrine and can help aleviate biochemical depression. However, tyrosine may not be good for treating psychosis. Many antipsychotic medications apparently function by inhibiting tyrosine metabolism. L-Dopa, which is directly used in Parkinsons, is made from tyrosine. Tyrosine, the nutrient, can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinsons. Peripheral metabolism of tyrosine necessitates large doses of tyrosine, however, compared to L-Dopa (http://www.dcnutrition.com). In addition to its role as a precursor for neurotransmitters, tyrosine plays an important role for the function of many proteins. Within many proteins or enzymes, certain tyrosine residues can be tagged (at the hydroxyl group) with a phosphate group (phosphorylated) by specialized protein kinases. In its phosphorylated form, tyrosine is called phosphotyrosine. Tyrosine phosphorylation is considered to be one of the key steps in signal transduction and regulation of enzymatic activity. Tyrosine (or its precursor phenylalanine) is also needed to synthesize the benzoquinone structure which forms part of coenzyme Q10. L-tyrosine is an optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration. It has a role as an EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor, a nutraceutical, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a tyrosine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is functionally related to a L-tyrosinal. It is a conjugate base of a L-tyrosinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-tyrosinate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-tyrosine. It is a tautomer of a L-tyrosine zwitterion. Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from [phenylalanine]. It is also the precursor of [epinephrine], thyroid hormones, and melanin. L-Tyrosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). L-Tyrosine is the levorotatory isomer of the aromatic amino acid tyrosine. L-tyrosine is a naturally occurring tyrosine and is synthesized in vivo from L-phenylalanine. It is considered a non-essential amino acid; however, in patients with phenylketonuria who lack phenylalanine hydroxylase and cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, it is considered an essential nutrient. In vivo, tyrosine plays a role in protein synthesis and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of catecholamines, thyroxine, and melanin. Tyrosine is an essential amino acid that readily passes the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain, it is a precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, better known as adrenalin. These neurotransmitters are an important part of the bodys sympathetic nervous system, and their concentrations in the body and brain are directly dependent upon dietary tyrosine. Tyrosine is not found in large concentrations throughout the body, probably because it is rapidly metabolized. Folic acid, copper and vitamin C are cofactor nutrients of these reactions. Tyrosine is also the precursor for hormones, thyroid, catecholestrogens and the major human pigment, melanin. Tyrosine is an important amino acid in many proteins, peptides and even enkephalins, the bodys natural pain reliever. Valine and other branched amino acids, and possibly tryptophan and phenylalanine may reduce tyrosine absorption. A number of genetic errors of tyrosine metabolism occur. Most common is the increased amount of tyrosine in the blood of premature infants, which is marked by decreased motor activity, lethargy and poor feeding. Infection and intellectual deficits may occur. Vitamin C supplements reverse the disease. Some adults also develop elevated tyrosine in their blood. This indicates a need for more vitamin C. More tyrosine is needed under stress, and tyrosine supplements prevent the stress-induced depletion of norepinephrine and can cure biochemical depression. However, tyrosine may not be good for psychosis. Many antipsychotic medications apparently function by inhibiting tyrosine metabolism. L-dopa, which is directly used in Parkinsons, is made from tyrosine. Tyrosine, the nutrient, can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinsons. Peripheral metabolism of tyrosine necessitates large doses of tyrosine, however, compared to L-dopa. A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin. Dietary supplement, nutrient. Flavouring ingredient. L-Tyrosine is found in many foods, some of which are blue crab, sweet rowanberry, lemon sole, and alpine sweetvetch. An optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration. L-Tyrosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=60-18-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 60-18-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex.
Narcissin
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside is a disaccharide derivative, a glycosyloxyflavone, a monomethoxyflavone and a trihydroxyflavone. Narcissoside is a natural product found in Phoenix canariensis, Scolymus hispanicus, and other organisms with data available. See also: Ginkgo (part of); Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Narcissin (Narcissoside), a flavonol glycoside, exhibits evident scavenging activity against both authentic ONOO-?and SIN-1-derived ONOO- with IC50s?of 3.5 and 9.6 μM, respectively[1]. Narcissin (Narcissoside), a flavonol glycoside, exhibits evident scavenging activity against both authentic ONOO-?and SIN-1-derived ONOO- with IC50s?of 3.5 and 9.6 μM, respectively[1].
Calycosin
Calycosin is a member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3 position and a methoxy group at the 4 position. It has a role as a metabolite and an antioxidant. It is a member of 7-hydroxyisoflavones and a member of 4-methoxyisoflavones. It is functionally related to an isoflavone. It is a conjugate acid of a calycosin(1-). Calycosin is a natural product found in Thermopsis lanceolata, Hedysarum polybotrys, and other organisms with data available. A polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids [PhenolExplorer] Calycosin is a natural compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Calycosin is a natural compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Alizarin
COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 8028 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
linolenate(18:3)
alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). It is a member of the group of essential fatty acids called omega-3 fatty acids. alpha-Linolenic acid, in particular, is not synthesized by mammals and therefore is an essential dietary requirement for all mammals. Certain nuts (English walnuts) and vegetable oils (canola, soybean, flaxseed/linseed, olive) are particularly rich in alpha-linolenic acid. Omega-3 fatty acids get their name based on the location of one of their first double bond. In all omega-3 fatty acids, the first double bond is located between the third and fourth carbon atom counting from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-3). Although humans and other mammals can synthesize saturated and some monounsaturated fatty acids from carbon groups in carbohydrates and proteins, they lack the enzymes necessary to insert a cis double bond at the n-6 or the n-3 position of a fatty acid. Omega-3 fatty acids like alpha-linolenic acid are important structural components of cell membranes. When incorporated into phospholipids, they affect cell membrane properties such as fluidity, flexibility, permeability, and the activity of membrane-bound enzymes. Omega-3 fatty acids can modulate the expression of a number of genes, including those involved with fatty acid metabolism and inflammation. alpha-Linolenic acid and other omega-3 fatty acids may regulate gene expression by interacting with specific transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and liver X receptors (LXRs). alpha-Linolenic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. α-Linolenic acid can be obtained by humans only through their diets. Humans lack the desaturase enzymes required for processing stearic acid into A-linoleic acid or other unsaturated fatty acids. Dietary α-linolenic acid is metabolized to stearidonic acid, a precursor to a collection of polyunsaturated 20-, 22-, 24-, etc fatty acids (eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, tetracosapentaenoic acid, 6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid).[12] Because the efficacy of n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) synthesis decreases down the cascade of α-linolenic acid conversion, DHA synthesis from α-linolenic acid is even more restricted than that of EPA.[13] Conversion of ALA to DHA is higher in women than in men.[14] α-Linolenic acid, also known as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (from Greek alpha meaning "first" and linon meaning flax), is an n−3, or omega-3, essential fatty acid. ALA is found in many seeds and oils, including flaxseed, walnuts, chia, hemp, and many common vegetable oils. In terms of its structure, it is named all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid.[2] In physiological literature, it is listed by its lipid number, 18:3 (n−3). It is a carboxylic acid with an 18-carbon chain and three cis double bonds. The first double bond is located at the third carbon from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain, known as the n end. Thus, α-linolenic acid is a polyunsaturated n−3 (omega-3) fatty acid. It is a regioisomer of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an 18:3 (n−6) fatty acid (i.e., a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid with three double bonds). Alpha-linolenic acid is a linolenic acid with cis-double bonds at positions 9, 12 and 15. Shown to have an antithrombotic effect. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical and a mouse metabolite. It is an omega-3 fatty acid and a linolenic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an alpha-linolenate and a (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoate. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid. It is a component of many common vegetable oils and is important to human nutrition. alpha-Linolenic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Linolenic Acid is a natural product found in Prunus mume, Dipteryx lacunifera, and other organisms with data available. Linolenic Acid is an essential fatty acid belonging to the omega-3 fatty acids group. It is highly concentrated in certain plant oils and has been reported to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin resulting in reduced inflammation and prevention of certain chronic diseases. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid. It is a component of many common vegetable oils and is important to human nutrition. A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins. Seed oils are the richest sources of α-linolenic acid, notably those of hempseed, chia, perilla, flaxseed (linseed oil), rapeseed (canola), and soybeans. α-Linolenic acid is also obtained from the thylakoid membranes in the leaves of Pisum sativum (pea leaves).[3] Plant chloroplasts consisting of more than 95 percent of photosynthetic thylakoid membranes are highly fluid due to the large abundance of ALA, evident as sharp resonances in high-resolution carbon-13 NMR spectra.[4] Some studies state that ALA remains stable during processing and cooking.[5] However, other studies state that ALA might not be suitable for baking as it will polymerize with itself, a feature exploited in paint with transition metal catalysts. Some ALA may also oxidize at baking temperatures. Gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) is an omega-6 (n-6), 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) extracted from Perilla frutescens. Gamma-linolenic acid supplements could restore needed PUFAs and mitigate the disease[1]. Gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) is an omega-6 (n-6), 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) extracted from Perilla frutescens. Gamma-linolenic acid supplements could restore needed PUFAs and mitigate the disease[1]. α-Linolenic acid, isolated from Perilla frutescens, is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by humans. α-Linolenic acid can affect the process of thrombotic through the modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling. α-Linolenic acid possess the anti-arrhythmic properties and is related to cardiovascular disease and cancer[1]. α-Linolenic acid, isolated from Perilla frutescens, is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by humans. α-Linolenic acid can affect the process of thrombotic through the modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling. α-Linolenic acid possess the anti-arrhythmic properties and is related to cardiovascular disease and cancer[1]. α-Linolenic acid, isolated from Perilla frutescens, is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by humans. α-Linolenic acid can affect the process of thrombotic through the modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling. α-Linolenic acid possess the anti-arrhythmic properties and is related to cardiovascular disease and cancer[1].
Aucubin
Aucubin is found in common verbena. Aucubin is a monoterpenoid based compound. Aucubin, like all iridoids, has a cyclopentan-[C]-pyran skeleton. Iridoids can consist of ten, nine, or rarely eight carbons in which C11 is more frequently missing than C10. Aucubin has 10 carbons with the C11 carbon missing. The stereochemical configurations at C5 and C9 lead to cis fused rings, which are common to all iridoids containing carbocylclic- or seco-skeleton in non-rearranged form. Oxidative cleavage at C7-C8 bond affords secoiridoids. The last steps in the biosynthesis of iridoids usually consist of O-glycosylation and O-alkylation. Aucubin, a glycoside iridoid, has an O-linked glucose moiety. Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside. Iridoids are commonly found in plants and function as defensive compounds. Irioids decrease the growth rates of many generalist herbivores. Aucubin is found in the leaves of Aucuba japonica (Cornaceae), Eucommia ulmoides (Eucommiaceae), and Plantago asiatic (Plantaginaceae), etc, plants used in traditional Chinese and folk medicine. Aucubin was found to protect against liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride or alpha-amanitin in mice and rats when 80 mg/kg was dosed intraperitoneally. Geranyl pyrophosphate is the precursor for iridoids. Geranyl phosphate is generated through the mevalonate pathway or the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. The initial steps of the pathway involve the fusion of three molecules of acetyl-CoA to produce the C6 compound 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA). HMG-CoA is then reduced in two steps by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. The resulting mevalonate is then sequentially phosphorylated by two separate kinases, mevalonate kinase and phosphomevalonate kinase, to form 5-pyrophosphomevalonate. Phosphosphomevalonate decarboxylase through a concerted decarboxylation reaction affords isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). IPP is the basic C5 building block that is added to prenyl phosphate cosubstrates to form longer chains. IPP is isomerized to the allylic ester dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) by IPP isomerase. Through a multistep process, including the dephosphorylation DMAPP, IPP and DMAPP are combinded to from the C10 compound geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP). Geranyl pyrophosphate is a major branch point for terpenoid synthesis. The cyclizaton reaction to form the iridoid pyrane ring may result from one of two routes: route 1 - a hydride nucleophillic attack on C1 will lead to 1-O-carbonyl atom attack on C3, yielding the lactone ring; route 2 - loss of proton from carbon 4 leads to the formation of a double bond C3-C4; consequently the 3-0-carbonyl atom will attach to C1 Aucubin is a monoterpenoid based compound. Aucubin, like all iridoids, has a cyclopentan-[C]-pyran skeleton. Iridoids can consist of ten, nine, or rarely eight carbons in which C11 is more frequently missing than C10. Aucubin has 10 carbons with the C11 carbon missing. The stereochemical configurations at C5 and C9 lead to cis fused rings, which are common to all iridoids containing carbocylclic- or seco-skeleton in non-rearranged form. Oxidative cleavage at C7-C8 bond affords secoiridoids. The last steps in the biosynthesis of iridoids usually consist of O-glycosylation and O-alkylation. Aucubin, a glycoside iridoid, has an O-linked glucose moiety.; Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside. Iridoids are commonly found in plants and function as defensive compounds. Irioids decrease the growth rates of many generalist herbivores. Aucubin is found in the leaves of Aucuba japonica (Cornaceae), Eucommia ulmoides (Eucommiaceae), and Plantago asiatic (Plantaginaceae), etc, plants used in traditional Chinese and folk medicine. Aucubin was found to protect against liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride or alpha-amanitin in mice and rats when 80 mg/kg was dosed intraperitoneally.; Geranyl pyrophosphate is the precursor for iridoids. Geranyl phosphate is generated through the mevalonate pathway or the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. The initial steps of the pathway involve the fusion of three molecules of acetyl-CoA to produce the C6 compound 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA). HMG-CoA is then reduced in two steps by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. The resulting mevalonate is then sequentially phosphorylated by two separate kinases, mevalonate kinase and phosphomevalonate kinase, to form 5-pyrophosphomevalonate. Phosphosphomevalonate decarboxylase through a concerted decarboxylation reaction affords isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). IPP is the basic C5 building block that is added to prenyl phosphate cosubstrates to form longer chains. IPP is isomerized to the allylic ester dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) by IPP isomerase. Through a multistep process, including the dephosphorylation DMAPP, IPP and DMAPP are combinded to from the C10 compound geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP). Geranyl pyrophosphate is a major branch point for terpenoid synthesis.; The cyclizaton reaction to form the iridoid pyrane ring may result from one of two routes: route 1 - a hydride nucleophillic attack on C1 will lead to 1-O-carbonyl atom attack on C3, yielding the lactone ring; route 2 - loss of proton from carbon 4 leads to the formation of a double bond C3-C4; consequently the 3-0-carbonyl atom will attach to C1. Aucubin is an organic molecular entity. It has a role as a metabolite. Aucubin is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Plantago media, and other organisms with data available. See also: Chaste tree fruit (part of); Rehmannia glutinosa Root (part of); Plantago ovata seed (part of). Aucubin, an iridoid glucoside, is isolated from Plantago asiatica, Eucommia ulmoides, the leaves of Aucuba japonica and more recently from butterfly larva. Aucubin has many biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-fibrotic, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and osteoprotective effects[1][2][3]. Aucubin, an iridoid glucoside, is isolated from Plantago asiatica, Eucommia ulmoides, the leaves of Aucuba japonica and more recently from butterfly larva. Aucubin has many biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-fibrotic, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and osteoprotective effects[1][2][3].
Isoscopoletin
Isoscopoletin is a hydroxycoumarin that is esculetin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is the major primary metabolite of scoparone. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a hydroxycoumarin and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to an esculetin. Isoscopoletin is a natural product found in Clausena dunniana, Olea capensis, and other organisms with data available. Isoscopoletin (6-Hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin) is an active constituent in Artemisia argyi leaves. Isoscopoletin shows substantial inhibition against cell proliferation, with IC50s of 4.0 μM and 1.6 μM for human CCRF-CEM leukaemia cells and multidrug resistant subline CEM/ADR5000, respectively[1]. Isoscopoletin (6-Hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin) possesses inhibitory activity against HBV replication[2]. Isoscopoletin (6-Hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin) is an active constituent in Artemisia argyi leaves. Isoscopoletin shows substantial inhibition against cell proliferation, with IC50s of 4.0 μM and 1.6 μM for human CCRF-CEM leukaemia cells and multidrug resistant subline CEM/ADR5000, respectively[1]. Isoscopoletin (6-Hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin) possesses inhibitory activity against HBV replication[2].
Coniferaldehyde
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223). Coniferyl aldehyde, also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or 4-hm-ca, is a member of the class of compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferyl aldehyde is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Coniferyl aldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as pear, common walnut, kelp, and citrus, which makes coniferyl aldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Coniferyl aldehyde is a low molecular weight phenolic compound susceptible to be extracted from cork stoppers into wine . Coniferyl aldehyde is a member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3. It has a role as an antifungal agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of cinnamaldehydes, a phenylpropanoid and a member of guaiacols. It is functionally related to an (E)-cinnamaldehyde. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde is a natural product found in Pandanus utilis, Microtropis japonica, and other organisms with data available. A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Coniferaldehyde (Ferulaldehyde) is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Coniferaldehyde exerts anti-inflammatory properties in response to LPS. Coniferaldehyde inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis through the PKCα/β II/Nrf-2/HO-1 dependent pathway in RAW264.7 macrophage cells[1]. Coniferaldehyde (Ferulaldehyde) is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Coniferaldehyde exerts anti-inflammatory properties in response to LPS. Coniferaldehyde inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis through the PKCα/β II/Nrf-2/HO-1 dependent pathway in RAW264.7 macrophage cells Coniferaldehyde. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=458-36-6 (retrieved 2024-09-04) (CAS RN: 458-36-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Linderalactone
Isolinderalactone is a member of benzofurans. It has a role as a metabolite. Isolinderalactone is a natural product found in Neolitsea villosa, Neolitsea hiiranensis, and other organisms with data available. A natural product found in Neolitsea daibuensis. Linderalactone is a natural product found in Neolitsea umbrosa, Neolitsea villosa, and other organisms with data available. Isolinderalactone suppresses human glioblastoma growth and angiogenic activity through the inhibition of VEGFR2 activation in endothelial cells[1]. Isolinderalactone suppresses the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), survi Isolinderalactone suppresses human glioblastoma growth and angiogenic activity through the inhibition of VEGFR2 activation in endothelial cells[1]. Isolinderalactone suppresses the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), survi Linderalactone is an important sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Lindera aggregata. Linderalactone inhibits cancer growth by modulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inhibition of JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Linderalactone also inhibits the proliferation of the lung cancer A-549 cells with an IC50 of 15 μM[1][2]. Linderalactone is an important sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Lindera aggregata. Linderalactone inhibits cancer growth by modulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inhibition of JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Linderalactone also inhibits the proliferation of the lung cancer A-549 cells with an IC50 of 15 μM[1][2].
Nicotinic acid
Nicotinic acid is an odorless white crystalline powder with a feebly acid taste. pH (saturated aqueous solution) 2.7. pH (1.3\\\\\% solution) 3-3.5. (NTP, 1992) Nicotinic acid is a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. It has a role as an antidote, an antilipemic drug, a vasodilator agent, a metabolite, an EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a human urinary metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a vitamin B3, a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid and a pyridine alkaloid. It is a conjugate acid of a nicotinate. Niacin is a B vitamin used to treat vitamin deficiencies as well as hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarctions. Nicotinic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Niacin is a Nicotinic Acid. Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid and vitamin B3, is a water soluble, essential B vitamin that, when given in high doses, is effective in lowering low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and raising high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which makes this agent of unique value in the therapy of dyslipidemia. Niacin can cause mild-to-moderate serum aminotransferase elevations and high doses and certain formulations of niacin have been linked to clinically apparent, acute liver injury which can be severe as well as fatal. Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C. Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide. Severe lack of niacin causes the deficiency disease pellagra, whereas a mild deficiency slows down the metabolism decreasing cold tolerance. The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. It is found in various animal and plant tissues and has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan (see below), but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B6; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin. Bacteria in the gut may also perform the conversion but are inefficient. A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide. Severe lack of niacin causes the deficiency disease pellagra, whereas a mild deficiency slows down the metabolism decreasing cold tolerance. The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. It is found in various animal and plant tissues and has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan, but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B6; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin. Bacteria in the gut may also perform the conversion but are inefficient. Nicotinic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-67-6 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 59-67-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Niacin (Vitamin B3) is an orally active water-soluble B3 vitamin that is an essential nutrient for humans. Niacin (Vitamin B3) plays a key role in energy metabolism, cell signaling cascades regulating gene expression and apoptosis. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is also used in the study of cardiovascular diseases[1][2]. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is an orally active water-soluble B3 vitamin that is an essential nutrient for humans. Niacin (Vitamin B3) plays a key role in energy metabolism, cell signaling cascades regulating gene expression and apoptosis. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is also used in the study of cardiovascular diseases[1][2].
Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has a role as an antiinfective agent, an antifungal agent, a keratolytic drug, an EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, an algal metabolite and a plant hormone. It is a conjugate acid of a salicylate. It is a colorless solid, it is a precursor to and a metabolite of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). It is a plant hormone. The name is from Latin salix for willow tree. It is an ingredient in some anti-acne products. Salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates. Salicylic acid modulates COX1 enzymatic activity to decrease the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Salicylate may competitively inhibit prostaglandin formation. Salicylates antirheumatic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory) actions are a result of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Salicylic acid works by causing the cells of the epidermis to slough off more readily, preventing pores from clogging up, and allowing room for new cell growth. Salicylic acid inhibits the oxidation of uridine-5-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) competitively with nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide and noncompetitively with UDPG. It also competitively inhibits the transferring of glucuronyl group of uridine-5-phosphoglucuronic acid to the phenolic acceptor. The wound-healing retardation action of salicylates is probably due mainly to its inhibitory action on mucopolysaccharide synthesis. Salicylic acid is biosynthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine. In Arabidopsis thaliana, it can be synthesized via a phenylalanine-independent pathway. Salicylic acid is an odorless white to light tan solid. Sinks and mixes slowly with water. (USCG, 1999) Salicylic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has a role as an antiinfective agent, an antifungal agent, a keratolytic drug, an EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, an algal metabolite and a plant hormone. It is a conjugate acid of a salicylate. A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves, and also prepared synthetically. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions. Its salts, the salicylates, are used as analgesics. Salicylic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Salicylic Acid is a beta hydroxy acid that occurs as a natural compound in plants. It has direct activity as an anti-inflammatory agent and acts as a topical antibacterial agent due to its ability to promote exfoliation. A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves, and also prepared synthetically. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions. Its salts, the salicylates, are used as analgesics. A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions. See also: Benzoic Acid (has active moiety); Methyl Salicylate (active moiety of); Benzyl salicylate (is active moiety of) ... View More ... A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. Salicylic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=69-72-7 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 69-72-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) activation[1]. Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) activation[1].
Stachyose
Stachyose is a tetrasaccharide consisting of two D-galactose units, one D-glucose unit, and one D-fructose unit sequentially linked. Stachyose is a normal human metabolite present in human milk and is naturally found in many vegetables (e.g. green beans, soybeans and other beans) and plants. The glycosylation of serum transferrin from galactosemic patients with a deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (EC 2. 7.7 12) is abnormal but becomes normal after treatment with a galactose-free diet. Adhering to a galactose-free diet by strictly avoiding dairy products and known hidden sources of galactose does not completely normalize galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1-P) in erythrocytes from patients with galactosemia, since galactose released from stachyose may be absorbed and contribute to elevated gal-1-P values in erythrocytes of galactosemic patients (PMID:7671975, 9499382). Stachyose is a tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a raffinose family oligosaccharide and a tetrasaccharide. It is functionally related to a sucrose and a raffinose. Stachyose is a natural product found in Amaranthus cruentus, Salacia oblonga, and other organisms with data available. See also: Oligosaccharide (related). A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose. Isolated from soybean meal (Glycine max), tubers of Japanese artichoke (Stachys tubifera) and lentils COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Stachyose, a kind of oligosaccharides, act as a hypoglycemic agent[1]. Stachyose, a kind of oligosaccharides, act as a hypoglycemic agent[1].
Isopimpinellin
Isopimpinellin is a member of psoralens. Isopimpinellin is a natural product found in Zanthoxylum mayu, Zanthoxylum ovalifolium, and other organisms with data available. Isopimpinellin is found in angelica. Isopimpinellin is present in the seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) Isopimpinellin belongs to the family of Furanocoumarins. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a furan ring fused to a coumarin moeity. See also: Angelica keiskei top (part of). Present in the seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip). Isopimpinellin is found in many foods, some of which are carrot, anise, celery stalks, and fennel. Isopimpinellin is found in angelica. Isopimpinellin is present in the seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins Isopimpinellin, an orally active compound isolated from Glomerella cingulata. Isopimpinellin blocks DNA adduct formation and skin tumor initiation by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Isopimpinellin possesses anti-leishmania effect[1]. Isopimpinellin, an orally active compound isolated from Glomerella cingulata. Isopimpinellin blocks DNA adduct formation and skin tumor initiation by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Isopimpinellin possesses anti-leishmania effect[1].
Ursolic acid
Ursolic acid is a ubiquitous triterpenoid in plant kingdom, medicinal herbs, and is an integral part of the human diet. During the last decade over 700 research articles have been published on triterpenoids research, reflecting tremendous interest and progress in our understanding of these compounds. This included the isolation and purification of these tritepernoids from various plants and herbs, the chemical modifications to make more effective and water soluble derivatives, the pharmacological research on their beneficial effects, the toxicity studies, and the clinical use of these triterpenoids in various diseases including anticancer chemotherapies. Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpene acid, has been isolated from many kinds of medicinal plants, such as Eriobotrya japonica, Rosmarinns officinalis, Melaleuca leucadendron, Ocimum sanctum and Glechoma hederaceae. UA has been reported to produce antitumor activities and antioxidant activity, and is reported to have an antioxidant activity. UA may play an important role in regulating the apoptosis induced by high glucose presumably through scavenging of ROS (reactive oxygen species). It has been found recently that ursolic acid treatment affects growth and apoptosis in cancer cells. (PMID: 15994040, 17516235, 17213663). Ursolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid. It derives from a hydride of an ursane. Ursolic acid is a natural product found in Gladiolus italicus, Freziera, and other organisms with data available. Ursolic Acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in various fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs, with a variety of potential pharmacologic activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiviral, serum lipid-lowering, and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, ursolic acid may promote apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell proliferation through multiple mechanisms. This may include the regulation of mitochondrial function through various pathways including the ROCK/PTEN and p53 pathways, the suppression of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) pathways, and the increase in caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activities. See also: Holy basil leaf (part of); Jujube fruit (part of); Lagerstroemia speciosa leaf (part of). D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C129839 - Apoptotic Pathway-targeting Antineoplastic Agent Found in wax of apples, pears and other fruits. V. widely distributed in plants D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors 3-Epiursolic Acid is a triterpenoid that can be isolated from Eriobotrya japonica, acts as a competitive inhibitor of cathepsin L (IC50, 6.5 μM; Ki, 19.5 μM), with no obvious effect on cathepsin B[1]. 3-Epiursolic Acid is a triterpenoid that can be isolated from Eriobotrya japonica, acts as a competitive inhibitor of cathepsin L (IC50, 6.5 μM; Ki, 19.5 μM), with no obvious effect on cathepsin B[1]. Ursolic acid (Prunol) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, exerts anti-tumor effects and is an effective compound for cancer prevention and therapy. Ursolic acid (Prunol) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, exerts anti-tumor effects and is an effective compound for cancer prevention and therapy.
Rutin
Rutin is a flavonoid known to have a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties. A large number of flavonoids, mostly O-glycosides, are polyphenolic compounds of natural origin that are present in most fruits and vegetables. The average intake of the compounds by humans on a normal diet is more than 1 g per day. Although flavonoids are devoid of classical nutritional value, they are increasingly viewed as beneficial dietary components that act as potential protectors against human diseases such as coronary heart disease, cancers, and inflammatory bowel disease. Rutin acts as a quercetin deliverer to the large intestine; moreover, quercetin is extensively metabolized in the large intestine, which suggests that quercetin liberated from rutin and/or its colonic metabolites may play a role. Rutins anti-inflammatory actions are mediated through a molecular mechanism that underlies the quercetin-mediated therapeutic effects: quercetin-mediated inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) activation. TNF-alpha-induced NFkB activity plays a central role in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in progression of gut inflammation. (PMID:16132362). Rutin is a rutinoside that is quercetin with the hydroxy group at position C-3 substituted with glucose and rhamnose sugar groups. It has a role as a metabolite and an antioxidant. It is a disaccharide derivative, a quercetin O-glucoside, a tetrahydroxyflavone and a rutinoside. A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including buckwheat; tobacco; forsythia; hydrangea; viola, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. Rutin is a natural product found in Ficus virens, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including BUCKWHEAT; TOBACCO; FORSYTHIA; HYDRANGEA; VIOLA, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. See also: Quercetin (related); Ginkgo (part of); Chamomile (part of) ... View More ... First isolated from Ruta graveolens (rue). Bioflavanoid. Quercetin 3-rutinoside is found in many foods, some of which are tea, bilberry, common oregano, and lemon grass. A rutinoside that is quercetin with the hydroxy group at position C-3 substituted with glucose and rhamnose sugar groups. C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05C - Capillary stabilizing agents > C05CA - Bioflavonoids IPB_RECORD: 541; CONFIDENCE confident structure [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_pos_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_neg_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_neg_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA04_Rutin_pos_20eV.txt Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress[1][2][3]. Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress[1][2][3].
Inosine
C10H12N4O5 (268.08076619999997)
Inosine, also known as hypoxanthosine or inotin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. Inosine is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. Inosine is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid. Inosine is also an intermediate in the purine salvage pathway. Inosine occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules and is essential for proper translation of the genetic code in wobble base pairs. Inosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Inosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, inosine can be biosynthesized from inosinic acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In addition, inosine can be converted into hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate through its interaction with the enzyme known as purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Altered levels of inosine have also been associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and xanthinuria type I, both of which are inborn errors of metabolism. Animal studies have suggested that inosine has neuroprotective properties. It has been proposed as a potential treatment for spinal cord injury (PMID: 16317421) and for administration after stroke, as inosine appears to induce axonal rewiring (PMID: 12084941). After ingestion, inosine is metabolized into uric acid, which has been found to be a natural antioxidant and peroxynitrite scavenger. As such, inosine may have potential benefits to patients with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease (PMID: 19425822). Inosine can also be produced by gut bacteria and appears to have a number of beneficial effects. Inosine, has been shown to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma signaling in human colon epithelial cells. Furthermore, exogenous treatment of inosine has been found to protect against DSS-induced colitis in rodents by improving adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR)/PPAR-gamma-dependent mucosal barrier functions (PMID: 33820558). Microbiome-derived inosine has also been shown to modulate the response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in cancer models. In particular, decreased gut barrier function induced by immunotherapy increases systemic translocation of bacterially derived inosine and activates antitumor T cells. The effect of inosine is dependent on T cell expression of the adenosine A2A receptor and requires co-stimulation. Inosine appears to have other roles in non-mammalian system. For instance, it has been found to be an important feed stimulant by itself or in combination with certain amino acids in some species of farmed fish. For example, inosine and inosine-5-monophosphate have been reported as specific feeding stimulants for turbot fry, (Scophthalmus maximus) and Japanese amberjack. Inosine is a purine nucleoside in which hypoxanthine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a purines D-ribonucleoside and a member of inosines. It is functionally related to a hypoxanthine and a ribofuranose. A purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in pathways of purine salvage. It also occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules. (Dorland, 28th ed) Inosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Inosine is a natural product found in Fritillaria thunbergii, Cichorium endivia, and other organisms with data available. Inosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in pathways of purine salvage. It also occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules. (Dorland, 28th ed) G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BB - Antivirals A purine nucleoside in which hypoxanthine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals Present in meat extracts and sugar beet Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS [Spectral] Inosine (exact mass = 268.08077) and L-Methionine (exact mass = 149.05105) and Adenosine (exact mass = 267.09675) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Inosine (exact mass = 268.08077) and L-Tyrosine (exact mass = 181.07389) and Guanosine (exact mass = 283.09167) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Inosine (exact mass = 268.08077) and S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Inosine (exact mass = 268.08077) and Guanosine (exact mass = 283.09167) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 110 KEIO_ID I003 Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by catabolism of adenosine. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Inosine is an agonist for adenosine A1 (A1R) and A2A (A2AR) receptors[1][2][3]. Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by catabolism of adenosine. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Inosine is an agonist for adenosine A1 (A1R) and A2A (A2AR) receptors[1][2][3]. Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by catabolism of adenosine. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Inosine is an agonist for adenosine A1 (A1R) and A2A (A2AR) receptors[1][2][3]. Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by catabolism of adenosine. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Inosine is an agonist for adenosine A1 (A1R) and A2A (A2AR) receptors[1][2][3].
Lovastatin
Lovastatin is a fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). It has a role as an Aspergillus metabolite, a prodrug, an anticholesteremic drug and an antineoplastic agent. It is a polyketide, a statin (naturally occurring), a member of hexahydronaphthalenes, a delta-lactone and a fatty acid ester. It is functionally related to a (S)-2-methylbutyric acid and a mevastatin. Lovastatin, also known as the brand name product Mevacor, is a lipid-lowering drug and fungal metabolite derived synthetically from a fermentation product of Aspergillus terreus. Originally named Mevinolin, lovastatin belongs to the statin class of medications, which are used to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and manage abnormal lipid levels by inhibiting the endogenous production of cholesterol in the liver. More specifically, statin medications competitively inhibit the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) Reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid and is the third step in a sequence of metabolic reactions involved in the production of several compounds involved in lipid metabolism and transport including cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (sometimes referred to as "bad cholesterol"), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Prescribing of statin medications is considered standard practice following any cardiovascular events and for people with a moderate to high risk of development of CVD, such as those with Type 2 Diabetes. The clear evidence of the benefit of statin use coupled with very minimal side effects or long term effects has resulted in this class becoming one of the most widely prescribed medications in North America. Lovastatin and other drugs from the statin class of medications including [atorvastatin], [pravastatin], [rosuvastatin], [fluvastatin], and [simvastatin] are considered first-line options for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Increasing use of the statin class of drugs is largely due to the fact that cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes heart attack, atherosclerosis, angina, peripheral artery disease, and stroke, has become a leading cause of death in high-income countries and a major cause of morbidity around the world. Elevated cholesterol levels, and in particular, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, are an important risk factor for the development of CVD. Use of statins to target and reduce LDL levels has been shown in a number of landmark studies to significantly reduce the risk of development of CVD and all-cause mortality. Statins are considered a cost-effective treatment option for CVD due to their evidence of reducing all-cause mortality including fatal and non-fatal CVD as well as the need for surgical revascularization or angioplasty following a heart attack. Evidence has shown that even for low-risk individuals (with <10\\\\% risk of a major vascular event occurring within 5 years) statins cause a 20\\\\%-22\\\\% relative reduction in major cardiovascular events (heart attack, stroke, coronary revascularization, and coronary death) for every 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL without any significant side effects or risks. While all statin medications are considered equally effective from a clinical standpoint, [rosuvastatin] is considered the most potent; doses of 10 to 40mg [rosuvastatin] per day were found in clinical studies to result in a 45.8\\\\% to 54.6\\\\% decrease in LDL cholesterol levels, while lovastatin has been found to have an average decrease in LDL-C of 25-40\\\\%. Potency is thought to correlate to tissue permeability as the more lipophilic statins such as lovastatin are thought to enter endothelial cells by passive diffusion, as opposed to hydrophilic statins such as [pravastatin] and [rosuvastatin] which are taken up into hepatocytes through OATP1B1 (org... Lovastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent that belongs to the class of medications called statins. It was the second agent of this class discovered. It was discovered by Alfred Alberts and his team at Merck in 1978 after screening only 18 compounds over 2 weeks. The agent, also known as mevinolin, was isolated from the fungi Aspergillus terreus. Research on this compound was suddenly shut down in 1980 and the drug was not approved until 1987. Interesting, Akira Endo at Sankyo Co. (Japan) patented lovastatin isolated from Monascus ruber four months before Merck. Lovastatin was found to be 2 times more potent than its predecessor, mevastatin, the first discovered statin. Like mevastatin, lovastatin is structurally similar to hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), a substituent of HMG-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), a substrate of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway via the mevalonic acid pathway. Lovastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with a binding affinity 20,000 times greater than HMG-CoA. Lovastatin differs structurally from mevastatin by a single methyl group at the 6 position. Lovastatin is a prodrug that is activated by in vivo hydrolysis of the lactone ring. It, along with mevastatin, has served as one of the lead compounds for the development of the synthetic compounds used today. A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). C - Cardiovascular system > C10 - Lipid modifying agents > C10A - Lipid modifying agents, plain > C10AA - Hmg coa reductase inhibitors D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019161 - Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1655 - HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3139 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2212 Lovastatin is a cell-permeable HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used to lower cholesterol. Lovastatin is a cell-permeable HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used to lower cholesterol.
Chlorogenic acid
Chlorogenic acid is a cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of quinic acid. It is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of lignin. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a food component. It is a cinnamate ester and a tannin. It is functionally related to a (-)-quinic acid and a trans-caffeic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a chlorogenate. Chlorogenic Acid has been used in trials studying the treatment of Advanced Cancer and Impaired Glucose Tolerance. Chlorogenic Acid is a natural product found in Pavetta indica, Fragaria nipponica, and other organisms with data available. Chlorogenic Acid is a polyphenol and the ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid that is found in coffee and black tea, with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Chlorogenic acid scavenges free radicals, which inhibits DNA damage and may protect against the induction of carcinogenesis. In addition, this agent may upregulate the expression of genes involved in the activation of the immune system and enhances activation and proliferation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Chlorogenic acid also inhibits the activity of matrix metalloproteinases. A naturally occurring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. It has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (From J Chromatogr A 1996;741(2):223-31; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60(5):765-68). See also: Arctium lappa Root (part of); Cynara scolymus leaf (part of); Lonicera japonica flower (part of) ... View More ... Chlorogenic acid is an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid. Chlorogenic acid is the major polyphenolic compound in coffee, isolated from the leaves and fruits of dicotyledonous plants. This compound, long known as an antioxidant, also slows the release of glucose into the bloodstream after a meal. Coffee is a complex mixture of chemicals that provides significant amounts of chlorogenic acid. The chlorogenic acid content of a 200 ml (7-oz) cup of coffee has been reported to range from 70-350 mg, which would provide about 35-175 mg of caffeic acid. The results of epidemiological research suggest that coffee consumption may help prevent several chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinsons disease and liver disease (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma). Most prospective cohort studies have not found coffee consumption to be associated with significantly increased cardiovascular disease risk. However, coffee consumption is associated with increases in several cardiovascular disease risk factors, including blood pressure and plasma homocysteine. At present, there is little evidence that coffee consumption increases the risk of cancer. (PMID:16507475, 17368041). A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of quinic acid. It is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of lignin. [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_pos_10eV_1-1_01_209.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_neg_30eV_1-1_01_218.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_neg_20eV_1-1_01_217.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_pos_30eV_1-1_01_211.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_neg_40eV_1-1_01_219.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_pos_20eV_1-1_01_210.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_pos_50eV_1-1_01_213.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_neg_50eV_1-1_01_220.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_neg_10eV_1-1_01_216.txt [Raw Data] CBA08_Chlorogenic-aci_pos_40eV_1-1_01_212.txt Chlorogenic acid is a major phenolic compound in Lonicera japonica Thunb.. It plays several important and therapeutic roles such as antioxidant activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-hypertension. Chlorogenic acid is a major phenolic compound in Lonicera japonica Thunb. It is an orally active antioxidant activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-hypertension compound[1][2][3]. Chlorogenic acid is a major phenolic compound in Lonicera japonica Thunb.. It plays several important and therapeutic roles such as antioxidant activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-hypertension.
Oleandrin
Oleandrin is a steroid saponin that consists of oleandrigenin having a 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl residue attached to the oxygen function at position 3. It is a cardenolide glycoside, a 14beta-hydroxy steroid, a steroid ester and a steroid saponin. It is functionally related to an oleandrigenin. Oleandrin has been used in trials studying the treatment of Lung Cancer and Chemotherapeutic Agent Toxicity. Oleandrin is a natural product found in Daphnis nerii, Plumeria, and other organisms with data available. Oleandrin is a lipid soluble cardiac glycoside with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, oleandrin specifically binds to and inhibits the alpha3 subunit of the Na/K-ATPase pump in human cancer cells. This may inhibit the phosphorylation of Akt, upregulate MAPK, inhibit NF-kb activation and inhibit FGF-2 export and may downregulate mTOR thereby inhibiting p70S6K and S6 protein expression. All of this may lead to an induction of apoptosis. As cancer cells with relatively higher expression of the alpha3 subunit and with limited expression of the alpha1 subunit are more sensitive to oleandrin, one may predict the tumor response to treatment with lipid-soluble cardiac glycosides such as oleandrin based on the tumors Na/K-ATPase pump protein subunit expression. Overexpression of the alpha3 subunit in tumor cells correlates with tumor proliferation. See also: Nerium oleander leaf (part of). A steroid saponin that consists of oleandrigenin having a 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl residue attached to the oxygen function at position 3. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2262 Oleandrin (PBI-05204) inhibits the Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 620 nM. Oleandrin (PBI-05204) inhibits the Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 620 nM.
Acacetin
5,7-dihydroxy-4-methoxyflavone is a monomethoxyflavone that is the 4-methyl ether derivative of apigenin. It has a role as an anticonvulsant and a plant metabolite. It is a dihydroxyflavone and a monomethoxyflavone. It is functionally related to an apigenin. It is a conjugate acid of a 5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-olate. Acacetin is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Odontites viscosus, and other organisms with data available. Acacetin (5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone) is an orally active flavonoid derived from Dendranthema morifolium. Acacetin docks in the ATP binding pocket of PI3Kγ. Acacetin causes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Acacetin has potent anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity and has the potential for pain-related diseases research[1][2]. Acacetin (5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone) is an orally active flavonoid derived from Dendranthema morifolium. Acacetin docks in the ATP binding pocket of PI3Kγ. Acacetin causes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Acacetin has potent anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity and has the potential for pain-related diseases research[1][2].
Caffeic acid
Caffeic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. It exists in cis and trans forms; the latter is the more common. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, an EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, an antioxidant and an EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor. It is a hydroxycinnamic acid and a member of catechols. Caffeic Acid is a natural product found in Pavetta indica, Eupatorium cannabinum, and other organisms with data available. Caffeic Acid is an orally bioavailable, hydroxycinnamic acid derivative and polyphenol, with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, caffeic acid acts as an antioxidant and prevents oxidative stress, thereby preventing DNA damage induced by free radicals. Caffeic acid targets and inhibits the histone demethylase (HDM) oncoprotein gene amplified in squamous cell carcinoma 1 (GASC1; JMJD2C; KDM4C) and inhibits cancer cell proliferation. GASC1, a member of the KDM4 subgroup of Jumonji (Jmj) domain-containing proteins, demethylates trimethylated lysine 9 and lysine 36 on histone H3 (H3K9 and H3K36), and plays a key role in tumor cell development. Caffeic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Black Cohosh (part of); Arctium lappa Root (part of); Comfrey Leaf (part of) ... View More ... 3,4-Dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate, also known as trans-Caffeate, is a polyphenol present in normal human urine positively correlated to coffee consumption and influenced by the dietary intake of diverse types of food (PMID:16870009). trans-Caffeic acid is found in many foods, some of which are flaxseed, cereal and cereal products, common grape, fruits, and common sage. It is also found in wine and coffee in free and conjugated forms. Caffeic acid (CAS: 331-39-5) is a polyphenol present in normal human urine positively correlated to coffee consumption and influenced by the dietary intake of diverse types of food (PMID:16870009). Caffeic acid has been found to be a microbial metabolite of Escherichia (PMID: 28396925). Caffeic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=331-39-5 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 331-39-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO). Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO).
Uridine
Uridine, also known as beta-uridine or 1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine nucleosides. Pyrimidine nucleosides are compounds comprising a pyrimidine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. More specifically, uridine is a nucleoside consisting of uracil and D-ribose and a component of RNA. Uridine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Uridine can be synthesized from uracil. It is one of the five standard nucleosides which make up nucleic acids, the others being adenosine, thymidine, cytidine and guanosine. The five nucleosides are commonly abbreviated to their one-letter codes U, A, T, C and G respectively. Uridine is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, nikkomycin Z, 3-(enolpyruvyl)uridine 5-monophosphate, and 5-aminomethyl-2-thiouridine. Uridine can be found in most biofluids, including urine, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood. Within the cell, uridine is primarily located in the mitochondria, in the nucleus and the lysosome. It can also be found in the extracellular space. As an essential nucleoside, uridine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, uridine is involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include dhydropyrimidinase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and beta-ureidopropionase deficiency. Moreover, uridine is found to be associated with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Uridine is a nucleoside consisting of uracil and D-ribose and a component of RNA. Uridine plays a role in the glycolysis pathway of galactose. In humans there is no catabolic process to metabolize galactose. Therefore, galactose is converted to glucose and metabolized via the normal glucose metabolism pathways. More specifically, consumed galactose is converted into galactose 1-phosphate (Gal-1-P). This molecule is a substrate for the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase which transfers a UDP molecule to the galactose molecule. The end result is UDP-galactose and glucose-1-phosphate. This process is continued to allow the proper glycolysis of galactose. Uridine is found in many foods (anything containing RNA) but is destroyed in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, and so no food, when consumed, has ever been reliably shown to elevate blood uridine levels. On the other hand, consumption of RNA-rich foods may lead to high levels of purines (adenine and guanosine) in blood. High levels of purines are known to increase uric acid production and may aggravate or lead to conditions such as gout. Uridine is a ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of uracil attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a human metabolite, a fundamental metabolite and a drug metabolite. It is functionally related to a uracil. Uridine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Uridine is a Pyrimidine Analog. The chemical classification of uridine is Pyrimidines, and Analogs/Derivatives. Uridine is a natural product found in Ulva australis, Synechocystis, and other organisms with data available. Uridine is a nucleoside consisting of uracil and D-ribose and a component of RNA. Uridine has been studied as a rescue agent to reduce the toxicities associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), thereby allowing the administration of higher doses of 5-FU in chemotherapy regimens. (NCI04) Uridine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A ribonucleoside in which RIBOSE is linked to URACIL. Uridine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when uracil is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a b-N1-glycosidic bond. ; Uridine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when uracil is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a ?-N1-glycosidic bond. Uridine is found in many foods, some of which are celery leaves, canola, common hazelnut, and hickory nut. A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of uracil attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. [Spectral] Uridine (exact mass = 244.06954) and Adenosine (exact mass = 267.09675) and Glutathione (exact mass = 307.08381) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Uridine (exact mass = 244.06954) and Glutathione (exact mass = 307.08381) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Uridine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-96-8 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 58-96-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Uridine (β-Uridine) is a glycosylated pyrimidine-analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, aribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Uridine (β-Uridine) is a glycosylated pyrimidine-analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, aribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Uridine (β-Uridine) is a glycosylated pyrimidine-analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, aribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.
Genistein
Genistein is a 7-hydroxyisoflavone with additional hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4. It is a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with antioxidant properties. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor, a phytoestrogen, a plant metabolite, a geroprotector and a human urinary metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a genistein(1-). An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-II (DNA topoisomerases, type II) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. Additionally, genistein has antihelmintic activity. It has been determined to be the active ingredient in Felmingia vestita, which is a plant traditionally used against worms. It has shown to be effective in the treatment of common liver fluke, pork trematode and poultry cestode. Further, genistein is a phytoestrogen which has selective estrogen receptor modulator properties. It has been investigated in clinical trials as an alternative to classical hormone therapy to help prevent cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Natural sources of genistein include tofu, fava beans, soybeans, kudzu, and lupin. Genistein is a natural product found in Pterocarpus indicus, Ficus septica, and other organisms with data available. Genistein is a soy-derived isoflavone and phytoestrogen with antineoplastic activity. Genistein binds to and inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase, thereby disrupting signal transduction and inducing cell differentiation. This agent also inhibits topoisomerase-II, leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, and induces G2/M cell cycle arrest. Genistein exhibits antioxidant, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive activities. (NCI04) Genistein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds, such as genistein and daidzein, are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Genistein is a natural bioactive compound derived from legumes and has drawn because of its potentially beneficial effects on some human degenerative diseases. It has a weak estrogenic effect and is a well-known non-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor at pharmacological doses. Epidemiological studies show that genistein intake is inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Data suggests a protective role of genistein in cardiovascular events. However, the mechanisms of the genistein action on vascular protective effects are unclear. Past extensive studies exploring its hypolipidemic effect resulted in contradictory data. Genistein also is a relatively poor antioxidant. However, genistein protects against pro-inflammatory factor-induced vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and inhibits leukocyte-endothelium interaction, thereby modulating vascular inflammation, a major event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Genistein exerts a non-genomic action by targeting on important signaling molecules in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Genistein rapidly activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and production of nitric oxide in ECs. This genistein effect is novel since it is independent of its known effects, but mediated by the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) cascade. Genistein directly stimulates the plasma membrane-associated adenylate cyclases, leading to activation of the cAMP signaling pathway. In addition, genistein activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, ligand-activated nuclear receptors important to normal vascular function. Furthermore, genistein reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) by attenuating the expression of ROS-producing enzymes. These findings reveal the roles for genistein in the regulation of vascular function and provide a basis for further investigating its therapeutic potential f... Genistein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds, such as genistein and daidzein, are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Genistein is a natural bioactive compound derived from legumes and has drawn because of its potentially beneficial effects on some human degenerative diseases. It has a weak estrogenic effect and is a well-known non-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor at pharmacological doses. Epidemiological studies show that genistein intake is inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Data suggests a protective role of genistein in cardiovascular events. However, the mechanisms of the genistein action on vascular protective effects are unclear. Past extensive studies exploring its hypolipidemic effect resulted in contradictory data. Genistein also is a relatively poor antioxidant. However, genistein protects against pro-inflammatory factor-induced vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and inhibits leukocyte-endothelium interaction, thereby modulating vascular inflammation, a major event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Genistein exerts a non-genomic action by targeting on important signaling molecules in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Genistein rapidly activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and production of nitric oxide in ECs. This genistein effect is novel since it is independent of its known effects, but mediated by the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) cascade. Genistein directly stimulates the plasma membrane-associated adenylate cyclases, leading to activation of the cAMP signaling pathway. In addition, genistein activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, ligand-activated nuclear receptors important to normal vascular function. Furthermore, genistein reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) by attenuating the expression of ROS-producing enzymes. These findings reveal the roles for genistein in the regulation of vascular function and provide a basis for further investigating its therapeutic potential for inflammatory-related vascular disease. (PMID:17979711). Genistein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products. Genistein is a phenolic compound belonging to the isoflavonoid group. Isoflavonoids are found mainly in soybean. Genistein and daidzein (an other isoflavonoid) represent the major phytochemicals found in this plant. Health benefits (e.g. reduced risk for certain cancers and diseases of old age) associated to soya products consumption have been observed in East Asian populations and several epidemiological studies. This association has been linked to the action of isoflavonoids. With a chemical structure similar to the hormone 17-b-estradiol, soy isoflavones are able to interact with the estrogen receptor. They also possess numerous biological activities. (PMID: 15540649). Genistein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products. A 7-hydroxyisoflavone with additional hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4. It is a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with antioxidant properties. C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C1821 - Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C129818 - Antineoplastic Hormonal/Endocrine Agent > C481 - Antiestrogen C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C1967 - Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D047428 - Protein Kinase Inhibitors D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1742 - Angiogenesis Inhibitor C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents C1892 - Chemopreventive Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5085; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5082 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8554; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8550 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5097; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5094 ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5097; CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5094 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5104; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5099 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8558; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8556 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5082; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5079 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8540; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8539 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8556; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8554 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8561; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8559 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5096; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5093 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8572; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8570 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 765; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5090; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5089 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); NaToxAq - Natural Toxins and Drinking Water Quality - From Source to Tap (https://natoxaq.ku.dk) CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3265 IPB_RECORD: 441; CONFIDENCE confident structure CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4238 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8827 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2419 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4162 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 176 Genistein, a soy isoflavone, is a multiple tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR) inhibitor which acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis. Genistein, a soy isoflavone, is a multiple tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR) inhibitor which acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis.
Melamine
Melamine is an organic base and a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. Like cyanamide, it contains 66\\\% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred, and has several other industrial uses. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, a pesticide. It is formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine. It has been reported that cyromazine can also be converted to melamine in plants. Melamine is combined with formaldehyde to produce melamine resin, a very durable thermosetting plastic used in Formica, and melamine foam, a polymeric cleaning product. The end products include countertops, dry erase boards, fabrics, glues, housewares, dinnerware, cooking spoons, guitar saddles, guitar nuts, acoustic foam paneling, and flame retardants. Melamine is one of the major components in Pigment Yellow 150, a colorant in inks and plastics. Melamine is sometimes illegally added to food products in order to increase the apparent protein content. Standard tests, such as the Kjeldahl and Dumas tests, estimate protein levels by measuring the nitrogen content, so they can be misled by adding nitrogen-rich compounds such as melamine.There is an instrument (SPRINT) developed by the company CEM Corp that allows the determination of protein content directly in some applications; this cannot be fooled by adding melamine in the sample. Ultrasound-assisted extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been developed at ETH Zurich (Switzerland) by Zhu et al., (2008) for a rapid detection of melamine in untreated food samples. Ultrasounds are used to nebulize the melamine-containing liquids into a fine spray. The spray is then ionised by extractive electrospray ionisation (EESI) and analysed using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). An analysis requires 30 seconds per sample. The limit of detection of melamine is a few nanograms of melamine per gram of milk. Crystallization and washing of melamine generates a considerable amount of waste water, which is a pollutant if discharged directly into the environment. The waste water may be concentrated into a solid (1.5-5\\\% of the weight) for easier disposal. The solid may contain approximately 70\\\% melamine, 23\\\% oxytriazines (ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid), 0.7\\\% polycondensates (melem, melam, and melon). In the Eurotecnica process, however, there is no solid waste and the contaminants are decomposed to ammonia and carbon dioxide and sent as off gas to the upstream urea plant; accordingly, the waste water can be recycled to the melamine plant itself or used as clean cooling water make-up. Melamine also enters the fabrication of melamine poly-sulfonate used as superplasticizer for making high-resistance concrete. Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde (SMF) is a polymer used as cement admixture to reduce the water content in concrete while increasing the fluidity and the workability of the mix during its handling and pouring. It results in concrete with a lower porosity and a higher mechanical strength, exhibiting an improved resistance to aggressive environments and a longer life-time. Melamine appears as colorless to white monoclinic crystals or prisms or white powder. Sublimes when gently heated. (NTP, 1992) Melamine is a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. It has a role as a xenobiotic metabolite. It is functionally related to a cyanamide. It is a conjugate base of a melamine(1+). Melamine is a natural product found in Euglena gracilis, Aeromonas veronii, and Apis cerana with data available. Melamine is an organic base and a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. Like cyanamide, it contains 66\\\% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred, and has several other industrial uses. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, a pesticide. It is formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine. It has been reported that cyromazine can also be converted to melamine in plants. Melamine is described as Harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Chronic exposure may cause cancer or reproductive damage. Eye, skin and respiratory irritant. However, the short-term lethal dose is on a par with common table salt with an LD50 of more than 3 grams per kilogram of bodyweight.[15] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) scientists explained that when melamine and cyanuric acid are absorbed into the bloodstream, they concentrate and interact in the urine-filled renal tubules, then crystallize and form large numbers of round, yellow crystals, which in turn block and damage the renal cells that line the tubes, causing the kidneys to malfunction. A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3151 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8699 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3870 Melamine is a metabolite?of?cyromazine. Melamine is a intermediate for the synthesis of melamine resin and plastic materials[1].
Kaempferol
Kaempferol is a tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4. Acting as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress, it is currently under consideration as a possible cancer treatment. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, a plant metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a human urinary metabolite, a human blood serum metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a member of flavonols, a 7-hydroxyflavonol and a tetrahydroxyflavone. It is a conjugate acid of a kaempferol oxoanion. Kaempferol is a natural product found in Lotus ucrainicus, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. Kaempferol is a natural flavonoid which has been isolated from Delphinium, Witch-hazel, grapefruit, and other plant sources. Kaempferol is a yellow crystalline solid with a melting point of 276-278 degree centigrade. It is slightly soluble in water, and well soluble in hot ethanol and diethyl ether. Kaempferol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Tussilago farfara flower (part of). Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound. Very widespread in the plant world, e.g. in Brassicaceae, Apocynaceae, Dilleniaceae, Ranunculaceae, Leguminosae, etc. Found especies in broccoli, capers, chives, kale, garden cress, fennel, lovage, dill weed and tarragon [CCD] A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4. Acting as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress, it is currently under consideration as a possible cancer treatment. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 898; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3906; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3905 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 898; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3916; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3915 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 898; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3928; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3927 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 898; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4291; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4290 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 898; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3918; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3917 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 898; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX500; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3915; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3914 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. INTERNAL_ID 2358; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2358 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 47 CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 45 Kaempferol (Kempferol), a flavonoid found in many edible plants, inhibits estrogen receptor α expression in breast cancer cells and induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells and lung cancer cells by activation of MEK-MAPK. Kaempferol can be uesd for the research of breast cancer[1][2][3][4]. Kaempferol (Kempferol), a flavonoid found in many edible plants, inhibits estrogen receptor α expression in breast cancer cells and induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells and lung cancer cells by activation of MEK-MAPK. Kaempferol can be uesd for the research of breast cancer[1][2][3][4].
Salicin
Salicin, also known as salicoside or delta-salicin, is an aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. It has a role as a prodrug, an antipyretic, a non-narcotic analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor and a metabolite. It is an aryl beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic primary alcohol and a member of benzyl alcohols. It derives from a salicyl alcohol. Salicin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenolic glycosides. These are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans, and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-Fructose, and L rhamnose. Salicin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Salicin is a bitter tasting compound. Salicin is an aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. It has a role as a prodrug, an antipyretic, a non-narcotic analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor and a metabolite. It is an aryl beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic primary alcohol and a member of benzyl alcohols. It is functionally related to a salicyl alcohol. Salicin is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Salicin is a natural product found in Salix candida, Populus tremula, and other organisms with data available. Salicin is an alcoholic β-glycoside that contains D-glucose. Salicin is an anti-inflammatory agent that is produced from willow bark. Salicin is closely related in chemical make-up to aspirin and has a very similar action in the human body. When consumed by humans, Salicin is metabolized into salicylic acid. [HMDB] An aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C241 - Analgesic Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Salicin is a natural COX inhibitor. Salicin is a natural COX inhibitor.
Raffinose
Raffinose is a complex carbohydrate. It is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, fructose, and glucose. It can be found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, other vegetables, and whole grains. Raffinose is hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by D-galactosidase (D-GAL). D-GAL also hydrolyzes other D-galactosides such as stachyose, verbascose, and galactinol [1-O-(D-galactosyl)-myoinositol], if present. The enzyme does not cleave linked galactose, as in lactose. Raffinose is also known as melitose and may be thought of as galactose and sucrose connected via an alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkage. Thus, raffinose can be broken down into galactose and sucrose via the enzyme alpha-galactosidase. Human intestines do not contain this enzyme. Raffinose is a trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a raffinose family oligosaccharide and a trisaccharide. Raffinose is a natural product found in Teucrium polium, Populus tremula, and other organisms with data available. A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. See also: Oligosaccharide (related). A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 230 Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain?oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL)[1]. Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain?oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL)[1].
Pectolinarigenin
Pectolinarigenin is a dimethoxyflavone that is the 6,4-dimethyl ether derivative of scutellarein. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a dimethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a scutellarein. Pectolinarigenin is a natural product found in Eupatorium cannabinum, Chromolaena odorata, and other organisms with data available. Pectolinarigenin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2/5-LOX. Anti-inflammatory activity[1]. Pectolinarigenin has potent inhibitory activities on melanogenesis[2]. Pectolinarigenin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2/5-LOX. Anti-inflammatory activity[1]. Pectolinarigenin has potent inhibitory activities on melanogenesis[2]. Pectolinarigenin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2/5-LOX. Anti-inflammatory activity[1]. Pectolinarigenin has potent inhibitory activities on melanogenesis[2].
Tabersonine
C21H24N2O2 (336.18376839999996)
Tabersonine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with cytotoxic activity. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a metabolite. It is an alkaloid ester, a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, a methyl ester and an organic heteropentacyclic compound. It is a conjugate base of a tabersoninium(1+). Tabersonine is a natural product found in Voacanga schweinfurthii, Tabernaemontana citrifolia, and other organisms with data available. A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with cytotoxic activity. Annotation level-1 Tabersonine is an indole alkaloid mainly isolated from Catharanthus roseus. Tabersonine disrupts Aβ(1-42) aggregation and ameliorates Aβ aggregate-induced cytotoxicity. Tabersonine has anti-inflammatory activities and acts as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ALI/ARDS[1]. Tabersonine is an indole alkaloid mainly isolated from Catharanthus roseus. Tabersonine disrupts Aβ(1-42) aggregation and ameliorates Aβ aggregate-induced cytotoxicity. Tabersonine has anti-inflammatory activities and acts as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ALI/ARDS[1].
Magnoflorine
C20H24NO4+ (342.17052440000003)
(S)-magnoflorine is an aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-corytuberine in which the nitrogen has been quaternised by an additional methyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an aporphine alkaloid and a quaternary ammonium ion. It is functionally related to a (S)-corytuberine. Magnoflorine is a natural product found in Zanthoxylum myriacanthum, Fumaria capreolata, and other organisms with data available. See also: Caulophyllum thalictroides Root (part of).
Eriodictyol
Eriodictyol, also known as 3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone or 2,3-dihydroluteolin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavanones. Flavanones are compounds containing a flavan-3-one moiety, with a structure characterized by a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran bearing a ketone at the carbon C3. Thus, eriodictyol is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Outside of the human body, eriodictyol has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as common oregano, common thymes, parsley, sweet basils, and tarragons. This could make eriodictyol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Eriodictyol is a compound isolated from Eriodictyon californicum and can be used in medicine as an expectorant. BioTransformer predicts that eriodictiol is a product of luteolin metabolism via a flavonoid-c-ring-reduction reaction catalyzed by an unspecified-gut microbiota enzyme (PMID: 30612223). Eriodictyol, also known as 5735-tetrahydroxyflavanone, is a member of the class of compounds known as flavanones. Flavanones are compounds containing a flavan-3-one moiety, with a structure characterized by a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran bearing a ketone at the carbon C3. Eriodictyol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Eriodictyol can be found in a number of food items such as rowal, grape, cardamom, and lemon balm, which makes eriodictyol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Eriodictyol is a bitter-masking flavanone, a flavonoid extracted from yerba santa (Eriodictyon californicum), a plant native to North America. Eriodictyol is one of the four flavanones identified in this plant as having taste-modifying properties, the other three being homoeriodictyol, its sodium salt, and sterubin . Eriodictyol is a tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3 and 4 respectively. It is a tetrahydroxyflavanone and a member of 3-hydroxyflavanones. Eriodictyol is a natural product found in Eupatorium album, Eupatorium hyssopifolium, and other organisms with data available. A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3 and 4 respectively. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Eriodictyol is a flavonoid isolated from the Chinese herb, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Eriodictyol induces Nrf2 signaling pathway. Eriodictyol is also a potent influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor with an IC50 of 18 nM. Eriodictyol is a flavonoid isolated from the Chinese herb, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Eriodictyol induces Nrf2 signaling pathway. Eriodictyol is also a potent influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor with an IC50 of 18 nM.
Ferulic acid
trans-Ferulic acid is a highly abundant phenolic phytochemical which is present in plant cell walls. Ferulic acid is a phenolic acid that can be absorbed by the small intestine and excreted through the urine. It is one of the most abundant phenolic acids in plants, varying from 5 g/kg in wheat bran to 9 g/kg in sugar-beet pulp and 50 g/kg in corn kernel. It occurs primarily in seeds and leaves both in its free form (albeit rarely) and covalently linked to lignin and other biopolymers. It is usually found as ester cross-links with polysaccharides in the cell wall, such as arabinoxylans in grasses, pectin in spinach and sugar beet, and xyloglucans in bamboo. It also can cross-link with proteins. Due to its phenolic nucleus and an extended side chain conjugation (carbohydrates and proteins), it readily forms a resonance-stabilized phenoxy radical which accounts for its potent antioxidant potential. Food supplementation with curcumin and ferulic acid is considered a nutritional approach to reducing oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in Alzheimer disease (PMID:17127365, 1398220, 15453708, 9878519). Ferulic acid can be found in Pseudomonas and Saccharomyces (PMID:8395165). Ferulic acid is a ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring. It has a role as an antioxidant, a MALDI matrix material, a plant metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inhibitor and a cardioprotective agent. It is a conjugate acid of a ferulate. Ferulic acid is a natural product found in Haplophyllum griffithianum, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. Ferulic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Angelica sinensis root (part of). Widely distributed in plants, first isolated from Ferula foetida (asafoetida). Antioxidant used to inhibit oxidn. of fats, pastry products, etc. Antifungal agent used to prevent fruit spoilage. trans-Ferulic acid is found in many foods, some of which are deerberry, peach, shea tree, and common bean. A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID H074 (E)-Ferulic acid is a isomer of Ferulic acid which is an aromatic compound, abundant in plant cell walls. (E)-Ferulic acid causes the phosphorylation of β-catenin, resulting in proteasomal degradation of β-catenin and increases the expression of pro-apoptotic factor Bax and decreases the expression of pro-survival factor survivin. (E)-Ferulic acid shows a potent ability to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits lipid peroxidation. (E)-Ferulic acid exerts both anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects in the human lung cancer cell line H1299[1]. (E)-Ferulic acid is a isomer of Ferulic acid which is an aromatic compound, abundant in plant cell walls. (E)-Ferulic acid causes the phosphorylation of β-catenin, resulting in proteasomal degradation of β-catenin and increases the expression of pro-apoptotic factor Bax and decreases the expression of pro-survival factor survivin. (E)-Ferulic acid shows a potent ability to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits lipid peroxidation. (E)-Ferulic acid exerts both anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects in the human lung cancer cell line H1299[1]. Ferulic acid is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3.78 and 12.5 μM for FGFR1 and FGFR2, respectively. Ferulic acid is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3.78 and 12.5 μM for FGFR1 and FGFR2, respectively.
Forskolin
Forskolin is a labdane diterpenoid isolated from the Indian Coleus plant. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an anti-HIV agent, a protein kinase A agonist, an adenylate cyclase agonist, an antihypertensive agent and a platelet aggregation inhibitor. It is a labdane diterpenoid, an acetate ester, an organic heterotricyclic compound, a triol, a cyclic ketone and a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone. Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Forskolin is a natural product found in Plectranthus, Plectranthus barbatus, and Apis cerana with data available. Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents A labdane diterpenoid isolated from the Indian Coleus plant. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System D007155 - Immunologic Factors CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4753; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4752 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4747; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4745 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4785; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4783 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4767; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4766 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4849; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4847 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 408; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4753; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4748 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.202 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.164 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.188 [Raw Data] CB247_Forskolin_neg_30eV_000046.txt [Raw Data] CB247_Forskolin_neg_40eV_000046.txt [Raw Data] CB247_Forskolin_neg_10eV_000046.txt [Raw Data] CB247_Forskolin_neg_20eV_000046.txt Forskolin (Coleonol) is a potent adenylate cyclase activator with an IC50 of 41 nM and an EC50 of 0.5 μM for type I adenylyl cyclase[1]. Forskolin is also an inducer of intracellular cAMP formation[2]. Forskolin induces differentiation of various cell types and activates pregnane X receptor (PXR) and FXR[3]. Forskolin exerts a inotropic effect on the heart, and has platelet antiaggregatory and antihypertensive actions. Forskolin also induces autophagy[4][5].
Bicuculline
Bicuculline is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. It has a role as an agrochemical, a central nervous system stimulant, a GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist, a neurotoxin and a GABAA receptor antagonist. It is an isoquinoline alkaloid, a member of isoquinolines and a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid. Bicuculline is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. Bicuculline is a natural product found in Fumaria capreolata, Fumaria densiflora, and other organisms with data available. Bicuculline is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. Since it blocks the inhibitory action of GABA receptors, the action of bicuculline mimics epilepsy. This property is utilized in laboratories across the world in the in vitro study of epilepsy, generally in hippocampal or cortical neurons in prepared brain slices from rodents. This compound is also routinely used to isolate glutamatergic (excitatory amino acid) receptor function. An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors. A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species. Bicuculline. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=485-49-4 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 485-49-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline), as a convulsant alkaloid, is a competitive neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks the slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP) [1][2][3]. Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline) is A competing neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+ activating potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks slow post-hyperpolarization (slow AHP). Bicuculline has anticonvulsant activity. Bicuculline can be used to induce seizures in mice[1][2][3][4]. Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline), as a convulsant alkaloid, is a competitive neurotransmitter GABAA receptor antagonist (IC50=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks the slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP) [1][2][3].
Poncirin
(2S)-poncirin is a flavanone glycoside that is 4-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone attached to a neohesperidose (alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranose) residue via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the fruits of Poncirus trifoliata and exhibits inhibitory activity against liopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monomethoxyflavanone, a flavanone glycoside, a disaccharide derivative, a neohesperidoside and a member of 4-methoxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a 4-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone. Poncirin is a natural product found in Citrus medica, Micromeria graeca, and other organisms with data available. Isolated from Citrus subspecies Poncirin is found in many foods, some of which are citrus, grapefruit, lemon, and grapefruit/pummelo hybrid. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Poncirin is found in citrus. Poncirin is isolated from Citrus specie Poncirin is isolated from?Poncirus trifoliata with anti-inflammory activites. Poncirin significantly reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain models[1]. Poncirin is isolated from?Poncirus trifoliata with anti-inflammory activites. Poncirin significantly reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain models[1].
Digoxin
Digoxin appears as clear to white crystals or white crystalline powder. Odorless. Used as a cardiotonic drug. (EPA, 1998) Digoxin is a cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. It has a role as an epitope, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a cardiotonic drug and an EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor. It is a cardenolide glycoside and a steroid saponin. It is a conjugate acid of a digoxin(1-). Digoxin is one of the oldest cardiovascular medications used today. It is a common agent used to manage atrial fibrillation and the symptoms of heart failure. Digoxin is classified as a cardiac glycoside and was initially approved by the FDA in 1954. This drug originates from the foxglove plant, also known as the Digitalis plant, studied by William Withering, an English physician and botanist in the 1780s. Prior to this, a Welsh family, historically referred to as the Physicians of Myddvai, formulated drugs from this plant. They were one of the first to prescribe cardiac glycosides, according to ancient literature dating as early as the 1250s. Digoxin is a Cardiac Glycoside. Digoxin is a natural product found in Digitalis obscura, Digitalis parviflora, and other organisms with data available. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside. Digoxin inhibits the sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) pump, thereby increasing intracellular calcium and enhancing cardiac contractility. This agent also acts directly on the atrioventricular node to suppress conduction, thereby slowing conduction velocity. Apparently due to its effects on intracellular calcium concentrations, digoxin induces apoptosis of tumor cells via a pathway involving mitochondrial cytochrome c and caspases 8 and 3. (NCI04) Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, digitalis. It is widely used in the treatment of various heart conditions, namely atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and congestive heart failure that cannot be controlled by other medication. Digoxin preparations are commonly marketed under the trade name Lanoxin. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666) Digoxin is a cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; It consists of three sugars and the aglycone digoxigenin. Digoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes). This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which then leads to a rise in the level of calcium ions. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump leads to increased Na+ levels, which in turn slows down the extrusion of Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchange pump. Increased amounts of Ca2+ are then stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released by each action potential, which is unchanged by digoxin. This is a different mechanism from that of catecholamines. Owing to its narrow therapeutic index (the margin between effectiveness and toxicity), side effects of digoxin are inevitable. Nausea, vomiting and GIT upset are common, especially in higher doses. Decreased conduction in the AV node can lead to AV blocks, increased intracellular Ca2+ causes a type of arrhythmia called bigeminy (coupled beats), eventually ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. An often described but rarely seen side effect of digoxin is a disturbance of color vision (mos... Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, digitalis. It is widely used in the treatment of various heart conditions, namely atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and congestive heart failure that cannot be controlled by other medication. Digoxin preparations are commonly marketed under the trade name Lanoxin. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666) -- Pubchem; Digoxin is a cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; It consists of three sugars and the aglycone digoxigenin. Digoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes). This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which then leads to a rise in the level of calcium ions. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump leads to increased Na+ levels, which in turn slows down the extrusion of Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchange pump. Increased amounts of Ca2+ are then stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released by each action potential, which is unchanged by digoxin. This is a different mechanism from that of catecholamines. -- Wikipedia; Owing to its narrow therapeutic index (the margin between effectiveness and toxicity), side effects of digoxin are inevitable. Nausea, vomiting and GIT upset are common, especially in higher doses. Decreased conduction in the AV node can lead to AV blocks, increased intracellular Ca2+ causes a type of arrhythmia called bigeminy (coupled beats), eventually ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. An often described but rarely seen side effect of digoxin is a disturbance of color vision (mostly yellow and green color) called xanthopsia. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, digitalis. It is widely used in the treatment of various heart conditions, namely atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and congestive heart failure that cannot be controlled by other medication. Digoxin preparations are commonly marketed under the trade name Lanoxin. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666) -- Pubchem; A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; Digoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes). This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which then leads to a rise in the level of calcium ions. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump leads to increased Na+ levels, which in turn slows down the extrusion of Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchange pump. Increased amounts of Ca2+ are then stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released by each action potential, which is unchanged by digoxin. This is a different mechanism from that of catecholamines. -- Wikipedia; Owing to its narrow therapeutic index (the margin between effectiveness and toxicity), side effects of digoxin are inevitable. Nausea, vomiting and GIT upset are common, especially in higher doses. Decreased conduction in the AV node can lead to AV blocks, increased intracellular Ca2+ causes a type of arrhythmia called bigeminy (coupled beats), eventually ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. An often described but rarely seen side effect of digoxin is a disturbance of color vision (mostly yellow and green color) called xanthopsia. [HMDB] A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AA - Digitalis glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1931 - Antineoplastic Plant Product > C823 - Saponin C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C78322 - Cardiotonic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents C1907 - Drug, Natural Product D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Digoxin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=20830-75-5 (retrieved 2024-10-11) (CAS RN: 20830-75-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, also known as 4-formylphenol or 4-hydroxybenzenecarbonal, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzaldehydes. These are organic aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring carrying an aldehyde group and a hydroxyl group. A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a sweet, almond, and balsam tasting compound. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within vinegars and oats. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as cardoons, colorado pinyons, oyster mushrooms, common chokecherries, and potato. This could make 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde is a hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a mouse metabolite and an EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. Occurs naturally combined in many glycosides. Constituent of vanillin. Isol. in free state from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=123-08-0 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 123-08-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations.
Bergapten
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis". Grayish-white microcrystalline powder or yellow fluffy solid. (NTP, 1992) 5-methoxypsoralen is a 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5. It has a role as a hepatoprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of psoralens, a 5-methoxyfurocoumarin and an organic heterotricyclic compound. It is functionally related to a psoralen. Bergapten is under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 (Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis). Bergapten is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Ficus virens, and other organisms with data available. A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS. See also: Parsley (part of); Anise (part of); Angelica archangelica root (part of) ... View More ... Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, esp. the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05B - Antipsoriatics for systemic use > D05BA - Psoralens for systemic use D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D003879 - Dermatologic Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8020; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8017 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8002; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8000 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7952; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7950 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7968; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7967 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8005; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8002 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1068; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8376; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8372 [Raw Data] CBA84_Bergapten_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA84_Bergapten_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA84_Bergapten_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA84_Bergapten_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA84_Bergapten_pos_50eV.txt Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms. Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms.
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoate or 4-carboxyphenol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives are compounds containing a hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxyl and a hydroxyl groups. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a white crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water and chloroform but more soluble in polar organic solvents such as alcohols and acetone. It is a nutty and phenolic tasting compound. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be found naturally in coconut. It is one of the main catechins metabolites found in humans after consumption of green tea infusions. It is also found in wine, in vanilla, in Açaí oil, obtained from the fruit of the açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea), at relatively high concetrations (892±52 mg/kg). It is also found in cloudy olive oil and in the edible mushroom Russula virescens. It has been detected in red huckleberries, rabbiteye blueberries, and corianders and in a lower concentration in olives, red raspberries, and almonds. In humans, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis. In particular, the enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase uses a polyprenyl diphosphate and 4-hydroxybenzoate to produce diphosphate and 4-hydroxy-3-polyprenylbenzoate. This enzyme participates in ubiquinone biosynthesis. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be biosynthesized by the enzyme Chorismate lyase. Chorismate lyase is an enzyme that transforms chorismate into 4-hydroxybenzoate and pyruvate. This enzyme catalyses the first step in ubiquinone biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. 4-Hydroxybenzoate is an intermediate in many enzyme-mediated reactions in microbes. For instance, the enzyme 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase uses 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, NAD+ and H2O to produce 4-hydroxybenzoate, NADH and H+. This enzyme participates in toluene and xylene degradation in bacteria such as Pseudomonas mendocina. 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase is also found in carrots. The enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase transforms 4-hydroxybenzoate, NAD(P)H, 2 H+ and O2 into hydroquinone, NAD(P)+, H2O and CO2. This enzyme participates in 2,4-dichlorobenzoate degradation and is found in Candida parapsilosis. The enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase transforms 4-hydroxybenzoate, NADPH, H+ and O2 into protocatechuate, NADP+ and H2O. This enzyme participates in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation and 2,4-dichlorobenzoate degradation and is found in Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a popular antioxidant in part because of its low toxicity. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid has estrogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo (PMID 9417843).
Isolated from many plants, free and combined. Alkyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (see below) are used as food and cosmetic preservatives, mainly in their Na salt form, which makes them more water soluble. They are active at low concentrations and more pH-independent than the commonly used Benzoic acid
Hesperidin
Hesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation and is the major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon. In young immature oranges it can account for up to 14\\\\% of the fresh weight of the fruit. Hesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation and is the major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon. In young immature oranges it can account for up to 14\\\\% of the fresh weight of the fruit due to vitamin C deficiency such as bruising due to capillary fragility were found in early studies to be relieved by crude vitamin C extract but not by purified vitamin C. The bioflavonoids, formerly called "vitamin P", were found to be the essential components in correcting this bruising tendency and improving the permeability and integrity of the capillary lining. These bioflavonoids include hesperidin, citrin, rutin, flavones, flavonols, catechin and quercetin. Of historical importance is the observation that "citrin", a mixture of two flavonoids, eriodictyol and hesperidin, was considered to possess a vitamin-like activity, as early as in 1949. Hesperidin deficiency has since been linked with abnormal capillary leakiness as well as pain in the extremities causing aches, weakness and night leg cramps. Supplemental hesperidin also helps in reducing oedema or excess swelling in the legs due to fluid accumulation. As with other bioflavonoids, hesperidin works best when administered concomitantly with vitamin C. No signs of toxicity have been observed with normal intake of hesperidin. Hesperidin was first discovered in 1827, by Lebreton, but not in a pure state and has been under continuous investigation since then (PMID:11746857). Hesperidin is a disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a mutagen. It is a disaccharide derivative, a member of 3-hydroxyflavanones, a dihydroxyflavanone, a monomethoxyflavanone, a flavanone glycoside, a member of 4-methoxyflavanones and a rutinoside. It is functionally related to a hesperetin. Hesperidin is a flavan-on glycoside found in citrus fruits. Hesperidin is a natural product found in Ficus erecta var. beecheyana, Citrus tankan, and other organisms with data available. A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels. See also: Tangerine peel (part of). Found in most citrus fruits and other members of the Rutaceae, also in Mentha longifolia Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.770 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.767 [Raw Data] CB217_Hesperidin_pos_50eV_CB000076.txt [Raw Data] CB217_Hesperidin_pos_20eV_CB000076.txt [Raw Data] CB217_Hesperidin_pos_30eV_CB000076.txt [Raw Data] CB217_Hesperidin_pos_10eV_CB000076.txt [Raw Data] CB217_Hesperidin_pos_40eV_CB000076.txt [Raw Data] CB217_Hesperidin_neg_20eV_000038.txt [Raw Data] CB217_Hesperidin_neg_50eV_000038.txt [Raw Data] CB217_Hesperidin_neg_10eV_000038.txt [Raw Data] CB217_Hesperidin_neg_30eV_000038.txt [Raw Data] CB217_Hesperidin_neg_40eV_000038.txt Annotation level-1 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Hesperidin (Hesperetin 7-rutinoside), a flavanone glycoside, is isolated from citrus fruits. Hesperidin has numerous biological properties, such as decreasing inflammatory mediators and exerting significant antioxidant effects. Hesperidin also exhibits antitumor and antiallergic activities[1][2]. Hesperidin (Hesperetin 7-rutinoside), a flavanone glycoside, is isolated from citrus fruits. Hesperidin has numerous biological properties, such as decreasing inflammatory mediators and exerting significant antioxidant effects. Hesperidin also exhibits antitumor and antiallergic activities[1][2].
DL-Mannitol
D-mannitol appears as odorless white crystalline powder or free-flowing granules. Sweet taste. (NTP, 1992) D-mannitol is the D-enantiomer of mannitol. It has a role as an osmotic diuretic, a sweetening agent, an antiglaucoma drug, a metabolite, an allergen, a hapten, a food bulking agent, a food anticaking agent, a food humectant, a food stabiliser, a food thickening agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a member of compatible osmolytes. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is metabolically inert in humans and occurs naturally, as a sugar or sugar alcohol, in fruits and vegetables. Mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, into interstitial fluid and plasma. As a result, cerebral edema, elevated intracranial pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid volume and pressure may be reduced. Mannitol may also be used for the promotion of diuresis before irreversible renal failure becomes established; the promotion of urinary excretion of toxic substances; as an Antiglaucoma agent; and as a renal function diagnostic aid. On October 30, 2020, mannitol was approved by the FDA as add-on maintenance therapy for the control of pulmonary symptoms associated with cystic fibrosis in adult patients and is currently marketed for this indication under the name BRONCHITOL® by Chiesi USA Inc. Mannitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Mannitol is an Osmotic Diuretic. The mechanism of action of mannitol is as an Osmotic Activity. The physiologic effect of mannitol is by means of Increased Diuresis. Mannitol is a natural product found in Pavetta indica, Scoparia dulcis, and other organisms with data available. Mannitol is a naturally occurring alcohol found in fruits and vegetables and used as an osmotic diuretic. Mannitol is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, thereby causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate. An increase in osmolarity limits tubular reabsorption of water and inhibits the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes, thereby promoting diuresis. In addition, mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolarity, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma. D-mannitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. See also: Mannitol; sorbitol (component of); Mannitol; menthol (component of). Mannitol, or hexan-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (C6H8(OH)6), is an alcohol and a sugar (sugar alcohol), or a polyol, it is a stereoisomer of sorbitol and is similar to the C5 xylitol. The structure of mannitol is made of a straight chain of six carbon atoms, each of which is substituted with a hydroxyl group. Mannitol is one of the most abundant energy and carbon storage molecules in nature, it is produced by a wide range of organisms such as bacteria, fungi and plants (PMID: 19578847). In medicine, mannitol is used as a diuretic and renal diagnostic aid. Mannitol has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. Mannitol has a tendency to lose a hydrogen ion in aqueous solutions, which causes the solution to become acidic. For this, it is not uncommon to add a weak base, such as sodium bicarbonate, to the solution to adjust its pH. Mannitol is a non-permeating molecule i.e., it cannot cross biological membranes. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator. Mannitol is found to be associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. Mannitol is also a microbial metabolite found in Aspergillus, Candida, Clostridium, Gluconobacter, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pseudomonas, Rhodobacteraceae, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Torulaspora and Zymomonas (PMID: 15240312; PMID: 29480337). Mannitol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=85085-15-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 69-65-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity.
Palmatine
[C21H22NO4]+ (352.15487520000005)
Annotation level-1 Palmatine is a berberine alkaloid and an organic heterotetracyclic compound. It has a role as a plant metabolite. Palmatine is a natural product found in Coptis chinensis var. brevisepala, Thalictrum petaloideum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Berberis aristata stem (part of). KEIO_ID P071; [MS2] KO009210 KEIO_ID P071
Asperuloside
C18H22O11 (414.11620619999997)
Asperuloside is a iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum. It has a role as a metabolite. It is an iridoid monoterpenoid, a beta-D-glucoside, a monosaccharide derivative, an acetate ester and a gamma-lactone. Asperuloside is a natural product found in Lasianthus curtisii, Galium spurium, and other organisms with data available. See also: Galium aparine whole (part of). A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum. Asperuloside is an iridoid isolated from Hedyotis diffusa, with anti-inflammatory activity. Asperuloside inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), suppresses NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways[1]. Asperuloside is an iridoid isolated from Hedyotis diffusa, with anti-inflammatory activity. Asperuloside inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), suppresses NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways[1].
Cytidine
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brains extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547). Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis; as precursor of the cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathway. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transports of cytidine into the brains extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide, which is involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. Cytidine is a white crystalline powder. (NTP, 1992) Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to a cytosine. Cytidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Cytidine is a natural product found in Fritillaria thunbergii, Castanopsis fissa, and other organisms with data available. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside comprised of a cytosine bound to ribose via a beta-N1-glycosidic bond. Cytidine is a precursor for uridine. Both cytidine and uridine are utilized in RNA synthesis. Cytidine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE. A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) and S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3]. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3]. Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside and acts as a component of RNA. Cytidine is a precursor of uridine. Cytidine controls neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, affecting cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function[1][2][3].
Hesperetin
Hesperetin, also known as prestwick_908 or YSO2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 4-o-methylated flavonoids. These are flavonoids with methoxy groups attached to the C4 atom of the flavonoid backbone. Thus, hesperetin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Hesperetin also seems to upregulate the LDL receptor. Hesperetin, in the form of its glycoside , is the predominant flavonoid in lemons and oranges. Hesperetin is a drug which is used for lowering cholesterol and, possibly, otherwise favorably affecting lipids. In vitro research also suggests the possibility that hesperetin might have some anticancer effects and that it might have some anti-aromatase activity. Hesperetin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Hesperetin is a bitter tasting compound. Hesperetin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as limes, persian limes, and sweet oranges and in a lower concentration in pummelo, welsh onions, and lemons. Hesperetin has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as yellow bell peppers, carrots, rapinis, hazelnuts, and beers. Hesperetin is a biomarker for the consumption of citrus fruits. Hesperetin reduces or inhibits the activity of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase genes (ACAT1 and ACAT2) and it reduces microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) activity. Hesperetin is a trihydroxyflavanone having the three hydroxy gropus located at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and an additional methoxy substituent at the 4-position. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antineoplastic agent and a plant metabolite. It is a monomethoxyflavanone, a trihydroxyflavanone, a member of 3-hydroxyflavanones and a member of 4-methoxyflavanones. It is a conjugate acid of a hesperetin(1-). Hesperetin belongs to the flavanone class of flavonoids. Hesperetin, in the form of its glycoside [hesperidin], is the predominant flavonoid in lemons and oranges. Hesperetin is a natural product found in Brassica oleracea var. sabauda, Dalbergia parviflora, and other organisms with data available. Isolated from Mentha (peppermint) and numerous Citrussubspecies, with lemons, tangerines and oranges being especially good sources. Nutriceutical with anti-cancer props. Glycosides also widely distributed A trihydroxyflavanone having the three hydroxy gropus located at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and an additional methoxy substituent at the 4-position. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CB046_Hesperetin_pos_40eV_CB000021.txt [Raw Data] CB046_Hesperetin_pos_50eV_CB000021.txt [Raw Data] CB046_Hesperetin_pos_30eV_CB000021.txt [Raw Data] CB046_Hesperetin_pos_20eV_CB000021.txt [Raw Data] CB046_Hesperetin_pos_10eV_CB000021.txt [Raw Data] CB046_Hesperetin_neg_20eV_000014.txt [Raw Data] CB046_Hesperetin_neg_10eV_000014.txt [Raw Data] CB046_Hesperetin_neg_40eV_000014.txt [Raw Data] CB046_Hesperetin_neg_50eV_000014.txt [Raw Data] CB046_Hesperetin_neg_30eV_000014.txt Hesperetin is a natural flavanone, and acts as a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UGT activity. Hesperetin regulates apoptosis. Hesperetin is a natural flavanone, and acts as a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UGT activity. Hesperetin regulates apoptosis.
Formononetin
Formononetin is a member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 4. It has a role as a phytoestrogen and a plant metabolite. It is a member of 7-hydroxyisoflavones and a member of 4-methoxyisoflavones. It is functionally related to a daidzein. It is a conjugate acid of a formononetin(1-). Formononetin is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02174666 (Isoflavone Treatment for Postmenopausal Osteopenia.). Formononetin is a natural product found in Pterocarpus indicus, Ardisia paniculata, and other organisms with data available. See also: Astragalus propinquus root (part of); Trifolium pratense flower (part of). Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm). Widespread isoflavone found in soy beans (Glycine max), red clover (Trifolium pratense and chick peas (Cicer arietinum). Potential nutriceutical A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 4. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8803; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8802 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8826; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8825 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4484; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4480 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4474; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4471 DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4474; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4470 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8863; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8861 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4474; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4470 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8847; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8844 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8852; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8851 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8822; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8821 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4569; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4566 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 301; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4507; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4504 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. INTERNAL_ID 2291; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2291 IPB_RECORD: 481; CONFIDENCE confident structure Formononetin is a potent FGFR2 inhibitor with an IC50 of ~4.31 μM. Formononetin potently inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth[1]. Formononetin is a potent FGFR2 inhibitor with an IC50 of ~4.31 μM. Formononetin potently inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth[1].
Quercetin
Quercetin appears as yellow needles or yellow powder. Converts to anhydrous form at 203-207 °F. Alcoholic solutions taste very bitter. (NTP, 1992) Quercetin is a pentahydroxyflavone having the five hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 7-positions. It is one of the most abundant flavonoids in edible vegetables, fruit and wine. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, an antioxidant, a protein kinase inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, an EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a phytoestrogen, a radical scavenger, a chelator, an Aurora kinase inhibitor and a geroprotector. It is a pentahydroxyflavone and a 7-hydroxyflavonol. It is a conjugate acid of a quercetin-7-olate. Quercetin is a flavonol widely distributed in plants. It is an antioxidant, like many other phenolic heterocyclic compounds. Glycosylated forms include RUTIN and quercetrin. Quercetin is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Quercetin is a flavonoid found in many foods and herbs and is a regular component of a normal diet. Extracts of quercetin have been used to treat or prevent diverse conditions including cardiovascular disease, hypercholesterolemia, rheumatic diseases, infections and cancer but have not been shown to be effective in clinical trials for any medical condition. Quercetin as a nutritional supplement is well tolerated and has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations or to episodes of clinically apparent liver injury. Quercetin is a natural product found in Lotus ucrainicus, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid with potential chemopreventive activity. Quercetin, ubiquitous in plant food sources and a major bioflavonoid in the human diet, may produce antiproliferative effects resulting from the modulation of either EGFR or estrogen-receptor mediated signal transduction pathways. Although the mechanism of action of action is not fully known, the following effects have been described with this agent in vitro: decreased expression of mutant p53 protein and p21-ras oncogene, induction of cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and inhibition of heat shock protein synthesis. This compound also demonstrates synergy and reversal of the multidrug resistance phenotype, when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs, in vitro. Quercetin also produces anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy effects mediated through the inhibition of the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, thereby preventing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Quercetin is a flavonoid widely distributed in many plants and fruits including red grapes, citrus fruit, tomato, broccoli and other leafy green vegetables, and a number of berries, including raspberries and cranberries. Quercetin itself (aglycone quercetin), as opposed to quercetin glycosides, is not a normal dietary component. Quercitin glycosides are converted to phenolic acids as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract. Quercetin has neither been confirmed scientifically as a specific therapeutic for any condition nor been approved by any regulatory agency. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved any health claims for quercetin. Nevertheless, the interest in dietary flavonoids has grown after the publication of several epidemiological studies showing an inverse correlation between dietary consumption of flavonols and flavones and reduced incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer. In recent years, a large amount of experimental and some clinical data have accumulated regarding the effects of flavonoids on the endothelium under physiological and pathological conditions. The meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies concluded that the individuals in the top third of dietary flavonol intake are associated with a reduced risk of mortality from coronary heart disease as compared with those in the bottom third, after adju... Quercetin is a flavonoid widely distributed in many plants and fruits including red grapes, citrus fruit, tomato, broccoli and other leafy green vegetables, and a number of berries, including raspberries and cranberries. Quercetin itself (aglycone quercetin), as opposed to quercetin glycosides, is not a normal dietary component. Quercetin glycosides are converted to phenolic acids as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract. Quercetin has neither been confirmed scientifically as a specific therapeutic for any condition nor been approved by any regulatory agency. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved any health claims for quercetin. Nevertheless, the interest in dietary flavonoids has grown after the publication of several epidemiological studies showing an inverse correlation between dietary consumption of flavonols and flavones and reduced incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer. In recent years, a large amount of experimental and some clinical data have accumulated regarding the effects of flavonoids on the endothelium under physiological and pathological conditions. The meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies concluded that the individuals in the top third of dietary flavonol intake are associated with a reduced risk of mortality from coronary heart disease as compared with those in the bottom third, after adjustment for known risk factors and other dietary components. A limited number of intervention studies with flavonoids and flavonoid containing foods and extracts has been performed in several pathological conditions (PMID:17015250). Quercetin is isolated from many plants, especially fruits, such as Helichrysum, Euphorbia and Karwinskia spp. Present in the Solanaceae, Rhamnaceae, Passifloraceae and many other families. For example detected in almost all studied Umbelliferae. Nutriceutical with antiinflammatory props. and a positive influence on the blood lipid profile. Found in a wide variety of foods especially apples, bee pollen, blackcurrants, capers, cocoa, cranberries, dock leaves, elderberries, fennel, lovage, red onions, ancho peppers, dill weed and tarragon. A pentahydroxyflavone having the five hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 7-positions. It is one of the most abundant flavonoids in edible vegetables, fruit and wine. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 298; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4014; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4012 INTERNAL_ID 298; CONFIDENCE standard compound; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4011; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4010 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 298; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4019; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4018 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 298; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4017; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4016 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 298; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4011; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4010 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 298; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4096; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4094 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 298; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4024; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4023 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CB109_Quercetin_pos_30eV_CB000041.txt IPB_RECORD: 1761; CONFIDENCE confident structure [Raw Data] CB109_Quercetin_pos_10eV_CB000041.txt [Raw Data] CB109_Quercetin_pos_20eV_CB000041.txt [Raw Data] CB109_Quercetin_pos_40eV_CB000041.txt [Raw Data] CB109_Quercetin_pos_50eV_CB000041.txt IPB_RECORD: 161; CONFIDENCE confident structure [Raw Data] CB109_Quercetin_neg_40eV_000027.txt [Raw Data] CB109_Quercetin_neg_50eV_000027.txt [Raw Data] CB109_Quercetin_neg_20eV_000027.txt [Raw Data] CB109_Quercetin_neg_30eV_000027.txt [Raw Data] CB109_Quercetin_neg_10eV_000027.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 124 CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 54 Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively[1]. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively[1].
Orientin
Orientin is a C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8. It has a role as an antioxidant and a metabolite. It is a C-glycosyl compound, a tetrahydroxyflavone and a 3-hydroxyflavonoid. It is functionally related to a luteolin. Orientin is a natural product found in Itea chinensis, Vellozia epidendroides, and other organisms with data available. See also: Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of); Fenugreek seed (part of); Acai fruit pulp (part of). Orientin is found in barley. Orientin is isolated from Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Passiflora incarnata (maypops).Orientin is a flavone, a chemical flavonoid-like compound found in the passion flower, the palm and Anadenanthera peregrina. Orientin is also reported in millets and in the Phyllostachys nigra bamboo leaves Isolated from Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Passiflora incarnata (maypops) [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_pos_40eV_1-2_01_1380.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_neg_20eV_1-2_01_1405.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_neg_50eV_1-2_01_1408.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_neg_40eV_1-2_01_1407.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_pos_50eV_1-2_01_1381.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_neg_30eV_1-2_01_1406.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_pos_20eV_1-2_01_1378.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_pos_30eV_1-2_01_1379.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_pos_10eV_1-2_01_1353.txt [Raw Data] CBA20_Orientin_neg_10eV_1-2_01_1364.txt Orientin is a naturally occurring bioactive flavonoid that possesses diverse biological properties, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, and cardio protection. Orientin is a promising neuroprotective agent suitable for therapy for neuropathic pain[1][2]. Orientin is a naturally occurring bioactive flavonoid that possesses diverse biological properties, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, and cardio protection. Orientin is a promising neuroprotective agent suitable for therapy for neuropathic pain[1][2].
Methoxsalen
8-methoxypsoralen is an odorless white to cream-colored crystalline solid. Bitter taste followed by tingling sensation. (NTP, 1992) Methoxsalen is a member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis. It has a role as a dermatologic drug, an antineoplastic agent, a photosensitizing agent, a cross-linking reagent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of psoralens and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to a psoralen. A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA adducts in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation. Methoxsalen is a Photoactivated Radical Generator and Psoralen. The mechanism of action of methoxsalen is as a Photoabsorption. The physiologic effect of methoxsalen is by means of Photosensitizing Activity. Methoxsalen is a natural product found in Ammi visnaga, Zanthoxylum mayu, and other organisms with data available. Methoxsalen is a naturally occurring substance isolated from the seeds of the plant Ammi majus with photoactivating properties. As a member of the family of compounds known as psoralens or furocoumarins, methoxsalens exact mechanism of action is unknown; upon photoactivation, methoxsalen has been observed to bind covalently to and crosslink DNA. (NCI04) Methoxsalen is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA adducts in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation. After activation Methoxsalen binds preferentially to the guanine and cytosine moieties of DNA, leading to cross-linking of DNA, thus inhibiting DNA synthesis and function. A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation. See also: Angelica archangelica root (part of); Ammi majus seed (part of); Angelica keiskei top (part of) ... View More ... Methoxsalen, also known as oxsoralen or 8-methoxypsoralen, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 8-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C8 position of the psoralen group. Methoxsalen is a drug which is used for the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. Methoxsalen is a bitter tasting compound. Methoxsalen is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as parsnips, parsley, and celery stalks and in a lower concentration in wild carrots, carrots, and fennels. Methoxsalen has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as figs, green vegetables, corianders, dills, and fruits. Methoxsalen is a potentially toxic compound. A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis. Present in celery, especies the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Isolated from Aegle marmelos (bael) D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05B - Antipsoriatics for systemic use > D05BA - Psoralens for systemic use D - Dermatologicals > D05 - Antipsoriatics > D05A - Antipsoriatics for topical use > D05AD - Psoralens for topical use D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent C1420 - Photosensitizing Agent D003879 - Dermatologic Agents [Raw Data] CBA87_Xanthotoxin_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA87_Xanthotoxin_pos_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA87_Xanthotoxin_pos_40eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA87_Xanthotoxin_pos_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA87_Xanthotoxin_pos_50eV.txt Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) is a furanocoumarin compound used in psoralen, used in studies of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo and some sun-exposed cutaneous lymphomas, and is a P450 inhibitor. Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) is a furanocoumarin compound used in psoralen, used in studies of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo and some sun-exposed cutaneous lymphomas, and is a P450 inhibitor.
Obacunone
Constituent of Citrus subspecies, Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat) and Casimiroa edulis (Mexican apple). Obacunone is found in many foods, some of which are pomes, sweet orange, lemon, and fruits. Obacunone is found in fruits. Obacunone is a constituent of Citrus species, Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat) and Casimiroa edulis (Mexican apple) Obacunone is a limonoid. Obacunone is a natural product found in Limonia acidissima, Citrus latipes, and other organisms with data available. Obacunone, isolated from Citrus fruits, exhibits anti-tumor activity by the induction of apoptosis[1]. Obacunone, isolated from Citrus fruits, exhibits anti-tumor activity by the induction of apoptosis[1].
demethylsuberosin
Demethylsuberosin, also known as 7-hydroxy-6-prenylcoumarin or 7-hydroxy-6-prenyl-1-benzopyran-2-one, is a member of the class of compounds known as 7-hydroxycoumarins. 7-hydroxycoumarins are coumarins that contain one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the C7 position the coumarin skeleton. Demethylsuberosin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Demethylsuberosin can be found in a number of food items such as rice, apple, black radish, and cloudberry, which makes demethylsuberosin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 7-demethylsuberosin is a hydroxycoumarin that is 7-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 6 by a 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl group. A natural product found in Citropsis articulata. It has a role as a plant metabolite. Demethylsuberosin is a natural product found in Prangos tschimganica, Limonia acidissima, and other organisms with data available. D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins Demethylsuberosin (7-Demethylsuberosin) is a coumarin compound isolated from Angelica gigas Nakai, and has anti-inflammatory activity[1]. Demethylsuberosin (7-Demethylsuberosin) is a coumarin compound isolated from Angelica gigas Nakai, and has anti-inflammatory activity[1].
Kurarinone
(2S)-(-)-kurarinone is a trihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2 and 4, a lavandulyl group at position 8 and a methoxy group at position 5. Isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens, it exhibits cytotoxicity against human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. It has a role as a metabolite and an antineoplastic agent. It is a trihydroxyflavanone, a monomethoxyflavanone and a member of 4-hydroxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a (2S)-flavanone. 7,2,4-Trihydroxy-8-lavandulyl-5-methoxyflavanone is a natural product found in Albizia julibrissin, Cunila, and other organisms with data available. A trihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2 and 4, a lavandulyl group at position 8 and a methoxy group at position 5. Isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens, it exhibits cytotoxicity against human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. Kurarinone, a flavanoid derived from shrub Sophora flavescens, inhibits the process of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via blocking Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation[1]. Kurarinone, a flavanoid derived from shrub Sophora flavescens, inhibits the process of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via blocking Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation[1].
Dihydrosanguinarine
C20H15NO4 (333.10010300000005)
Dihydrosanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid obtained by selective hydrogenation of the 13,14-position of sanguinarine. It has a role as a metabolite and an antifungal agent. It derives from a hydride of a sanguinarine. Dihydrosanguinarine is a natural product found in Sarcocapnos baetica, Sarcocapnos saetabensis, and other organisms with data available. A benzophenanthridine alkaloid obtained by selective hydrogenation of the 13,14-position of sanguinarine. Dihydrosanguinarine is a natural compound isolated from the leaves of Macleaya microcarpa; has antifungal and anticancer activity. IC50 value: Target: in vitro: Dihydrosanguinarine showed much less cytotoxicity than sanguinarine: at the highest concentration tested (20 microM) and 24h exposure, dihydrosanguinarine decreased viability only to 52\\% [1]. Dihydrosanguinarine showed the highest antifungal activity against B. cinerea Pers, with 95.16\\% mycelial growth inhibition at 50 μg/ml [2]. dihydrosanguinarine showed the most potent leishmanicidal activities (IC(50) value: 0.014 microg/ml, respectively) [4]. in vivo: Repeated dosing of DHSG for 90 days at up to 500 ppm in the diet (i.e. approximately 58 mg/kg/day) showed no evidence of toxicity in contrast to results published in the literature [3]. Dihydrosanguinarine is a natural compound isolated from the leaves of Macleaya microcarpa; has antifungal and anticancer activity. IC50 value: Target: in vitro: Dihydrosanguinarine showed much less cytotoxicity than sanguinarine: at the highest concentration tested (20 microM) and 24h exposure, dihydrosanguinarine decreased viability only to 52\% [1]. Dihydrosanguinarine showed the highest antifungal activity against B. cinerea Pers, with 95.16\% mycelial growth inhibition at 50 μg/ml [2]. dihydrosanguinarine showed the most potent leishmanicidal activities (IC(50) value: 0.014 microg/ml, respectively) [4]. in vivo: Repeated dosing of DHSG for 90 days at up to 500 ppm in the diet (i.e. approximately 58 mg/kg/day) showed no evidence of toxicity in contrast to results published in the literature [3].
Coniferin
Coniferin (CAS: 531-29-3), also known as abietin or coniferoside, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenolic glycosides. These are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-fructose, and L-rhamnose. Coniferin is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Coniferin is a monosaccharide derivative consisting of coniferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. Coniferin is found in asparagus and has been isolated from Scorzonera hispanica (black salsify). Coniferin is a monosaccharide derivative that is coniferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a cinnamyl alcohol beta-D-glucoside, an aromatic ether and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a coniferol. Coniferin is a natural product found in Salacia chinensis, Astragalus onobrychis, and other organisms with data available. A monosaccharide derivative that is coniferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Scorzonera hispanica (scorzonera) Coniferin (Laricin) is a glucoside of coniferyl alcohol. Coniferin inhibits fungal growth and melanization[1]. Coniferin (Laricin) is a glucoside of coniferyl alcohol. Coniferin inhibits fungal growth and melanization[1].
Senecionine
Senecionine is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a lactone, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a tertiary alcohol. It is functionally related to a senecionan. It is a conjugate base of a senecionine(1+). Senecionine is a natural product found in Dorobaea pimpinellifolia, Crotalaria micans, and other organisms with data available. Senecionine is an organic compound with the chemical formula C18H25NO5. It is classified as a pyrrolizidine alkaloid. See also: Petasites hybridus root (part of); Tussilago farfara flower (part of); Tussilago farfara leaf (part of). A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio. D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Annotation level-1 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2251 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 122 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 102 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 142 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 152 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 162 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 172 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 132 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 112 [Raw Data] CB082a_Senecionine_pos_40eV_CB000034.txt [Raw Data] CB082a_Senecionine_pos_10eV_CB000034.txt [Raw Data] CB082a_Senecionine_pos_30eV_CB000034.txt [Raw Data] CB082a_Senecionine_pos_20eV_CB000034.txt [Raw Data] CB082a_Senecionine_pos_50eV_CB000034.txt Senecionine (Senecionan-11,16-dione, 12-hydroxy-) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid could be isolated from Senecio vulgaris. Senecionine decreases the activities of glutathione S-transferase, aminopyrine demethylase and arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)[1][2][3]. Senecionine (Senecionan-11,16-dione, 12-hydroxy-) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid could be isolated from Senecio vulgaris. Senecionine decreases the activities of glutathione S-transferase, aminopyrine demethylase and arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)[1][2][3].
Rutaevin
Rutaevin is a steroid lactone. Rutaevin is a natural product found in Fagaropsis angolensis, Tetradium glabrifolium, and other organisms with data available.
Luteolin 7-glucuronide
Luteolin 7-glucuronide, also known as cyanidenon-7-O-B-D-glucuronate or luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside, is a member of the class of compounds known as flavonoid-7-o-glucuronides. Flavonoid-7-o-glucuronides are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to glucuronic acid at the C7-position. Luteolin 7-glucuronide is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Luteolin 7-glucuronide can be found in a number of food items such as globe artichoke, wild carrot, carrot, and lettuce, which makes luteolin 7-glucuronide a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide could inhibit Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) activities, with IC50s of 17.63, 7.99, 11.42, 12.85, 0.03 μM for MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, respectively. Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide could inhibit Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) activities, with IC50s of 17.63, 7.99, 11.42, 12.85, 0.03 μM for MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, respectively.
Pinoresinol
Epipinoresinol is an enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-(1R,3aR,4S,6aR)-configuration. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a marine metabolite. Epipinoresinol is a natural product found in Pandanus utilis, Abeliophyllum distichum, and other organisms with data available. An enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-(1R,3aR,4S,6aR)-configuration. (+)-pinoresinol is an enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-1S,3aR,4S,6aR-configuration. It has a role as a hypoglycemic agent, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen. Pinoresinol is a natural product found in Pandanus utilis, Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Acai fruit pulp (part of). An enantiomer of pinoresinol having (+)-1S,3aR,4S,6aR-configuration. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.907 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.905 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.897 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.895 Pinoresinol is a lignol of plant origin serving for defense in a caterpillar. Pinoresinol drastically sensitizes cancer cells against TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) -induced apoptosis[1][2]. Pinoresinol is a lignol of plant origin serving for defense in a caterpillar. Pinoresinol drastically sensitizes cancer cells against TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) -induced apoptosis[1][2].
Bryodulcosigenin
Bryodulcosigenin is a cucurbitacin. (3S,8S,9R,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R)-5,6-dihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-3-hydroxy-4,4,9,13,14-pentamethyl-1,2,3,7,8,10,12,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-11-one is a natural product found in Apis cerana with data available. Bryodulcosigenin is an extract of the roots of Bryoniadioica with anti-inflammatory effect[1]. Bryodulcosigenin is an extract of the roots of Bryoniadioica with anti-inflammatory effect[1].
Tyrosol
Tyrosol is a phenolic compound present in two of the traditional components of the Mediterranean diet: wine and virgin olive oil. The presence of tyrosol has been described in red and white wines. Tyrosol is also present in vermouth and beer. Tyrosol has been shown to be able to exert antioxidant activity in vitro studies. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) appears to occur predominantly in arterial intimae in microdomains sequestered from antioxidants of plasma. The antioxidant content of the LDL particle is critical for its protection. The ability of tyrosol to bind human LDL has been reported. The bioavailability of tyrosol in humans from virgin olive oil in its natural form has been demonstrated. Urinary tyrosol increases, reaching a peak at 0-4 h after virgin olive oil administration. Men and women show a different pattern of urinary excretion of tyrosol. Moreover, tyrosol is absorbed in a dose-dependent manner after sustained and moderate doses of virgin olive oil. Tyrosol from wine or virgin olive oil could exert beneficial effects on human health in vivo if its biological properties are confirmed (PMID 15134375). Tyrosol is a microbial metabolite found in Bifidobacterium, Escherichia and Lactobacillus (PMID:28393285). 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol is a phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group. It has a role as an anti-arrhythmia drug, an antioxidant, a cardiovascular drug, a protective agent, a fungal metabolite, a geroprotector and a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a 2-phenylethanol. 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanol is a natural product found in Thalictrum petaloideum, Casearia sylvestris, and other organisms with data available. Tyrosol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Sedum roseum root (part of); Rhodiola crenulata root (part of). D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Tyrosol is a derivative of phenethyl alcohol. Tyrosol attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokines from cultured astrocytes and NF-κB activation. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects[1]. Tyrosol is a derivative of phenethyl alcohol. Tyrosol attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokines from cultured astrocytes and NF-κB activation. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects[1].
4-Hydroxycoumarin
4-hydroxycoumarin is a hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a conjugate acid of a 4-hydroxycoumarin(1-). 4-Hydroxycoumarin is a natural product found in Vitis vinifera, Ruta graveolens, and Apis cerana with data available. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); NaToxAq - Natural Toxins and Drinking Water Quality - From Source to Tap (https://natoxaq.ku.dk) D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants > D015110 - 4-Hydroxycoumarins CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2312 4-Hydroxycoumarin, a coumarin derivative, is one of the most versatile heterocyclic scaffolds and is frequently applied in the synthesis of various organic compounds. 4-Hydroxycoumarin possesses both electrophilic and nucleophilic properties. 4-Hydroxycoumarin derivatives are employed as the anticoagulant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, antimycobacterial, antimutagenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents, HIV protease inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors[1]. 4-Hydroxycoumarin, a coumarin derivative, is one of the most versatile heterocyclic scaffolds and is frequently applied in the synthesis of various organic compounds. 4-Hydroxycoumarin possesses both electrophilic and nucleophilic properties. 4-Hydroxycoumarin derivatives are employed as the anticoagulant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, antimycobacterial, antimutagenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents, HIV protease inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors[1].
Coniferyl alcohol
Coniferyl alcohol (CAS: 458-35-5), also known as coniferol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferyl alcohol is an organic compound. When copolymerized with related aromatic compounds, coniferyl alcohol forms lignin or lignans. Coniferyl alcohol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of eugenol, stilbenoids, and coumarin. Outside of the human body, coniferyl alcohol has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as common sages, chestnuts, cereals and cereal products, gingers, and cashew nuts. This could make coniferyl alcohol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Gum benzoin contains a significant amount of coniferyl alcohol and its esters. Coniferyl alcohol is an organic compound. This colourless crystalline solid is a phytochemical, one of the monolignols. It is synthesized via the phenylpropanoid biochemical pathway. Coniferol is a phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring. It has a role as a monolignol, a mouse metabolite, a pheromone, an animal metabolite, a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. It is a phenylpropanoid and a member of guaiacols. It is functionally related to an (E)-cinnamyl alcohol. Coniferyl alcohol is a natural product found in Asparagus cochinchinensis, Xanthium spinosum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Polignate Sodium (monomer of); Ammonium lignosulfonate (monomer of); Calcium lignosulfonate (50000 MW) (monomer of) ... View More ... Coniferyl alcohol is an intermediate in biosynthesis of eugenol and of stilbene and coumarin. Gum benzoin contains significant amount of coniferyl alcohol and its esters.; Coniferyl alcohol is an organic compound. This colourless crystalline solid is a phytochemical, one of the monolignols. It is synthetized via the phenylpropanoid biochemical pathway. When copolymerized with related aromatic compounds, coniferyl alcohol forms lignin or lignans. [HMDB]. Coniferyl alcohol is found in many foods, some of which are canada blueberry, eggplant, winged bean, and flaxseed. A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring. Coniferyl alcohol is an intermediate in biosynthesis of eugenol and of stilbenoids and coumarin[1]. Coniferyl alcohol specifically inhibits fungal growth[1]. Coniferyl alcohol is an intermediate in biosynthesis of eugenol and of stilbenoids and coumarin[1]. Coniferyl alcohol specifically inhibits fungal growth[1].
Galactitol
Galactitol or dulcitol is a sugar alcohol that is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Galactose is derived from lactose in food (such as dairy products). When lactose is broken down by the enzyme lactase it produces glucose and galactose. Galactitol has a slightly sweet taste. It is produced from galactose in a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase. When present in sufficiently high levels, galactitol can act as a metabotoxin, a neurotoxin, and a hepatotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural cells and neural tissue. A hepatotoxin as a compound that disrupts or attacks liver tissue or liver cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of galactitol are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism, including galactosemia and galactosemia type II. Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that affects an individuals ability to metabolize the sugar galactose properly. Excess lactose consumption in individuals with galactose intolerance or galactosemia activates aldose reductase to produce galactitol, thus depleting NADPH and leading to lowered glutathione reductase activity. As a result, hydrogen peroxide or other free radicals accumulate causing serious oxidative damage to various cells and tissues. In individuals with galactosemia, the enzymes needed for the further metabolism of galactose (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase) are severely diminished or missing entirely, leading to toxic levels of galactose 1-phosphate, galactitol, and galactonate. High levels of galactitol in infants are specifically associated with hepatomegaly (an enlarged liver), cirrhosis, renal failure, cataracts, vomiting, seizure, hypoglycemia, lethargy, brain damage, and ovarian failure. Galactitol is an optically inactive hexitol having meso-configuration. It has a role as a metabolite, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. Galactitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Galactitol is a natural product found in Elaeodendron croceum, Salacia chinensis, and other organisms with data available. Galactitol is a naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of galactose. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in galactosemias a deficiency of galactokinase. A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of GALACTOSE. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in GALACTOSEMIAS, a deficiency of GALACTOKINASE. A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of galactose. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste.; Dulcitol (or galactitol) is a sugar alcohol, the reduction product of galactose. Galactitol in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of milk. Galactitol is found in many foods, some of which are elliotts blueberry, italian sweet red pepper, catjang pea, and green bean. An optically inactive hexitol having meso-configuration. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Dulcite is a sugar alcohol with a slightly sweet taste which is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Dulcite is a sugar alcohol with a slightly sweet taste which is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose.
Psoralen
Psoralen is the simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia. It has a role as a plant metabolite. 8-methoxsalen and 5-methoxsalen are furocoumarins referred to collectively as psoralens that have photosensitizing activity and are used orally and topically in conjunction with ultraviolet irradiation for the therapy of psoriasis and vitiligo. Psoralens have been linked to a low rate of transient serum enzyme elevations during therapy and to rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury. Psoralen is a natural product found in Cullen cinereum, Ficus erecta var. beecheyana, and other organisms with data available. Psoralen is a furocoumarin that intercalates with DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division. Psoralen is used in Photochemotherapy with high-intensity long-wavelength UVA irradiation. Psoralens are tricyclic furocumarins and have a strong tendency to intercalate with DNA base pairs. Irradiation of nucleic acids in the presence of psoralen with long wave UV (~360 nm) results in the 2+2 cyclo- addition of either of its two photoreactive sites with 5,6-carbon bonds of pyrimidines resulting in crosslinking double-stranded nucleic acids. Psoralen is found in carrot. Psoralen is found in common vegetables, e.g. parsnip, celery especially if diseased or `spoiled Psoralen is a significant mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research.Psoralen has been shown to exhibit anti-proliferative, anti-allergenic and anti-histamine functions (A7781, A7782, A7782).Psoralen belongs to the family of Furanocoumarins. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a furan ring fused to a coumarin moeity. A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking. See also: Angelica keiskei top (part of); Cullen corylifolium fruit (part of). Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia. The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C2842 - DNA Binding Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics Found in common vegetables, e.g. parsnip, celery especies if diseased or `spoiled D003879 - Dermatologic Agents INTERNAL_ID 18; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 18 Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al[1]. Psoralen. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=66-97-7 (retrieved 2024-10-18) (CAS RN: 66-97-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Myristic acid
Tetradecanoic acid is an oily white crystalline solid. (NTP, 1992) Tetradecanoic acid is a straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat. It has a role as a human metabolite, an EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a tetradecanoate. Myristic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Myristic acid is a natural product found in Gladiolus italicus, Staphisagria macrosperma, and other organisms with data available. Myristic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 14-carbon backbone. Myristic acid is found naturally in palm oil, coconut oil and butter fat. Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). Myristic acid is also commonly added to a penultimate nitrogen terminus glycine in receptor-associated kinases to confer the membrane localisation of the enzyme. this is achieved by the myristic acid having a high enough hydrophobicity to become incorporated into the fatty acyl core of the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of the eukaryotic cell.(wikipedia). myristic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed) See also: Cod Liver Oil (part of); Saw Palmetto (part of). Myristic acid, also known as tetradecanoic acid or C14:0, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Myristic acid (its ester is called myristate) is a saturated fatty acid that has 14 carbons; as such, it is a very hydrophobic molecule that is practically insoluble in water. It exists as an oily white crystalline solid. Myristic acid is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals, and is found in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat, as well as coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. Industrially, myristic acid is used to synthesize a variety of flavour compounds and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics (Dorland, 28th ed). Within eukaryotic cells, myristic acid is also commonly conjugated to a penultimate N-terminal glycine residue in receptor-associated kinases to confer membrane localization of these enzymes (a post-translational modification called myristoylation via the enzyme N-myristoyltransferase). Myristic acid has a high enough hydrophobicity to allow the myristoylated protein to become incorporated into the fatty acyl core of the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Also, this fatty acid is known because it accumulates as fat in the body; however, its consumption also impacts positively on cardiovascular health (see, for example, PMID: 15936650). Myristic acid is named after the scientific name for nutmeg, Myristica fragrans, from which it was first isolated in 1841 by Lyon Playfair. Myristic acid, also known as 14 or N-tetradecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, myristic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Myristic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Myristic acid can be found in a number of food items such as strawberry, barley, nutmeg, and soy bean, which makes myristic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Myristic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, saliva, and feces, as well as throughout most human tissues. Myristic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, myristic acid is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Moreover, myristic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Myristic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Myristic acid (IUPAC systematic name: 1-tetradecanoic acid) is a common saturated fatty acid with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)12COOH. Its salts and esters are commonly referred to as myristates. It is named after the binomial name for nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), from which it was first isolated in 1841 by Lyon Playfair . A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat. Nutmeg butter has 75\\\% trimyristin, the triglyceride of myristic acid and a source from which it can be synthesised.[13] Besides nutmeg, myristic acid is found in palm kernel oil, coconut oil, butterfat, 8–14\\\% of bovine milk, and 8.6\\\% of breast milk as well as being a minor component of many other animal fats.[9] It is found in spermaceti, the crystallized fraction of oil from the sperm whale. It is also found in the rhizomes of the Iris, including Orris root.[14][15] Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils.
Palmitic acid
Palmitic acid, also known as palmitate or hexadecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, palmitic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Palmitic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Palmitic acid can be found in a number of food items such as sacred lotus, spinach, shallot, and corn salad, which makes palmitic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Palmitic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including feces, sweat, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Palmitic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, palmitic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include alendronate action pathway, rosuvastatin action pathway, simvastatin action pathway, and cerivastatin action pathway. Palmitic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hypercholesterolemia, familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency (I). Moreover, palmitic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Palmitic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D is 16:0. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and dairy products. Palmitate is the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4) . Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation (DrugBank). Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30\\\% (molar) of human depot fat (PMID: 13756126), and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk (PMID: 352132). Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate. Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid (Wikipedia). Palmitic acid is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent. Hexadecanoic acid is a straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. It has a role as an EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a hexadecanoate. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. Palmitic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Palmitic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone. Palmitic acid is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants, a saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. It occurs in the form of esters (glycerides) in oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin and is usually obtained from palm oil, which is widely distributed in plants. Palmitic acid is used in determination of water hardness and is an active ingredient of *Levovist*TM, used in echo enhancement in sonographic Doppler B-mode imaging and as an ultrasound contrast medium. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. Palmitic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-10-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 57-10-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Pteryxin
Pteryxin is a member of coumarins. Pteryxin is a natural product found in Musineon divaricatum, Pteryxia terebinthina, and other organisms with data available. Origin: Plant, Coumarins Pteryxin, a coumarin in Peucedanum japonicum Thunb leaves, exerts antiobesity activity[1]. Pteryxin is a potent butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 12.96 μg/ml[2]. Pteryxin, a coumarin in Peucedanum japonicum Thunb leaves, exerts antiobesity activity[1]. Pteryxin is a potent butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 12.96 μg/ml[2].
Monotropein
C16H22O11 (390.11620619999997)
Monotropein is an iridoid monoterpenoid that is 1,4a,7,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 1, a carboxylic acid group at position 4, and at position 7 by a hydroxy and hydroxymethyl groups respectively (the 1S,4aS,7R,7aS diastereomer). It has a role as a metabolite and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a cyclopentapyran, a monocarboxylic acid, an iridoid monoterpenoid, a beta-D-glucoside and a monosaccharide derivative. Monotropein is a natural product found in Vaccinium, Vaccinium macrocarpon, and other organisms with data available. See also: Galium aparine whole (part of). Monotropein is found in bilberry. Monotropein is a constituent of Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum) and Liquidambar orientalis (oriental sweet gum). Monotropein is a food flavouring agent. Monotropein is a stabiliser Constituent of Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum) and Liquidambar orientalis (oriental sweet gum). Food flavouring agent. Stabiliser. Monotropein is found in bilberry. Monotropein is an iridoid glycoside isolated Morinda officinalis. Monotropein inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model[1]. Monotropein is an iridoid glycoside isolated Morinda officinalis. Monotropein inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model[1].
Ergosterol
Ergosterol is a phytosterol consisting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6-, 7,8- and 22,23-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. It has a role as a fungal metabolite and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, an ergostanoid, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid and a member of phytosterols. A steroid of interest both because its biosynthesis in FUNGI is a target of ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, notably AZOLES, and because when it is present in SKIN of animals, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS break a bond to result in ERGOCALCIFEROL. Ergosterol is a natural product found in Gladiolus italicus, Ramaria formosa, and other organisms with data available. ergosterol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A steroid occurring in FUNGI. Irradiation with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS results in formation of ERGOCALCIFEROL (vitamin D2). See also: Reishi (part of). Ergosterol, also known as provitamin D2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ergosterols and derivatives. These are steroids containing ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol or a derivative thereof, which is based on the 3beta-hydroxylated ergostane skeleton. Thus, ergosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Ergosterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Ergosterol is the biological precursor to vitamin D2. It is turned into viosterol by ultraviolet light, and is then converted into ergocalciferol, which is a form of vitamin D. Ergosterol is a component of fungal cell membranes, serving the same function that cholesterol serves in animal cells. Ergosterol is not found in mammalian cell membranes. A phytosterol consisting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6-, 7,8- and 22,23-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. Ergosterol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-87-4 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 57-87-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects. Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Campesterol
Campesterol is a phytosterol, meaning it is a steroid derived from plants. As a food additive, phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering properties (reducing cholesterol absorption in intestines), and may act in cancer prevention. Phytosterols naturally occur in small amount in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil. One such phytosterol complex, isolated from vegetable oil, is cholestatin, composed of campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol, and is marketed as a dietary supplement. Sterols can reduce cholesterol in human subjects by up to 15\\\\\%. The mechanism behind phytosterols and the lowering of cholesterol occurs as follows : the incorporation of cholesterol into micelles in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited, decreasing the overall amount of cholesterol absorbed. This may in turn help to control body total cholesterol levels, as well as modify HDL, LDL and TAG levels. Many margarines, butters, breakfast cereals and spreads are now enriched with phytosterols and marketed towards people with high cholesterol and a wish to lower it. -- Wikipedia. Campesterol is a member of phytosterols, a 3beta-sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid and a C28-steroid. It has a role as a mouse metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a campestane. Campesterol is a natural product found in Haplophyllum bucharicum, Bugula neritina, and other organisms with data available. Campesterol is a steroid derivative that is the simplest sterol, characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and saturated bonds throughout the sterol structure, with the exception of the 5-6 double bond in the B ring. Campesterol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=474-62-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 474-62-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Campesterol is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects. Campesterol is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects.
Stigmasterol
Stigmasterol is a phytosterol, meaning it is steroid derived from plants. As a food additive, phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering properties (reducing cholesterol absorption in intestines), and may act in cancer prevention. Phytosterols naturally occur in small amount in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil. One such phytosterol complex, isolated from vegetable oil, is cholestatin, composed of campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol, and is marketed as a dietary supplement. Sterols can reduce cholesterol in human subjects by up to 15\\%. The mechanism behind phytosterols and the lowering of cholesterol occurs as follows : the incorporation of cholesterol into micelles in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited, decreasing the overall amount of cholesterol absorbed. This may in turn help to control body total cholesterol levels, as well as modify HDL, LDL and TAG levels. Many margarines, butters, breakfast cereals and spreads are now enriched with phytosterols and marketed towards people with high cholesterol and a wish to lower it. Stigmasterol is found to be associated with phytosterolemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Stigmasterol is a 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, a stigmastane sterol, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid and a member of phytosterols. It derives from a hydride of a stigmastane. Stigmasterol is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Xylopia aromatica, and other organisms with data available. Stigmasterol is a steroid derivative characterized by the hydroxyl group in position C-3 of the steroid skeleton, and unsaturated bonds in position 5-6 of the B ring, and position 22-23 in the alkyl substituent. Stigmasterol is found in the fats and oils of soybean, calabar bean and rape seed, as well as several other vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk. See also: Comfrey Root (part of); Saw Palmetto (part of); Plantago ovata seed (part of). Stigmasterol is an unsaturated plant sterol occurring in the plant fats or oils of soybean, calabar bean, and rape seed, and in a number of medicinal herbs, including the Chinese herbs Ophiopogon japonicus (Mai men dong) and American Ginseng. Stigmasterol is also found in various vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk. A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68437 - Unsaturated Phytosterol
tigogenin
Tigogenin is a widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs. It has a role as a gout suppressant and a plant metabolite. Tigogenin is a natural product found in Cordyline australis, Yucca gloriosa, and other organisms with data available. A widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs. Tigogenin, also known as sarsasapogenin, (3beta,5alpha,25s)-isomer or smilagenin, is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Thus, tigogenin is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Tigogenin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Tigogenin can be found in fenugreek, which makes tigogenin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Tigogenin, one of steroidal sapogenins, is widely used for synthesizing steroid agents. Tigogenin inhibits adipocytic differentiation and induces osteoblastic differentiation in mouse bone marrow stromal cells[1]. Tigogenin, one of steroidal sapogenins, is widely used for synthesizing steroid agents. Tigogenin inhibits adipocytic differentiation and induces osteoblastic differentiation in mouse bone marrow stromal cells[1].
Taraxerol
Taraxerol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanan-3-ol lacking the methyl group at position 14, with an alpha-methyl substituent at position 13 and a double bond between positions 14 and 15. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a secondary alcohol. Taraxerol is a natural product found in Diospyros morrisiana, Liatris acidota, and other organisms with data available. See also: Myrica cerifera root bark (part of). Constituent of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion). Taraxerol is found in many foods, some of which are kiwi, scarlet bean, prairie turnip, and grapefruit/pummelo hybrid. Taraxerol is found in alcoholic beverages. Taraxerol is a constituent of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion)
Lupeol
Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It occurs in the skin of lupin seeds, as well as in the latex of fig trees and of rubber plants. It is also found in many edible fruits and vegetables. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug and a plant metabolite. It is a secondary alcohol and a pentacyclic triterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of a lupane. Lupeol has been investigated for the treatment of Acne. Lupeol is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Ficus septica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of). A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group. It occurs in the skin of lupin seeds, as well as in the latex of fig trees and of rubber plants. It is also found in many edible fruits and vegetables. D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents Lupeol (Clerodol; Monogynol B; Fagarasterol) is an active pentacyclic?triterpenoid, has anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Lupeol is a potent?androgen receptor (AR)?inhibitor and can be used for cancer research, especially prostate cancer of androgen-dependent phenotype (ADPC) and castration resistant phenotype (CRPC)[1]. Lupeol (Clerodol; Monogynol B; Fagarasterol) is an active pentacyclic?triterpenoid, has anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. Lupeol is a potent?androgen receptor (AR)?inhibitor and can be used for cancer research, especially prostate cancer of androgen-dependent phenotype (ADPC) and castration resistant phenotype (CRPC)[1].
Friedelin
Friedelin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug, a non-narcotic analgesic, an antipyretic and a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a cyclic terpene ketone. Friedelin is a natural product found in Diospyros eriantha, Salacia chinensis, and other organisms with data available. A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork. Friedelin is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Friedelin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Friedelin can be found in a number of food items such as pomegranate, sugar apple, apple, and mammee apple, which makes friedelin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Friedelin is a triterpenoid chemical compound found in Azima tetracantha, Orostachys japonica, and Quercus stenophylla. Friedelin is also found in the roots of the Cannabis plant .
Paederoside
Paederoside is a glycoside. Paederoside is a natural product found in Pseudomegoura nipponica, Paederia scandens, and other organisms with data available. Paederoside is a monoterpene S-methyl thiocarbonate isolated from Paederia pertomentosa. Paederoside shows a high anti-tumor promoting activity against the Epstein-Barr virus activation[1]. Paederoside is a monoterpene S-methyl thiocarbonate isolated from Paederia pertomentosa. Paederoside shows a high anti-tumor promoting activity against the Epstein-Barr virus activation[1].
Betulinic acid
Betulinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-carboxy substituents. It is found in the bark and other plant parts of several species of plants including Syzygium claviflorum. It exhibits anti-HIV, antimalarial, antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory properties. It has a role as an EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor, an anti-HIV agent, an antimalarial, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antineoplastic agent and a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid. It derives from a hydride of a lupane. Betulinic Acid has been used in trials studying the treatment of Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome. Betulinic acid is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Gladiolus italicus, and other organisms with data available. Betulinic Acid is a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene derivative of betulin (isolated from the bark of Betula alba, the common white birch) with antiinflammatory, anti-HIV and antineoplastic activities. Betulinic acid induces apoptosis through induction of changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species, and opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, resulting in the release of mitochondrial apogenic factors, activation of caspases, and DNA fragmentation. Although originally thought to exhibit specific cytotoxicity against melanoma cells, this agent has been found to be cytotoxic against non-melanoma tumor cell types including neuroectodermal and brain tumor cells. A lupane-type triterpene derivative of betulin which was originally isolated from BETULA or birch tree. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV and antineoplastic activities. See also: Jujube fruit (part of); Paeonia lactiflora root (part of). Betulinic acid is found in abiyuch. Betulinic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid which has anti-retroviral, anti-malarial, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as a more recently discovered potential as an anticancer agent, by inhibition of topoisomerase. It is found in the bark of several species of plants, principally the white birch (Betula pubescens) from which it gets its name, but also the Ber tree (Ziziphus mauritiana), the tropical carnivorous plants Triphyophyllum peltatum and Ancistrocladus heyneanus, Diospyros leucomelas a member of the persimmon family, Tetracera boiviniana, the jambul (Syzygium formosanum), flowering quince (Chaenomeles sinensis), Rosemary, and Pulsatilla chinensis. Controversial is a role of p53 in betulinic acid-induced apoptosis. Fulda suggested p53-independent mechanism of the apoptosis, basing on fact of no accumulation of wild-type p53 detected upon treatment with the betulinic acid, whereas wild-type p53 protein strongly increased after treatment with doxorubicin. The suggestion is supported by study of Raisova. On the other hand Rieber suggested that betulinic acid exerts its inhibitory effect on human metastatic melanoma partly by increasing p53 A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-carboxy substituents. It is found in the bark and other plant parts of several species of plants including Syzygium claviflorum. It exhibits anti-HIV, antimalarial, antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory properties. C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C2139 - Immunostimulant Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[1][2][3][4]. Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[1][2][3][4]. Epibetulinic acid exhibits potent inhibitory effects on NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) stimulated with bacterial endotoxin with IC50s of 0.7 and 0.6 μM, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity[1].
Oleanolic acid
Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Oleanolic acid exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. Oleanolic acid is a ubiquitous triterpenoid in plant kingdom, medicinal herbs, and is an integral part of the human diet. During the last decade over 700 research articles have been published on triterpenoids research, reflecting tremendous interest and progress in our understanding of these compounds. This included the isolation and purification of these tritepernoids from various plants and herbs, the chemical modifications to make more effective and water soluble derivatives, the pharmacological research on their beneficial effects, the toxicity studies, and the clinical use of these triterpenoids in various diseases including anticancer chemotherapies. (PMID:17292619, 15522132, 15994040). Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an oleanolate. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane. Oleanolic acid is a natural product found in Ophiopogon japonicus, Freziera, and other organisms with data available. A pentacyclic triterpene that occurs widely in many PLANTS as the free acid or the aglycone for many SAPONINS. It is biosynthesized from lupane. It can rearrange to the isomer, ursolic acid, or be oxidized to taraxasterol and amyrin. See also: Holy basil leaf (part of); Jujube fruit (part of); Paeonia lactiflora root (part of) ... View More ... Occurs as glycosides in cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), olive leaves, etc. Very widely distributed aglycone A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. [Raw Data] CBA90_Oleanolic-acid_neg_50eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA90_Oleanolic-acid_neg_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA90_Oleanolic-acid_neg_10eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA90_Oleanolic-acid_neg_30eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA90_Oleanolic-acid_neg_40eV.txt Oleanolic acid (Caryophyllin) is a natural compound from plants with anti-tumor activities. Oleanolic acid (Caryophyllin) is a natural compound from plants with anti-tumor activities.
beta-Carotene
Beta-carotene is a cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. It has a role as a biological pigment, a provitamin A, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a cofactor, a ferroptosis inhibitor and an antioxidant. It is a cyclic carotene and a carotenoid beta-end derivative. Beta-carotene, with the molecular formula C40H56, belongs to the group of carotenoids consisting of isoprene units. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds donates beta-carotene with specific colors. It is the most abundant form of carotenoid and it is a precursor of the vitamin A. Beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups. It is an antioxidant that can be found in yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables and fruits. Under the FDA, beta-carotene is considered as a generally recognized as safe substance (GRAS). Beta-Carotene is a natural product found in Epicoccum nigrum, Lonicera japonica, and other organisms with data available. Beta-Carotene is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (NCI04) beta-Carotene is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). See also: Lycopene (part of); Broccoli (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). Beta-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of polyunsaturated hydrocarbon molecules containing eight consecutive isoprene units. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Beta-carotene is therefore considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-carotene is a strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and therefore has 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, beta-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is the most common form of carotene in plants. In nature, Beta-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A. Vitamin A is produed via the action of beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase on carotenes. In mammals, carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on a class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E. One molecule of beta-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme Beta-Beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A. Beta-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes. Excess beta-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive beta-carotene consumption is carotenodermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the epidermis. Yellow food colour, dietary supplement, nutrient, Vitamin A precursor. Nutriceutical with antioxidation props. beta-Carotene is found in many foods, some of which are summer savory, gram bean, sunburst squash (pattypan squash), and other bread product. A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CA - Vitamin a, plain D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins
Lutein
Lutein is a common carotenoid xanthophyll found in nature. Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid-soluble antioxidants. Lutein is one of the two carotenoids (the other is zeaxanthin) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli, and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataracts (up to 20\\\\\%) and age-related macular degeneration (up to 40\\\\\%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations (PMID: 11023002). Lutein is a carotenol. It has a role as a food colouring and a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a (6R)-beta,epsilon-carotene. Lutein is an xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots. In green plants, xanthophylls act to modulate light energy and serve as non-photochemical quenching agents to deal with triplet chlorophyll (an excited form of chlorophyll), which is overproduced at very high light levels, during photosynthesis. Lutein is a natural product found in Eupatorium cannabinum, Hibiscus syriacus, and other organisms with data available. Lutein is lutein (LOO-teen) is a oxygenated carotenoid found in vegetables and fruits. lutein is found in the macula of the eye, where it is believed to act as a yellow filter. Lutein acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells against the damaging effects of free radicals. A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. See also: Calendula Officinalis Flower (part of); Corn (part of); Chicken; lutein (component of) ... View More ... Pigment from egg yolk and leaves. Found in all higher plants. Nutriceutical with anticancer and antioxidation props. Potentially useful for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) of the eye Lutein A. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=127-40-2 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 127-40-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4]. Lutein (Xanthophyll) is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1]. Lutein exerts its biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidase and anti-apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS)[2][3]. Lutein is able to arrive in the brain and shows antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Lutein is orally active[4].
Monensin
Monensin A is a spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle. It has a role as a coccidiostat, an antifungal agent and an ionophore. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a cyclic hemiketal, a spiroketal and a polyether antibiotic. Monensin is a polyether isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis that presents antibiotic properties. It is widely used in ruminant animal feeds. Monensin is a natural product found in Streptomyces glaucescens and Apis cerana with data available. An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies. See also: Monensin Sodium (has salt form). A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D014475 - Uncoupling Agents D007476 - Ionophores > D061209 - Proton Ionophores D007476 - Ionophores > D061210 - Sodium Ionophores C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8499
Procyanidin C1
Procyanidin C1 is a proanthocyanidin consisting of three (-)-epicatechin units joined by two successive (4beta->8)-linkages. It has a role as a metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antioxidant, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, an EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor and an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor. It is a hydroxyflavan, a proanthocyanidin and a polyphenol. It is functionally related to a (-)-epicatechin. Procyanidin C1 is a natural product found in Campylotropis hirtella, Cinnamomum verum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Maritime Pine (part of). Procyanidin C1 is found in apple. Proanthocyanidin C1 is a B type proanthocyanidin. It is an epicatechin trimer found in grape (Vitis vinifera). (Wikipedia). Proanthocyanidin C1 is a B type proanthocyanidin. It is an epicatechin trimer found in grape (Vitis vinifera). [Wikipedia] A proanthocyanidin consisting of three (-)-epicatechin units joined by two successive (4beta->8)-linkages. Procyanidin C1 (PCC1), a natural polyphenol with oral activity, causes DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis. Procyanidin C1 decreases the level of Bcl-2, but enhances BAX, caspase 3 and 9 expression in cancer cells. Procyanidin C1 shows senotherapeutic activity and increases lifespan in mice[1][2]. Procyanidin C1 (PCC1), a natural polyphenol with oral activity, causes DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis. Procyanidin C1 decreases the level of Bcl-2, but enhances BAX, caspase 3 and 9 expression in cancer cells. Procyanidin C1 shows senotherapeutic activity and increases lifespan in mice[1][2].
Soyasaponin I
Soyasaponin I is a triterpenoid saponin that is composed of soyasapogenol B having an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid moiety attached at the 3-position via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a sialyltransferase inhibitor. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a triterpenoid saponin, a trisaccharide derivative and a carbohydrate acid derivative. It is functionally related to a soyasapogenol B. It is a conjugate acid of a soyasaponin I(1-). Soyasaponin I is a natural product found in Crotalaria albida, Hedysarum polybotrys, and other organisms with data available. A triterpenoid saponin that is composed of soyasapogenol B having an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid moiety attached at the 3-position via a glycosidic linkage. Azukisaponin V is found in pulses. Azukisaponin V is isolated from seeds of azuki bean (Vigna angularis). soyasaponin Bb is a soyasaponin isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris, acting as an aldose reductase differential inhibitor (ARDI)[1]. soyasaponin Bb is a soyasaponin isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris, acting as an aldose reductase differential inhibitor (ARDI)[1].
Pancratistatin
Pancratistatin is a citraconoyl group. Pancratistatin is a natural product found in Delphinium denudatum, Hymenocallis speciosa, and other organisms with data available. Pancratistatin is a isoquinoline alkaloid from amaryllis with antineoplastic activity.
Smilagenin
(25R)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-ol is an oxaspiro compound that is(5beta,25R)-spirostan substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a metabolite. It is an oxaspiro compound, a 3beta-hydroxy steroid, an organic heterohexacyclic compound and a sapogenin. It derives from a hydride of a (25R)-5beta-spirostan. Smilagenin is a novel non-peptide, orally bioavailable neurotrophic factor inducer that readily reverses free radical neurotoxicity produced by 1-ethyl-4- phenylpyridium (MPP+) in dopaminergic neurones and reverses the decrease of neuronal growth factors and dopamine receptors in the brain. Pre-clinical work with smilagenin showed it to be neuroprotective against betya-amyloid and glutamate damage which contributes to Alzheimers disease and reverses the changes in the area of the brain involved in Parkinson’s disease. P58 is a protein synthesis stimulant acts by restoring levels of proteins that are altered in the ageing brain, reversing the loss of nerve receptors in the ageing brain and potentially allowing for the regrowth of neural connections. P58 therefore provides a totally novel mode of action with potential importance for diseases associated with ageing of the brain. P58 is one of a family of phytochemicals isolated from traditional treatments for the elderly that have previously been shown to offer significant benefit in the treatment of senile dementia. Smilagenin is a natural product found in Yucca gloriosa, Yucca aloifolia, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of Jamaica sarsaparilla (Smilax ornata). Smilagenin is found in herbs and spices and fenugreek. Smilagenin is found in fenugreek. Smilagenin is a constituent of Jamaica sarsaparilla (Smilax ornata) An oxaspiro compound that is(5beta,25R)-spirostan substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29711 - Anti-diabetic Agent Smilagenin (SMI) is a small-molecule steroidal sapogenin from Anemarrhena asphodeloides and Pelargonium hortorum widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating chronic neurodegeneration diseases[1]. Smilagenin (SMI) improves memory of aged rats by increasing the muscarinic receptor subtype 1 (M1)-receptor density[2]. Smilagenin (SMI) attenuates Aβ(25-35)-induced neurodegenerationvia stimulating the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, may represents a novel therapeutic strategy for AD[3]. Smilagenin (SMI) is a small-molecule steroidal sapogenin from Anemarrhena asphodeloides and Pelargonium hortorum widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating chronic neurodegeneration diseases[1]. Smilagenin (SMI) improves memory of aged rats by increasing the muscarinic receptor subtype 1 (M1)-receptor density[2]. Smilagenin (SMI) attenuates Aβ(25-35)-induced neurodegenerationvia stimulating the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, may represents a novel therapeutic strategy for AD[3]. Smilagenin (SMI) is a small-molecule steroidal sapogenin from Anemarrhena asphodeloides and Pelargonium hortorum widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating chronic neurodegeneration diseases[1]. Smilagenin (SMI) improves memory of aged rats by increasing the muscarinic receptor subtype 1 (M1)-receptor density[2]. Smilagenin (SMI) attenuates Aβ(25-35)-induced neurodegenerationvia stimulating the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, may represents a novel therapeutic strategy for AD[3].
beta-Elemene
(-)-beta-elemene is the (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent. beta-Elemene is a natural product found in Xylopia sericea, Eupatorium cannabinum, and other organisms with data available. Beta-elemene is one of the isomers of elemene, a lipid soluble sesquiterpene and the active component isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Rhizoma zedoariae with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Although the exact mechanism of action through which beta-elemene exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent appears to induce apoptosis through different mechanisms of action and induces cell cycle arrest at different stages based on the tumor cell type involved. Beta-elemene may sensitize cancer cells to other chemotherapeutic agents. See also: Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of). Beta-elemene, also known as B-elemen or 2,4-diisopropenyl-1-methyl-1-vinylcyclohexane, is a member of the class of compounds known as elemane sesquiterpenoids. Elemane sesquiterpenoids are sesquiterpenoids with a structure based on the elemane skeleton. Elemane is a monocyclic compound consisting of a cyclohexane ring substituted with a methyl group, an ethyl group, and two 1-methylethyl groups at the 1-, 1-, 2-, and 4-position, respectively. Beta-elemene is a fresh, herbal, and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as lovage, anise, spearmint, and orange mint, which makes beta-elemene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Beta-elemene can be found primarily in saliva. beta-Elemene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as elemane sesquiterpenoids. These are sesquiterpenoids with a structure based on the elemane skeleton. Elemane is a monocyclic compound consisting of a cyclohexane ring substituted with a methyl group, an ethyl group, and two 1-methylethyl groups at the 1-, 1-, 2-, and 4-position, respectively. beta-Elemene can be found in herbs, spices, and root vegetables, which makes beta-elemene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. It is a constituent of sweet flag, juniper oils, and Mentha species. β-Elemene ((-)-β-Elemene; Levo-β-elemene) is isolated from natural plant Curcuma aromatica with an antitumor activity. β-Elemene can induce cell apoptosis. β-Elemene ((-)-β-Elemene; Levo-β-elemene) is isolated from natural plant Curcuma aromatica with an antitumor activity. β-Elemene can induce cell apoptosis.
Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid xanthophyll and is one of the most common carotenoid found in nature. It is the pigment that gives corn, saffron, and many other plants their characteristic color. Zeaxanthin breaks down to form picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the taste and aroma of saffron Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid soluble antioxidants. Zeaxanthin is one of the two carotenoids (the other is lutein) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataract (up to 20\\%) and for age-related macular degeneration (up to 40\\%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations. (PMID: 11023002). Zeaxanthin has been found to be a microbial metabolite, it can be produced by Algibacter, Aquibacter, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Formosa, Gramella, Hyunsoonleella, Kordia, Mesoflavibacter, Muricauda, Nubsella, Paracoccus, Siansivirga, Sphingomonas, Zeaxanthinibacter and yeast (https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0924224417302571?token=DE6BC6CC7DCDEA6150497AA3E375097A00F8E0C12AE03A8E420D85D1AC8855E62103143B5AE0B57E9C5828671F226801). It is a marker for the activity of Bacillus subtilis and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intestine. Higher levels are associated with higher levels of Bacillus or Pseudomonas. (PMID: 17555270; PMID: 12147474) Zeaxanthin is a carotenol. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a cofactor and an antioxidant. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. Zeaxanthin is a most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature that is involved in the xanthophyll cycle. As a coexistent isomer of lutein, zeaxanthin is synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms. It gives the distinct yellow color to many vegetables and other plants including paprika, corn, saffron and wolfberries. Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye and plays a predominant component in the central macula. It is available as a dietary supplement for eye health benefits and potential prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Zeaxanthin is also added as a food dye. Zeaxanthin is a natural product found in Bangia fuscopurpurea, Erythrobacter longus, and other organisms with data available. Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. See also: Saffron (part of); Corn (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Anagyrine
Anagyrine is an alkaloid. Anagyrine is a natural product found in Daphniphyllum oldhamii, Ormosia fordiana, and other organisms with data available. Thermospine is a natural product found in Platycelyphium voense, Thermopsis mongolica, and other organisms with data available. Thermopsine is a quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from the fruits and pods and stem bark of Sophora velutina subsp. Thermopsine has antibacterial activity[1].
Chrysoeriol
Chrysoeriol, also known as 3-O-methylluteolin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-O-methylated flavonoids. These are flavonoids with methoxy groups attached to the C3 atom of the flavonoid backbone. Thus, chrysoeriol is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Chrysoeriol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Chrysoeriol is a bitter-tasting compound. Outside of the human body, chrysoeriol has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as wild celeries, ryes, hard wheat, alfalfa, and triticales. This could make chrysoeriol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4,5,7-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone is the 3-O-methyl derivative of luteolin. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an antioxidant and a metabolite. It is a trihydroxyflavone and a monomethoxyflavone. It is functionally related to a luteolin. It is a conjugate acid of a 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyflavon-7-olate(1-). Chrysoeriol is a natural product found in Haplophyllum ramosissimum, Myoporum tenuifolium, and other organisms with data available. See also: Acai (part of); Acai fruit pulp (part of). Widespread flavone. Chrysoeriol is found in many foods, some of which are peanut, german camomile, tarragon, and alfalfa. The 3-O-methyl derivative of luteolin. Chrysoeriol, a natural flavonoid extracted from the tropical plant Coronopus didymus, exhibits potent antioxidant activity. Chrysoeriol shows significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation[1]. Chrysoeriol, a natural flavonoid extracted from the tropical plant Coronopus didymus, exhibits potent antioxidant activity. Chrysoeriol shows significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation[1].
Kurarinol
Kurarinol is a trihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2 and 4 , a methoxy group at position 5 and a (2S)-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hexyl group at position 8 respectively. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory agent, an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It is a trihydroxyflavanone, a monomethoxyflavanone and a member of 4-hydroxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a (2S)-flavanone. Kurarinol is a natural product found in Albizia julibrissin and Sophora flavescens with data available. A trihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2 and 4 , a methoxy group at position 5 and a (2S)-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hexyl group at position 8 respectively.
(-)-Pinoresinol
(-)-pinoresinol is an enantiomer of pinoresinol having (-)-1R,3aS,4R,6aS-configuration. It has a role as a plant metabolite. (-)-Pinoresinol is a natural product found in Dendrobium loddigesii, Forsythia suspensa, and other organisms with data available. An enantiomer of pinoresinol having (-)-1R,3aS,4R,6aS-configuration.
Sterculic acid
Sterculic acid, also known as 2-octyl-1-cyclopropene-1-octanoic acid or 8-(2-octyl-cycloprop-1-enyl)-octansaeure, is a member of the class of compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Thus, sterculic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Sterculic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Sterculic acid can be found in peanut and roselle, which makes sterculic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Sterculic acid is a long-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid composed of 9-octadecenoic acid having a 9,10-cyclopropenyl group. It is a cyclopropenyl fatty acid, a long-chain fatty acid and a monounsaturated fatty acid. It is functionally related to an octadec-9-enoic acid. Sterculic acid is a natural product found in Hibiscus syriacus, Amaranthus cruentus, and other organisms with data available.
Dimethylallylpyrophosphate
Prenyl diphosphate is a prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol. It has a role as an epitope, a phosphoantigen, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a prenyl diphosphate(3-). Dimethylallylpyrophosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Dimethylallyl diphosphate is a natural product found in Centaurium erythraea, Streptomyces albidoflavus, and other organisms with data available. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate, also known as 2-isopentenyl diphosphate or delta-prenyl diphosphoric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isoprenoid phosphates. These are prenol lipids containing a phosphate group linked to an isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) unit. Dimethylallylpyrophosphate is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (or -diphosphate) (DMAPP) is an intermediate product of both mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and DOXP/MEP pathway. It is an isomer of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and exists in virtually all life forms. A prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol.
5-Hydroxyxanthotoxin
5-hydroxyxanthotoxin is a member of the class of psoralens that is xanthotoxin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5. It has a role as a metabolite. It is functionally related to a methoxsalen. It is a conjugate acid of a 5-hydroxyxanthotoxin(1-). 5-Hydroxyxanthotoxin is a natural product found in Niphogeton ternata and Apis cerana with data available. D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents > D017319 - Photosensitizing Agents > D011564 - Furocoumarins A member of the class of psoralens that is xanthotoxin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.
Zingiberene
Zingiberene is 2-Methylcyclohexa-1,3-diene in which a hydrogen at the 5 position is substituted (R configuration) by a 6-methyl-hept-5-en-2-yl group (S configuration). It is a sesquiterpene found in the dried rhizomes of Indonesian ginger, Zingiber officinale. It is a sesquiterpene and a cyclohexadiene. It is an enantiomer of an ent-zingiberene. Zingiberene is a natural product found in Chaerophyllum azoricum, Helichrysum odoratissimum, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of ginger oiland is) also from wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum), long pepper (Piper longum) and kua (Curcuma zedoaria). Zingiberene is found in many foods, some of which are cloves, pepper (spice), ginger, and turmeric. Zingiberene is found in anise. Zingiberene is a constituent of ginger oil. Also from wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum), long pepper (Piper longum) and kua (Curcuma zedoaria)
Acetyldigitoxin
Acetyldigitoxin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cardioactive derivative of lanatoside A or of digitoxin used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure.Acetyldigitoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the α-subunit of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes). This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which then leads to a rise in the level of calcium ions. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump leads to increased Na+ levels, which in turn slows down the extrusion of Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchange pump. Increased amounts of Ca2+ are then stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released by each action potential, which is unchanged by acetyldigitoxin. This is a different mechanism from that of catecholamines. Acetyldigitoxin also increases vagal activity via its central action on the central nervous system, thus decreasing the conduction of electrical impulses through the AV node. This is important for its clinical use in different arrhythmias. 3-O-acetyldigitoxin is a cardenolide glycoside compound consisting of digitoxin having an acetyl substituent at the 3-position on the D-ribo-hexopyranosyl residue at the non-reducing end. It has a role as an anti-arrhythmia drug, a cardiotonic drug and an enzyme inhibitor. It is functionally related to a digitoxin. Cardioactive derivative of lanatoside A or of digitoxin used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure. Acetyldigitoxin is a natural product found in Digitalis grandiflora and Digitalis lanata with data available. Cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside A or of DIGITOXIN. They are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure. See also: Digitoxin (has active moiety) ... View More ... C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AA - Digitalis glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D004071 - Digitalis Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D000112 - Acetyldigitoxins C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C47793 - Antiarrhythmic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
3-hydroxybenzaldehyde is a hydroxybenzaldehyde carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 3. 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a natural product found in Rhytidoponera metallica, Marchantia polymorpha, and other organisms with data available. 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, also known as 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde or m-hydroxybenzaldehyde, is an organic compound belonging to the class of aromatic aldehydes. Its chemical formula is C7H6O2 and it is characterized by a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group (-OH) and an aldehyde group (-CHO) attached at the meta position on the ring. Biologically, 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde has been found to possess several interesting properties: 1. **Antioxidant Activity**: It exhibits antioxidant properties, which means it can neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. This can be beneficial in reducing oxidative stress, which is associated with various diseases and aging. 2. **Antimicrobial Effects**: 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has shown antimicrobial activity against a range of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. This makes it a potential candidate for the development of new antimicrobial agents. 3. **Anti-inflammatory Properties**: Some studies have indicated that this compound may have anti-inflammatory effects, which could be useful in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. 4. **Cytotoxicity**: It has been observed to have cytotoxic effects on certain types of cancer cells, suggesting a potential role in cancer therapy. However, more research is needed in this area. 5. **Enzyme Inhibition**: 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde can inhibit the activity of certain enzymes, which may have implications in the management of conditions where these enzymes play a pathological role. It's important to note that while 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde has these biological properties, its use in practical applications, especially in a medical context, is still largely experimental and requires further research. The compound's effects and safety profile need to be thoroughly evaluated before it can be considered for widespread use in therapeutic or preventive treatments. 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=100-83-4 (retrieved 2024-08-06) (CAS RN: 100-83-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde?is a precursor compound for phenolic compounds, such as Protocatechualdehyde (HY-N0295). 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a substrate of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in rats and humans (ALDH2). 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has vasculoprotective effects?in vitro and in vivo[1]. 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde?is a precursor compound for phenolic compounds, such as Protocatechualdehyde (HY-N0295). 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a substrate of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in rats and humans (ALDH2). 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has vasculoprotective effects?in vitro and in vivo[1]. 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde?is a precursor compound for phenolic compounds, such as Protocatechualdehyde (HY-N0295). 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a substrate of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in rats and humans (ALDH2). 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has vasculoprotective effects?in vitro and in vivo[1].
Anabasine
Anabasine is a pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a teratogenic agent and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. It is a piperidine alkaloid and a pyridine alkaloid. Anabasine is a natural product found in Nicotiana, Nicotiana tabacum, and Anabasis aphylla with data available. Anabasine is a nicotine analog that is an alkaloid found in tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) and is comprised of a pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3. Anabasine has been used as an industrial insecticide and, since it is present in trace amounts in tobacco smoke, its detection in urine can be used as an indicator of exposure to tobacco smoke. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. Its decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide. Anabasine is a pyridine alkaloid found in the stem of the (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of (Nicotiana tabacum) the common tobacco plant. Anabasine is a metabolite of nicotine which can be used as an indicator of a persons exposure to tobbacco smoke. A piperidine botanical insecticide. A piperidine botanical insecticide. Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. Its decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3. D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals (±) Anabasine is a biphasic muscle relaxant. (±) Anabasine is a biphasic muscle relaxant. Anabasine ((S)-Anabasine) is an alkaloid that found as a minor component in tobacco (Nicotiana). Anabasine is a botanical?pesticide?nicotine, acts as a full agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Anabasine induces depolarization of TE671 cells endogenously expressing human fetal muscle-type nAChRs (EC50=0.7 μM)[1][2]. Anabasine ((S)-Anabasine) is an alkaloid that found as a minor component in tobacco (Nicotiana). Anabasine is a botanical?pesticide?nicotine, acts as a full agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Anabasine induces depolarization of TE671 cells endogenously expressing human fetal muscle-type nAChRs (EC50=0.7 μM)[1][2].
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate, also known as atp or atriphos, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside triphosphates. Purine ribonucleoside triphosphates are purine ribobucleotides with a triphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Adenosine triphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Adenosine triphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as lichee, alpine sweetvetch, pecan nut, and black mulberry, which makes adenosine triphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Adenosine triphosphate can be found primarily in blood, cellular cytoplasm, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. Adenosine triphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, adenosine triphosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis PE(16:0/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)), carteolol action pathway, phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis PE(20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)/15:0), and carfentanil action pathway. Adenosine triphosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (wolman disease), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency 1 (PEPCK1), propionic acidemia, and the oncogenic action of d-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria. Moreover, adenosine triphosphate is found to be associated with rachialgia, neuroinfection, stroke, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Adenosine triphosphate is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Adenosine triphosphate is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalanc. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes. Found in all forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. When consumed in metabolic processes, it converts to either the di- or monophosphates, respectively ADP and AMP. Other processes regenerate ATP such that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day. It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA . ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ATP also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids. ATP can be produced by various cellular processes, most typically in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation under the catalytic influence of ATP synthase. The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.1 mole. The energy used by human cells requires the hydrolysis of 200 to 300 moles of ATP daily. This means that each ATP molecule is recycled 2000 to 3000 times during a single day. ATP cannot be stored, hence its consumption must closely follow its synthesis (DrugBank). Metabolism of organophosphates occurs principally by oxidation, by hydrolysis via esterases and by reaction with glutathione. Demethylation and glucuronidation may also occur. Oxidation of organophosphorus pesticides may result in moderately toxic products. In general, phosphorothioates are not directly toxic but require oxidative metabolism to the proximal toxin. The glutathione transferase reactions produce products that are, in most cases, of low toxicity. Paraoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of organophosphate exposure (T3DB). ATP is an adenosine 5-phosphate in which the 5-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a fundamental metabolite and a cofactor. It is an adenosine 5-phosphate and a purine ribonucleoside 5-triphosphate. It is a conjugate acid of an ATP(3-). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. Adenosine triphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Adenosine-5-triphosphate is a natural product found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arabidopsis thaliana, and other organisms with data available. Adenosine Triphosphate is an adenine nucleotide comprised of three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety, found in all living cells. Adenosine triphosphate is involved in energy production for metabolic processes and RNA synthesis. In addition, this substance acts as a neurotransmitter. In cancer studies, adenosine triphosphate is synthesized to examine its use to decrease weight loss and improve muscle strength. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (A3367, A3368, A3369, A3370, A3371). Adenosine triphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473). 5′-ATP. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-65-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-65-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Orcinol
Orcinol is a 5-alkylresorcinol in which the alkyl group is specified as methyl. It has a role as an Aspergillus metabolite. It is a 5-alkylresorcinol and a dihydroxytoluene. Orcinol is a natural product found in Calluna vulgaris, Rumex patientia, and other organisms with data available. A 5-alkylresorcinol in which the alkyl group is specified as methyl. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.272 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.266 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.263 KEIO_ID O013
Harmine
C13H12N2O (212.09495819999998)
Harmine is a harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7. It has a role as a metabolite, an anti-HIV agent and an EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor. It derives from a hydride of a harman. Harmine is a natural product found in Thalictrum foetidum, Acraea andromacha, and other organisms with data available. Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920s. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C667 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); NaToxAq - Natural Toxins and Drinking Water Quality - From Source to Tap (https://natoxaq.ku.dk) [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_pos_40eV_CB000020.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_pos_50eV_CB000020.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_pos_10eV_CB000020.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_pos_30eV_CB000020.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_pos_20eV_CB000020.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2884 [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_neg_50eV_000013.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_neg_30eV_000013.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_neg_10eV_000013.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_neg_20eV_000013.txt [Raw Data] CB043_Harmine_neg_40eV_000013.txt Harmine is a natural dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) inhibitor with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Harmine has a high affinity of 5-HT2A serotonin receptor, with an Ki of 397 nM[1]. Harmine is a natural dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) inhibitor with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Harmine has a high affinity of 5-HT2A serotonin receptor, with an Ki of 397 nM[1]. Harmine is a natural dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) inhibitor with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Harmine has a high affinity of 5-HT2A serotonin receptor, with an Ki of 397 nM[1].
Angustifoline
Angustifoline is a member of quinolizidines and a cyclic ketone. 4-(Prop-2-en-1-yl)decahydro-8H-1,5-methanopyrido[1,2-a][1,5]diazocin-8-one is a natural product found in Haplophyllum thesioides, Lupinus hintonii, and other organisms with data available. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 54 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 18 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 33 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 40 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 25 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 10 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 3
Dihydrochelirubine
Dihydrochelirubine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid that is dihydrosanguinarine bearing a methoxy substituent at position 10. It has a role as a metabolite. It is functionally related to a dihydrosanguinarine. Dihydrochelirubine is a natural product found in Eschscholzia californica, Glaucium flavum, and other organisms with data available. A benzophenanthridine alkaloid that is dihydrosanguinarine bearing a methoxy substituent at position 10.
Trehalose
C12H22O11 (342.11620619999997)
Trehalose, also known as mycose, is a 1-alpha (disaccharide) sugar found extensively but not abundantly in nature. It is thought to be implicated in anhydrobiosis - the ability of plants and animals to withstand prolonged periods of desiccation. The sugar is thought to form a gel phase as cells dehydrate, which prevents disruption of internal cell organelles by effectively splinting them in position. Rehydration then allows normal cellular activity to be resumed without the major, generally lethal damage that would normally follow a dehydration/reyhdration cycle. Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar formed from two glucose units joined by a 1-1 alpha bond giving it the name of alpha-D-glucopyranoglucopyranosyl-1,1-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. The bonding makes trehalose very resistant to acid hydrolysis, and therefore stable in solution at high temperatures even under acidic conditions. The bonding also keeps non-reducing sugars in closed-ring form, such that the aldehyde or ketone end-groups do not bind to the lysine or arginine residues of proteins (a process called glycation). The enzyme trehalase, present but not abundant in most people, breaks it into two glucose molecules, which can then be readily absorbed in the gut. Trehalose is an important components of insects circulating fluid. It acts as a storage form of insect circulating fluid and it is important in respiration. Trehalose has also been found to be a metabolite of Burkholderia, Escherichia and Propionibacterium (PMID:12105274; PMID:25479689) (krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/84382/1/88571\\\\%20P-1257.pdf). Alpha,alpha-trehalose is a trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a geroprotector. Cabaletta has been used in trials studying the treatment of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy. Trehalose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Trehalose is a natural product found in Cora pavonia, Selaginella nothohybrida, and other organisms with data available. Trehalose is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Occurs in fungi. EU and USA approved sweetener Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 149 D-(+)-Trehalose,which is widespread, can be used as a food ingredient and pharmaceutical excipient. D-(+)-Trehalose,which is widespread, can be used as a food ingredient and pharmaceutical excipient.
Squalene
Squalene is an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon (carotenoid) with six unconjugated double bonds found in human sebum (5\\\\%), fish liver oils, yeast lipids, and many vegetable oils (e.g. palm oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil). Squalene is a volatile component of the scent material from Saguinus oedipus (cotton-top tamarin monkey) and Saguinus fuscicollis (saddle-back tamarin monkey) (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Reference). Squalene is a component of adult human sebum that is principally responsible for fixing fingerprints (ChemNetBase). It is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though there are botanical sources as well, including rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All higher organisms produce squalene, including humans. It is a hydrocarbon and a triterpene. Squalene is a biochemical precursor to the whole family of steroids. Oxidation of one of the terminal double bonds of squalene yields 2,3-squalene oxide which undergoes enzyme-catalyzed cyclization to afford lanosterol, which is then elaborated into cholesterol and other steroids. Squalene is a low-density compound often stored in the bodies of cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, which lack a swim bladder and must therefore reduce their body density with fats and oils. Squalene, which is stored mainly in the sharks liver, is lighter than water with a specific gravity of 0.855 (Wikipedia) Squalene is used as a bactericide. It is also an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, rubber chemicals, and colouring materials (Physical Constants of Chemical Substances). Trans-squalene is a clear, slightly yellow liquid with a faint odor. Density 0.858 g / cm3. Squalene is a triterpene consisting of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane having six double bonds at the 2-, 6-, 10-, 14-, 18- and 22-positions with (all-E)-configuration. It has a role as a human metabolite, a plant metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. Squalene is originally obtained from shark liver oil. It is a natural 30-carbon isoprenoid compound and intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of cholesterol. It is not susceptible to lipid peroxidation and provides skin protection. It is ubiquitously distributed in human tissues where it is transported in serum generally in association with very low density lipoproteins. Squalene is investigated as an adjunctive cancer therapy. Squalene is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Garcinia multiflora, and other organisms with data available. squalene is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A natural 30-carbon triterpene. See also: Olive Oil (part of); Shark Liver Oil (part of). A triterpene consisting of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane having six double bonds at the 2-, 6-, 10-, 14-, 18- and 22-positions with (all-E)-configuration. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol, and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity. Squalene also has anti-fungal activity and can be used for the research of Trichophyton mentagrophytes research[2]. Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol, and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity. Squalene also has anti-fungal activity and can be used for the research of Trichophyton mentagrophytes research[2].
(2S,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol
Borneol appears as a white colored lump-solid with a sharp camphor-like odor. Burns readily. Slightly denser than water and insoluble in water. Used to make perfumes. Borneol is a bornane monoterpenoid that is 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It has a role as a volatile oil component and a metabolite. Isoborneol is a natural product found in Xylopia sericea, Eupatorium capillifolium, and other organisms with data available. Both Borneol and Isoborneol and their acetates and formates are used as flavouring agents. 2-Bornanol is found in turmeric. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2]. Isoborneol ((±)-Isoborneol) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oils of numerous medicinal plants and has antioxidant and antiviral properties. Isoborneol is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)[1][2].
Guaiacol
O-methoxyphenol appears as colorless to amber crystals or liquid. Density (of solid) 1.129 g / cm3. Solidifies at 28 °C (82.4 °F), but may remain liquid for a long time even at a much lower temperature. Slightly water soluble. Soluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Used medicinally as an expectorant. Used, because of its anti-oxidant properties, as an anti-skinning agent for paints. Guaiacol is a monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position. It has a role as an expectorant, a disinfectant, a plant metabolite and an EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor. It is functionally related to a catechol. Guaiacol is an agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. Guaiacol is a phenolic natural product first isolated from Guaiac resin and the oxidation of lignin. Guaiacol is also present in wood smoke, as a product of pyrolysis of lignin. Guaiacol has been found in the urine of patients with neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. Guaiacol is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Castanopsis cuspidata, and other organisms with data available. Guaiacol is a phenolic compound with a methoxy group and is the monomethyl ether of catechol. Guaiacol is readily oxidized by the heme iron of peroxidases including the peroxidase of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. It therefore serves as a reducing co-substrate for COX reactions. Guaiacol is a phenolic natural product first isolated from Guaiac resin and the oxidation of lignin. It is a yellowish aromatic oil that is now commonly derived from guaiacum or wood creosote. It is used medicinally as an expectorant, antiseptic, and local anesthetic. Guaiacol is used in traditional dental pulp sedation, and has the property of inducing cell proliferation; guaiacol is a potent scavenger of reactive oxygen radicals and its radical scavenging activity may be associated with its effect on cell proliferation. Guaiacol is also used in the preparation of synthetic vanillin. Guaiacol is also present in wood smoke, as a product of pyrolysis of lignin. Guaiacol has been found in the urine of patients with neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. (A3556, A3559). 2-methoxyphenol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747) See also: Wood Creosote (part of); Tolu balsam (USP) (part of). Guaiacol is a phenolic compound with a methoxy group and is the monomethyl ether of catechol. Guaiacol is readily oxidized by the heme iron of peroxidases including the peroxidase of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. It therefore serves as a reducing co-substrate for COX reactions. Guaiacol is a phenolic natural product first isolated from Guaiac resin and the oxidation of lignin. It is a yellowish aromatic oil that is now commonly derived from guaiacum or wood creosote. It is used medicinally as an expectorant, antiseptic, and local anesthetic. Guaiacol is used in traditional dental pulp sedation, and has the property of inducing cell proliferation; guaiacol is a potent scavenger of reactive oxygen radicals and its radical scavenging activity may be associated with its effect on cell proliferation. Guaiacol is also used in the preparation of synthetic vanillin. Guaiacol is also present in wood smoke, as a product of pyrolysis of lignin. Guaiacol has been found in the urine of patients with neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. (PMID 4344880, 16152729). Present in Parmesan cheese, tea and soybean. Flavouring ingredient. 2-Methoxyphenol is found in many foods, some of which are milk and milk products, asparagus, pepper (c. annuum), and wild celery. R - Respiratory system > R05 - Cough and cold preparations > R05C - Expectorants, excl. combinations with cough suppressants > R05CA - Expectorants A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C29767 - Expectorant Guaiacol, a phenolic compound, inhibits LPS-stimulated COX-2 expression and NF-κB activation[1]. Anti-inflammatory activity[1]. Guaiacol, a phenolic compound, inhibits LPS-stimulated COX-2 expression and NF-κB activation[1]. Anti-inflammatory activity[1].
Plantagoside
Plantagoside is a flavanone glycoside that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 4 and 5 and a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 3 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a flavanone glycoside, a tetrahydroxyflavanone, a monosaccharide derivative, a beta-D-glucoside and a member of 4-hydroxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a (2S)-flavanone. Plantagoside is a natural product found in Plantago asiatica, Plantago major, and other organisms with data available. A flavanone glycoside that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 4 and 5 and a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 3 respectively. Plantagoside, isolated from the seeds of Plantago asiatica, is a specific and non-competitive inhibitor for jack bean α-mannosidase, with an IC50 of 5 μM[1]. Plantagoside, isolated from the seeds of Plantago asiatica, is a specific and non-competitive inhibitor for jack bean α-mannosidase, with an IC50 of 5 μM[1].
Isorhamnetin
3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone is a tetrahydroxyflavone having the 4-hydroxy groups located at the 3- 4- 5- and 7-positions as well as a methoxy group at the 2-position. It has a role as a metabolite and an antimicrobial agent. It is a tetrahydroxyflavone and a monomethoxyflavone. It is functionally related to a quercetin. It is a conjugate acid of a 3,4,5-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavon-7-olate. 3-O-Methylquercetin is a natural product found in Lotus ucrainicus, Wollastonia biflora, and other organisms with data available. See also: Tobacco Leaf (part of). 3-O-Methylquercetin (3-MQ), a main constituent of Rhamnus nakaharai, inhibits total cAMP and cGMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) of guinea pig trachealis. 3-O-Methylquercetin (3-MQ) exhibits IC50 values ranging from 1.6-86.9 μM for PDE isozymes (PDE1-5)[1]. 3-O-Methylquercetin (3-MQ), a main constituent of Rhamnus nakaharai, inhibits total cAMP and cGMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) of guinea pig trachealis. 3-O-Methylquercetin (3-MQ) exhibits IC50 values ranging from 1.6-86.9 μM for PDE isozymes (PDE1-5)[1].
Putrescine
Putrescine is a four-carbon alkane-alpha,omega-diamine. It is obtained by the breakdown of amino acids and is responsible for the foul odour of putrefying flesh. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite and an antioxidant. It is a conjugate base of a 1,4-butanediammonium. Putrescine is a toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. Putrescine is a solid. This compound belongs to the polyamines. These are compounds containing more than one amine group. Known drug targets of putrescine include putrescine-binding periplasmic protein, ornithine decarboxylase, and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme. Putrescine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). 1,4-Diaminobutane is a natural product found in Eupatorium cannabinum, Populus tremula, and other organisms with data available. Putrescine is a four carbon diamine produced during tissue decomposition by the decarboxylation of amino acids. Polyamines, including putrescine, may act as growth factors that promote cell division; however, putrescine is toxic at high doses. Putrescine is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be subdivided into three major groups based upon their chemical and physical characteristics: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as the phenols and 3) larger so-called middle-molecules, such as beta2-microglobulin. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.Putrescine is a polyamine. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine is also found in semen. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. The polyamines, of which putrescine is one of the simplest, appear to be growth factors necessary for cell division. Putrescine apparently has specific role in skin physiology and neuroprotection. Pharmacological interventions have demonstrated convincingly that a steady supply of polyamines is a prerequisite for cell proliferation to occur. Genetic engineering of polyamine metabolism in transgenic rodents has shown that polyamines play a role in spermatogenesis, skin physiology, promotion of tumorigenesis and organ hypertrophy as well as neuronal protection. Transgenic activation of polyamine catabolism not only profoundly disturbs polyamine homeostasis in most tissues, but also creates a complex phenotype affecting skin, female fertility, fat depots, pancreatic integrity and regenerative growth. Transgenic expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme has suggested that this unique protein may act as a general tumor suppressor. Homozygous deficiency of the key biosynthetic enzymes of the polyamines, ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase is not compatible with murine embryogenesis. (A3286, A3287). Putrescine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. Putrescine is a polyamine. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID:22626821). It is also found in semen. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. The polyamines, of which putrescine is one of the simplest, appear to be growth factors necessary for cell division. Putrescine apparently has specific role in skin physiology and neuroprotection. (PMID:15009201, 16364196). Pharmacological interventions have demonstrated convincingly that a steady supply of polyamines is a prerequisite for cell proliferation to occur. Genetic engineering of polyamine metabolism in transgenic rodents has shown that polyamines play a role in spermatogenesis, skin physiology, promotion of tumorigenesis and organ hypertrophy as well as neuronal protection. Transgenic activation of polyamine catabolism not only profoundly disturbs polyamine homeostasis in most tissues, but also creates a complex phenotype affecting skin, female fertility, fat depots, pancreatic integrity and regenerative growth. Transgenic expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme has suggested that this unique protein may act as a general tumor suppressor. Homozygous deficiency of the key biosynthetic enzymes of the polyamines, ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase is not compatible with murine embryogenesis. Putrescine can be found in Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Cronobacter and Enterobacter (PMID:27872963) (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1541-4337.12099). Putrescine is an organic chemical compound related to cadaverine; both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. The two compounds are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. They are also found in semen and some microalgae, together with related molecules like spermine and spermidine. A four-carbon alkane-alpha,omega-diamine. It is obtained by the breakdown of amino acids and is responsible for the foul odour of putrefying flesh. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID B001
Myristicin
Myristicin is an organic molecular entity. It has a role as a metabolite. Myristicin is a natural product found in Chaerophyllum azoricum, Peperomia bracteata, and other organisms with data available. Myristicin is found in anise. Myristicin is a constituent of dill, nutmeg, parsley and many other essential oils. May be responsible for psychotic effects of nutmeg at large doses Myristicin, 3-methoxy,4,5-methylendioxy-allylbenzene, is a natural organic compound present in the essential oil of nutmeg and to a lesser extent in other spices such as parsley and dill. Myristicin is a naturally occurring insecticide and acaricide with possible neurotoxic effects on dopaminergic neurons[citation needed]. It has hallucinogenic properties at doses much higher than used in cooking. Myristicin is a weak inhibitor of monoamine oxidase.Myristicin has been shown to exhibit apoptotic and hepatoprotective functions (A7836, A7837).Myristicin belongs to the family of Benzodioxoles. These are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to either isomers of dioxole. Myristicin is found in anise. Myristicin is a constituent of dill, nutmeg, parsley and many other essential oils. May be responsible for psychotic effects of nutmeg at large doses Myristicin, 3-methoxy,4,5-methylendioxy-allylbenzene, is a natural organic compound present in the essential oil of nutmeg and to a lesser extent in other spices such as parsley and dill. Myristicin is a naturally occurring insecticide and acaricide with possible neurotoxic effects on dopaminergic neurons[citation needed]. It has hallucinogenic properties at doses much higher than used in cooking. Myristicin is a weak inhibitor of monoamine oxidase Constituent of dill, nutmeg, parsley and many other essential oils. May be responsible for psychotic effects of nutmeg at large doses Myristicine ?act as a serotonin receptor antagonist, a weak monamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. Myristicine is the main component of nutmeg essential oil from Myristica fragrans?Houtt. Myristicine abuse produce hallucinogenic effects, organ damage, deliriumand others[1]. Myristicine is an orally bioavailable serotonin receptor antagonist and weak monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. Myristicine also exerts anti-cancer effects on gastric cancer cells by inhibiting the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway. Myristicine is the main component of nutmeg essential oil and has anti-cancer, anti-proliferative, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-inducing effects. Myristicine abuse can produce hallucinogenic effects, organ damage, etc[1][2][3][4]. Myristicine is an orally bioavailable serotonin receptor antagonist and weak monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. Myristicine also exerts anti-cancer effects on gastric cancer cells by inhibiting the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway. Myristicine is the main component of nutmeg essential oil and has anti-cancer, anti-proliferative, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-inducing effects. Myristicine abuse can produce hallucinogenic effects, organ damage, etc[1][2][3][4]. Myristicine ?act as a serotonin receptor antagonist, a weak monamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. Myristicine is the main component of nutmeg essential oil from Myristica fragrans?Houtt. Myristicine abuse produce hallucinogenic effects, organ damage, deliriumand others[1].
Osthenol
Osthenol is a hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 8 has been replaced by a prenyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an antifungal agent. It is functionally related to an umbelliferone. Osthenol is a natural product found in Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Prangos tschimganica, and other organisms with data available. Isolated from seeds of Apium graveolens. Osthenol is found in many foods, some of which are green vegetables, wild celery, fennel, and angelica. A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 8 has been replaced by a prenyl group. Osthenol is found in angelica. Osthenol is isolated from seeds of Apium graveolens. Osthenol (Ostenol), a prenylated coumarin isolated from the dried roots of Angelica pubescens, is selective, reversible, and competitive human monoamine oxidase-A (hMAO-A) inhibitor (Ki=0.26 μM). Osthenol potently inhibits recombinant hMAO-A with an IC50 of 0.74 μM and shows a high selectivity index for hMAO-A versus hMAO-B[1]. Osthenol (Ostenol), a prenylated coumarin isolated from the dried roots of Angelica pubescens, is selective, reversible, and competitive human monoamine oxidase-A (hMAO-A) inhibitor (Ki=0.26 μM). Osthenol potently inhibits recombinant hMAO-A with an IC50 of 0.74 μM and shows a high selectivity index for hMAO-A versus hMAO-B[1].
Pinobanksin
Pinobanksin is a trihydroxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 3, 5 and 7. It has a role as an antimutagen, an antioxidant and a metabolite. It is a trihydroxyflavanone and a secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone. Pinobanksin is a natural product found in Populus koreana, Ozothamnus stirlingii, and other organisms with data available. Pinobanksin has apoptotic induction in a B-cell lymphoma cell line[1].
Phytol
Phytol, also known as trans-phytol or 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol, is a member of the class of compounds known as acyclic diterpenoids. Acyclic diterpenoids are diterpenoids (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle. Thus, phytol is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Phytol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Phytol can be found in a number of food items such as salmonberry, rose hip, malus (crab apple), and black raspberry, which makes phytol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Phytol can be found primarily in human fibroblasts tissue. Phytol is an acyclic diterpene alcohol that can be used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. In ruminants, the gut fermentation of ingested plant materials liberates phytol, a constituent of chlorophyll, which is then converted to phytanic acid and stored in fats. In shark liver it yields pristane . Phytol is a diterpenoid that is hexadec-2-en-1-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a schistosomicide drug and an algal metabolite. It is a diterpenoid and a long-chain primary fatty alcohol. Phytol is a natural product found in Elodea canadensis, Wendlandia formosana, and other organisms with data available. Phytol is an acyclic diterpene alcohol and a constituent of chlorophyll. Phytol is commonly used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. Furthermore, phytol also was shown to modulate transcription in cells via transcription factors PPAR-alpha and retinoid X receptor (RXR). Acyclic diterpene used in making synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. Phytol is a natural linear diterpene alcohol which is used in the preparation of vitamins E and K1. It is also a decomposition product of chlorophyll. It is an oily liquid that is nearly insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents. -- Wikipedia. A diterpenoid that is hexadec-2-en-1-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28269 - Phytochemical Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1]. Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1].
Sophoramine
Sophoramine is a naphthyridine derivative. Sophoramine is a natural product found in Sophora viciifolia, Sophora pachycarpa, and other organisms with data available.
Licoricone
Licoricone is a hydroxyisoflavone which is isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 6, methoxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and a prenyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an antibacterial agent. It is a hydroxyisoflavone and a member of 4-methoxyisoflavones. It is functionally related to an isoflavone. Licoricone is a natural product found in Glycyrrhiza, Apis cerana, and other organisms with data available. See also: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Root (part of). A hydroxyisoflavone which is isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 6, methoxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and a prenyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Licoricone is found in herbs and spices. Licoricone is a constituent of the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice)
Licoricidin
Licoricidin is a member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is R-isoflavan with hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2 and 4, a methoxy group at position 5 and prenyl groups at positions 6 and 3. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antibacterial activity. It has a role as an antibacterial agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of hydroxyisoflavans, an aromatic ether and a methoxyisoflavan. Licoricidin is a natural product found in Glycyrrhiza, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and other organisms with data available. See also: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Root (part of). Licoricidin is found in herbs and spices. Licoricidin is a constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice). Constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice). Licoricidin is found in tea and herbs and spices.
Coclaurine
C17H19NO3 (285.13648639999997)
(S)-coclaurine is the (S)-enantiomer of coclaurine. It is a conjugate base of a (S)-coclaurinium. It is an enantiomer of a (R)-coclaurine. Coclaurine is a natural product found in Delphinium pentagynum, Damburneya salicifolia, and other organisms with data available. Coclaurine, also known as (r,s)-coclaurine or machiline, is a member of the class of compounds known as benzylisoquinolines. Benzylisoquinolines are organic compounds containing an isoquinoline to which a benzyl group is attached. Coclaurine is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Coclaurine can be found in custard apple and soursop, which makes coclaurine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Coclaurine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist which has been isolated from a variety of plant sources including Nelumbo nucifera, Sarcopetalum harveyanum, Ocotea duckei, and others. It belongs to the class of tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids. Dimerization of coclaurine leads to the biscoclaurine alkaloids such as cepharanthine .
Enmein
Enmein is a delta-lactone. It has a role as a metabolite. Enmein is a natural product found in Isodon oresbius, Isodon serra, and other organisms with data available. A natural product found in Isodon eriocalyx.
Lotaustralin
Lotaustralin is a cyanogenic glycoside. Lotaustralin is a natural product found in Osteospermum ecklonis, Lotus arenarius, and other organisms with data available. Epilotaustralin is found in cereals and cereal products. Epilotaustralin is isolated from Triticum monococcum (wheat). Glycoside from Trifolium repens (white clover) and other plants Lotaustralin is a cyanogenic glucoside isolated from Manihot esculenta [1].
Nonacosane
Nonacosane, also known as CH3-[CH2]27-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Nonacosane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, nonacosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Nonacosane is a straight-chain hydrocarbon with a molecular formula of C29H60. Nonacosane has been identified within several essential oils. Nonacosane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as peachs, ginkgo nuts, cauliflowers, arabica coffee, and lambsquarters. This could make nonacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Nonacosane occurs naturally and has been reported to be a component of a pheromone of Orgyia leucostigma, and evidence suggests it plays a role in the chemical communication of several insects, including the female Anopheles stephensi (a mosquito). It can also be prepared synthetically. It has 1,590,507,121 constitutional isomers. Nonacosane, also known as ch3-[ch2]27-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, nonacosane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Nonacosane can be found in a number of food items such as garden tomato (variety), papaya, brussel sprouts, and wild carrot, which makes nonacosane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nonacosane occurs naturally and has been reported to be a component of a pheromone of Orgyia leucostigma, and evidence suggests it plays a role in the chemical communication of several insects, including the female Anopheles stephensi (a mosquito) . Nonacosane is a straight-chain alkane comprising of 29 carbon atoms. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. Nonacosane is a natural product found in Euphorbia larica, Quercus salicina, and other organisms with data available. See also: Moringa oleifera leaf oil (part of). A straight-chain alkane comprising of 29 carbon atoms. Nonacosane, isolated from Baphia massaiensis, exhibits weak activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus[1]. Nonacosane, isolated from Baphia massaiensis, exhibits weak activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus[1].
Medicarpin
A member of the class of pterocarpans that is 3-hydroxyptercarpan with a methoxy substituent at position 9. (+)-medicarpin is the (+)-enantiomer of medicarpin. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-medicarpin. (+)-Medicarpin is a natural product found in Dalbergia sissoo, Machaerium acutifolium, and other organisms with data available. The (+)-enantiomer of medicarpin. (-)-medicarpin is the (-)-enantiomer of medicarpin. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-medicarpin. Medicarpin is a natural product found in Cicer chorassanicum, Melilotus dentatus, and other organisms with data available. See also: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Root (part of); Medicago sativa whole (part of). The (-)-enantiomer of medicarpin. Medicarpin is a flavonoid isolated from Medicago sativa. Medicarpin induces apoptosis and overcome multidrug resistance in leukemia P388 cells by modulating P-gp-mediated efflux of agents[1]. Medicarpin is a flavonoid isolated from Medicago sativa. Medicarpin induces apoptosis and overcome multidrug resistance in leukemia P388 cells by modulating P-gp-mediated efflux of agents[1].
Secoisolariciresinol
Secoisolariciresinol, also known as knotolan or secoisolariciresinol, (r*,s*)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as dibenzylbutanediol lignans. Dibenzylbutanediol lignans are lignan compounds containing a 2,3-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diol moiety. Secoisolariciresinol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Secoisolariciresinol can be found in a number of food items such as grape, saskatoon berry, asparagus, and sweet potato, which makes secoisolariciresinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Secoisolariciresinol can be found primarily in urine. Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoid. It is present in the water extract of silver fir wood, where its content is more than 5 \\\\% . (-)-secoisolariciresinol is an enantiomer of secoisolariciresinol having (-)-(2R,3R)-configuration. It has a role as an antidepressant, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-secoisolariciresinol. Secoisolariciresinol has been used in trials studying the prevention of Breast Cancer. Secoisolariciresinol is a natural product found in Fitzroya cupressoides, Crossosoma bigelovii, and other organisms with data available. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids. Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids. Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.
Cirsimaritin
Cirsimaritin, also known as 4,5-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone or scrophulein, is a member of the class of compounds known as 7-o-methylated flavonoids. 7-o-methylated flavonoids are flavonoids with methoxy groups attached to the C7 atom of the flavonoid backbone. Thus, cirsimaritin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Cirsimaritin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cirsimaritin can be found in a number of food items such as italian oregano, lemon verbena, winter savory, and rosemary, which makes cirsimaritin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Okanin
Okanin is a member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a member of chalcones and a benzenetriol. It is functionally related to a trans-chalcone. Okanin is a natural product found in Acacia implexa, Acacia concurrens, and other organisms with data available. A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Okanin, effective constituent of the flower tea Coreopsis tinctoria, attenuates LPS-induced microglial activation through inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways[1]. Okanin, effective constituent of the flower tea Coreopsis tinctoria, attenuates LPS-induced microglial activation through inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways[1].
Pelargonic acid
Nonanoic acid is a C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers. It has a role as an antifeedant, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid and a medium-chain fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a nonanoate. It derives from a hydride of a nonane. Nonanoic acid is a natural product found in Staphisagria macrosperma, Rhododendron mucronulatum, and other organisms with data available. Nonanoic Acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. The ammonium salt form of nonanoic acid is used as an herbicide. It works by stripping the waxy cuticle of the plant, causing cell disruption, cell leakage, and death by desiccation. Nonanoic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pelargonic acid, or nonanoic acid, is a fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters is the oil of pelargonium. Synthetic esters, such as methyl nonanoate, are used as flavorings. Pelargonic acid is an organic compound composed of a nine-carbon chain terminating in a carboxylic acid. It is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It is nearly insoluble in water, but well soluble in chloroform and ether. The derivative 4-nonanoylmorpholine is an ingredient in some pepper sprays. A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers. Nonanoic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=112-05-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 112-05-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1]. Nonanoic acid is a naturally-occurring saturated fatty acid with nine carbon atoms. Nonanoic acid significantly reduces bacterial translocation, enhances antibacterial activity, and remarkably increases the secretion of porcine β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2[1].
Geraniol
Geraniol, also known as beta-Geraniol, (E)-nerol (the isomer of nerol) or geranyl alcohol, is a monoterpenoid alcohol. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenes that do not contain a cycle. Monoterpenoids are terpenes that contain 10 carbon atoms and are comprised of two isoprene units. In plants, the biosynthesis of monoterpenes is known to occur mainly through the methyl-erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids (PMID:7640522 ). Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of cyclic monoterpenes. GPP undergoes several cyclization reactions to yield a diverse number of cyclic arrangements. beta-Geraniol is an isoprenoid lipid molecule that is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. beta-Geraniol has a sweet, citrus, and floral taste. beta-Geraniol is found in highest concentrations in common grapes, black walnuts, and common thymes and in lower concentrations in cardamoms, common oregano, and gingers. beta-Geraniol has also been detected in lemon verbena, oval-leaf huckleberries, common pea, sweet cherries, and nopals. It is found as an alcohol and as its ester in many essential oils including geranium oil. It is the primary part of rose oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil (Java type) and occurs in small quantities in geranium, lemon, and many other essential oils. Because it has a rose-like odor, it is commonly used in perfumes. It is used to create flavors such as peach, raspberry, grapefruit, red apple, plum, lime, orange, lemon, watermelon, pineapple, and blueberry. An alternate application has been found in the use of insect repellents or deterrants. Though it may repel mosquitoes, flies, lice, cockroaches, ants, and ticks, it is also produced by the scent glands of honey bees to help them mark nectar-bearing flowers and locate the entrances to their hives (http//doi:10.1051/apido:19900403). Extensive testing by Dr. Jerry Butler at the University of Florida has shown geraniol to be one of natures most effective insect repellents (PMID:20836800). Nerol is the (2Z)-stereoisomer of 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol. It has been isolated from the essential oils from plants like lemon grass. It has a role as a volatile oil component, a plant metabolite and a fragrance. Nerol is a natural product found in Eupatorium cannabinum, Vitis rotundifolia, and other organisms with data available. Nerol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Constituent of many essential oils including neroli and bergamot oils. In essential oils it is a minor component always accompanied by geraniol. Flavouring agent The (2Z)-stereoisomer of 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol. It has been isolated from the essential oils from plants like lemon grass. Nerol is a constituent of neroli oil. Nerol Nerol triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and induces apoptosis via elevation of Ca2+ and ROS. Antifungal activity[1][2]. Nerol is a constituent of neroli oil. Nerol Nerol triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and induces apoptosis via elevation of Ca2+ and ROS. Antifungal activity[1][2]. Nerol is a constituent of neroli oil. Nerol Nerol triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and induces apoptosis via elevation of Ca2+ and ROS. Antifungal activity[1][2].
Geranyl acetate
Geranyl acetate is a clear colorless liquid with an odor of lavender. (NTP, 1992) Geranyl acetate is a monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester derivative of geraniol. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an acetate ester and a monoterpenoid. It is functionally related to a geraniol. Geranyl acetate is a natural product found in Nepeta nepetella, Xylopia sericea, and other organisms with data available. See also: Lemon oil, cold pressed (part of); Coriander Oil (part of); Java citronella oil (part of). Neryl acetate is found in cardamom. Neryl acetate is found in citrus, kumquat and pummelo peel oils, ginger, cardamon, clary sage, myrtle leaf and myrtle berries. Neryl acetate is a flavouring agent A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester derivative of geraniol. Geranyl acetate, an acyclic monoterpene ester derived from geraniol, is widely used in the cosmetics industry due to its pleasant scent[1]. Geranyl acetate can induces cell apoptosis[2]. Geranyl acetate, an acyclic monoterpene ester derived from geraniol, is widely used in the cosmetics industry due to its pleasant scent[1]. Geranyl acetate can induces cell apoptosis[2].
Gamma-Linolenic acid
Gamma-linolenic acid is a C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12. It has a role as a human metabolite, a plant metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an omega-6 fatty acid and a linolenic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a gamma-linolenate. Gamolenic acid, or gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) or GLA, is an essential fatty acid (EFA) comprised of 18 carbon atoms with three double bonds that is most commonly found in human milk and other botanical sources. It is an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) also referred to as 18:3n-6; 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid; and cis-6, cis-9, cis-12- octadecatrienoic acid. Gamolenic acid is produced minimally in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of [DB00132]. It is converted to [DB00154], a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. While Gamolenic acid is found naturally in the fatty acid fractions of some plant seed oils, [DB11358] and [DB11238] are rich sources of gamolenic acid. Evening primrose oil has been investigated for clinical use in menopausal syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, and breast pain, where gamolenic acid is present at concentrations of 7-14\\\\\%. Gamolenic acid may be found in over-the-counter dietary supplements. Gamolenic acid is also found in some fungal sources and also present naturally in the form of triglycerides. Various clinical indications of gamolenic acid have been studied, including rheumatoid arthritis, atopic eczema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, premenstrual syndrome, cardiovascular disease, ulcerative colitis, ADHD, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetic neuropathy, and insomnia. gamma-Linolenic acid is a natural product found in Anemone cylindrica, Eurhynchium striatum, and other organisms with data available. Gamolenic Acid is a polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acid with an 18-carbon backbone and exactly three double bonds, originating from the 6th, 9th and 12th positions from the methyl end, with all double bonds in the cis- configuration. An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) gamma-Linolenic acid, also known as 18:3n6 or GLA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as linoleic acids and derivatives. These are derivatives of linoleic acid. Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 18-carbon long fatty acid, with two CC double bonds at the 9- and 12-positions. gamma-Linolenic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. gamma-Linolenic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted into dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1 (PubChem). A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12. gamma-Linolenic acid or GLA (γ-linolenic acid) (INN: gamolenic acid) is an n−6, or omega-6, fatty acid found primarily in seed oils. When acting on GLA, arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase produces no leukotrienes and the conversion by the enzyme of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes is inhibited. GLA is obtained from vegetable oils such as evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil (EPO), blackcurrant seed oil, borage seed oil, and hemp seed oil. GLA is also found in varying amounts in edible hemp seeds, oats, barley,[3] and spirulina.[4] Normal safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil does not contain GLA, but a genetically modified GLA safflower oil available in commercial quantities since 2011 contains 40\\\% GLA.[5] Borage oil contains 20\\\% GLA, evening primrose oil ranges from 8\\\% to 10\\\% GLA, and black-currant oil contains 15–20\\\%.[6] The human body produces GLA from linoleic acid (LA). This reaction is catalyzed by Δ6-desaturase (D6D), an enzyme that allows the creation of a double bond on the sixth carbon counting from the carboxyl terminus. LA is consumed sufficiently in most diets, from such abundant sources as cooking oils and meats. However, a lack of GLA can occur when there is a reduction of the efficiency of the D6D conversion (for instance, as people grow older or when there are specific dietary deficiencies) or in disease states wherein there is excessive consumption of GLA metabolites.[7] From GLA, the body forms dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA). This is one of the body's three sources of eicosanoids (along with AA and EPA.) DGLA is the precursor of the prostaglandin PGH1, which in turn forms PGE1 and the thromboxane TXA1. Both PGE11 and TXA1 are anti-inflammatory; thromboxane TXA1, unlike its series-2 variant, induces vasodilation, and inhibits platelet[8] consequently, TXA1 modulates (reduces) the pro-inflammatory properties of the thromboxane TXA2. PGE1 has a role in regulation of immune system function and is used as the medicine alprostadil. Unlike AA and EPA, DGLA cannot yield leukotrienes. However, it can inhibit the formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes from AA.[9] Although GLA is an n−6 fatty acid, a type of acid that is, in general, pro-inflammatory[citation needed], it has anti-inflammatory properties. (See discussion at Essential fatty acid interactions: The paradox of dietary GLA.) Gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) is an omega-6 (n-6), 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) extracted from Perilla frutescens. Gamma-linolenic acid supplements could restore needed PUFAs and mitigate the disease[1]. Gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) is an omega-6 (n-6), 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) extracted from Perilla frutescens. Gamma-linolenic acid supplements could restore needed PUFAs and mitigate the disease[1].
Cycloartenol
Cycloartenol is found in alcoholic beverages. Cycloartenol is a constituent of Artocarpus integrifolia fruits and Solanum tuberosum (potato) Cycloartenol is a sterol precursor in photosynthetic organisms and plants. The biosynthesis of cycloartenol starts from the triterpenoid squalene. Its structure is also related to triterpenoid lanosterol Cycloartenol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a 3beta-sterol and a member of phytosterols. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a lanostane. Cycloartenol is a natural product found in Euphorbia nicaeensis, Euphorbia boetica, and other organisms with data available. Constituent of Artocarpus integrifolia fruits and Solanum tuberosum (potato)
Octanal
Octanal, also known as 1-caprylaldehyde or aldehyde C-8, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain aldehydes. These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms. Thus, octanal is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid). Octanal is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Octanal exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Octanal is an aldehydic, citrus, and fat tasting compound. Octanal is commonly found in high concentrations in limes, caraway, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine) and in lower concentrations in wild carrots and carrots. Octanal has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as cherry tomato, brussel sprouts, alaska wild rhubarbs, sweet marjorams, and sunflowers. N-octylaldehyde is a colorless liquids with a strong fruity odor. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Flash points 125 °F. Used in making perfumes and flavorings. Octanal is a saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid). It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a saturated fatty aldehyde, a n-alkanal and a medium-chain fatty aldehyde. Octanal is a natural product found in Eupatorium cannabinum, Thymus zygioides, and other organisms with data available. Octanal is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Isolated from various plant oils especies Citrus subspeciesand is also present in kumquat peel oil, cardamom, coriander, caraway and other herbs. Flavouring agent, used in artificial citrus formulations A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid). A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents Octanal is an aromatic aldehyde, with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Octanal shows cytotoxicity against Hela cells[1]. Octanal is an aromatic aldehyde, with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Octanal shows cytotoxicity against Hela cells[1].
Capsiate
Capsiate is a carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (6E)-8-methylnon-6-enoic acid with the benzylic hydroxy group of vanillyl alcohol. A non-pungent analogue of capsaicin with a similar biological profile. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a hypoglycemic agent, an anti-allergic agent, an antioxidant, an angiogenesis inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent and a capsaicin receptor agonist. It is a carboxylic ester, a monomethoxybenzene and a member of phenols. It is functionally related to a vanillyl alcohol. Capsiate is a natural product found in Apis cerana with data available. A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (6E)-8-methylnon-6-enoic acid with the benzylic hydroxy group of vanillyl alcohol. A non-pungent analogue of capsaicin with a similar biological profile. Constituent of fruits of Capsicum annuum. Capsiate is found in many foods, some of which are orange bell pepper, herbs and spices, yellow bell pepper, and italian sweet red pepper. Capsiate is found in fruits. Capsiate is a constituent of fruits of Capsicum annuum Capsiate, as a capsaicin analogue extracted from a non-pungent cultivar of CH-19 sweet red pepper, is an orally active agonist of TRPV1[1]. Capsiate, as a capsaicin analogue extracted from a non-pungent cultivar of CH-19 sweet red pepper, is an orally active agonist of TRPV1[1].
9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid
9,10-dihydroxystearic acid, also known as 9,10-dhsa or 9,10-dioh 18:0, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid is considered to be an octadecanoid lipid molecule. 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid can be found in peanut, which makes 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid is a hydroxy-fatty acid formally derived from octacecanoic (stearic) acid by hydroxy substitution at positions 9 and 10. It is a dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a hydroxyoctadecanoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a 9,10-dihydroxystearate. 9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid is a natural product found in Trypanosoma brucei and Apis cerana with data available.
beta-Phellandrene
beta-Phellandrene is found in allspice. beta-Phellandrene is widely distributed in essential oils (Angelica, Eucalyptus, Lavandula, Mentha, Pinus species). beta-Phellandrene is a flavour ingredient.Phellandrene is the name for a pair of organic compounds that have a similar molecular structure and similar chemical properties. alpha-Phellandrene and beta-phellandrene are cyclic monoterpenes and are double-bond isomers. The phellandrenes are used in fragrances because of their pleasing aromas. (Wikipedia Beta-phellandrene is one of a pair of phellandrene cyclic monoterpene double-bond isomers in which one double bond is exocyclic (cf. alpha-phellandrene, where both of them are endoocyclic). It has a role as a plant metabolite. beta-Phellandrene is a natural product found in Xylopia aromatica, Dacrydium nausoriense, and other organisms with data available. See also: Cannabis sativa subsp. indica top (part of). One of a pair of phellandrene cyclic monoterpene double-bond isomers in which one double bond is exocyclic (cf. alpha-phellandrene, where both of them are endoocyclic). Widely distributed in essential oils (Angelica, Eucalyptus, Lavandula, Mentha, Pinus subspecies). Flavour ingredient β-Phellandrene is obtained from Carum petroselinum. β-Phellandrene can be used to essential oil additives[1]. β-Phellandrene is obtained from Carum petroselinum. β-Phellandrene can be used to essential oil additives[1].
acutumine
C19H24ClNO6 (397.12920740000004)
Acutumine is an alkaloid. Acutumine is a natural product found in Hypserpa nitida, Sinomenium acutum, and other organisms with data available. Dauricumine is a natural product found in Hypserpa nitida, Sinomenium acutum, and Menispermum dauricum with data available.
1-Hydroxyanthraquinone
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8284 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 25 D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens 1-Hydroxyanthraquinone, a naturally occurring compound with oral activity from some plants like Tabebuia avellanedae, exhibits carcinogenic effect[1]. 1-Hydroxyanthraquinone, a naturally occurring compound with oral activity from some plants like Tabebuia avellanedae, exhibits carcinogenic effect[1].
Indole-3-carboxaldehyde
Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (IAld or I3A), also known as 3-formylindole or 3-indolealdehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indoles. Indoles are compounds containing an indole moiety, which consists of a pyrrole ring fused to benzene to form 2,3-benzopyrrole. In humans, I3A is a biologically active metabolite which acts as a receptor agonist at the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in intestinal immune cells. It stimulates the production of interleukin-22 which facilitates mucosal reactivity (PMID:27102537). I3A is a microbially derived tryptophan metabolite produced by Clostridium and Lactobacillus (PMID:30120222, 27102537). I3A has also been found in the urine of patients with untreated phenylketonuria (PMID:5073866). I3A has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as beans, Brussels sprouts, cucumbers, cereals and cereal products, and white cabbages. This could make I3A a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Indole-3-carbaldehyde is a heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a bacterial metabolite and a marine metabolite. It is a heteroarenecarbaldehyde, an indole alkaloid and a member of indoles. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde is a natural product found in Euphorbia hirsuta, Derris ovalifolia, and other organisms with data available. A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group. Found in barley and tomato seedlings and cotton Indole-3-carboxaldehyde. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=487-89-8 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 487-89-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole), a banlangen extract, is the product of the oxidative degradation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by crude enzyme preparations from etiolated pea seedlings. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole) is a biochemical used to prepare analogs of the indole phytoalexin cyclobrassinin[1]. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole), a banlangen extract, is the product of the oxidative degradation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by crude enzyme preparations from etiolated pea seedlings. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole) is a biochemical used to prepare analogs of the indole phytoalexin cyclobrassinin[1].
Tiglic acid
Tiglic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid. It is found in croton oil and in several other natural products. It has also been isolated from the defensive secretion of certain beetles. Tiglic acid, also known as tiglate or tiglinsaeure, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Tiglic acid has a double bond between the second and third carbons of the chain. Tiglic acid and angelic acid form a pair of cis-trans isomers. Tiglic acid is a volatile and crystallizable substance with a sweet, warm, spicy odour. It is used in making perfumes and flavoring agents. The salts and esters of tiglic acid are called tiglates. Tiglic acid is a 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid having its double bond in trans-configuration. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a crotonic acid. Tiglic acid is a natural product found in Aloe africana, Azadirachta indica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Arctium lappa Root (part of); Petasites hybridus root (part of). A branched-chain fatty acid consisting of 2-butenoic acid having a methyl group at position 2. Flavouring ingredient KEIO_ID T016 Tiglic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid found in croton oil and in several other natural products. Tiglic aci has a role as a plant metabolite[1]. Tiglic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid found in croton oil and in several other natural products. Tiglic aci has a role as a plant metabolite[1].
Ethyl cinnamate
Occurs in storaxand is also present in many fruits, e.g. cherry, American cranberry, pineapple, blackberry and passion fruit. Ethyl cinnamate is found in many foods, some of which are corn, tarragon, tamarind, and ceylon cinnamon. Ethyl cinnamate is an alkyl cinnamate and an ethyl ester. Ethyl cinnamate is a natural product found in Hedychium spicatum, Cinnamomum verum, and other organisms with data available. Ethyl cinnamate is found in ceylan cinnamon. Ethyl cinnamate occurs in storax. Also present in many fruits, e.g. cherry, American cranberry, pineapple, blackberry and passion fruit. Ethyl cinnamate is a fragrance ingredient used in many fragrance compounds. Ethyl cinnamate is a food flavor and additive for cosmetic products. Ethyl cinnamate is also an excellent clearing reagent for mammalian tissues[1][2]. Ethyl cinnamate is a fragrance ingredient used in many fragrance compounds. Ethyl cinnamate is a food flavor and additive for cosmetic products. Ethyl cinnamate is also an excellent clearing reagent for mammalian tissues[1][2].
2-Aminoisobutyric acid
2-Aminoisobutyric acid, also known as alpha-methylalanine or a-aminoisobutanoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). 2-Aminoisobutyric acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. 2-Aminoisobutyric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminoisobutyric acid has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk. Aminoisobutyric acid is a nonprotein amino acid (is an end product of pyrimidine metabolism) excreted in the urine of about 5\\\\\% of healthy individuals (PMID 14806475), and high excretion is an autosomal recessive phenotype (PMID 13058271). 2-aminoisobutyric acid is a rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays. It is functionally related to a propionic acid and an isobutyric acid. It is a tautomer of a 2-aminoisobutanoic acid zwitterion. 2-Aminoisobutyric acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Aminoisobutyric acid is a nonprotein amino acid (is an end product of pyrimidine metabolism) excreted in the urine of about 5\\\\\% of healthy individuals (PMID 14806475), and high excretion is an autosomal recessive phenotype (PMID 13058271) [HMDB] A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays. Aminoisobutyric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=765258-64-8 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 62-57-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). NSC 16590 inhibits the production of endogenous ethylene in the cotyledonary segments of cocklebur. NSC 16590 inhibits the production of endogenous ethylene in the cotyledonary segments of cocklebur.
Farnesol
Farnesol is a signaling molecule that is derived from farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in the isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Farnesol is a 15 carbon isoprenoid alcohol is the corresponding dephosphorylated form of the isoprenoid farnesyl diphosphate. Farnesol has a potential role in controlling the degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.34, NADPH-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase). The enzyme is stabilized under conditions of cellular sterol depletion (e.g. statin-treated cells) and rapidly degraded in sterol-loaded cells. In mammalian cells, this enhanced degradation is dependent on the presence of both a sterol and a non-sterol derived from the isoprenoid pathway; farnesol, the dephosphorylated form of farnesyl diphosphate, can function as the non-sterol component. Farnesol has been shown to activate the farnesoid receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that forms a functional heterodimer with RXR. Thus, dephosphorylation of farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in the cholesterol synthetic pathway, might produce an active ligand for the FXR:RXR heterodimer. The physiological ligand for FXR remains to be identified; farnesol, may simply mimic the unidentified natural ligand(s). In addition, exogenous farnesol have an effect on several other physiological processes, including inhibition of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell cycle progression and actin cytoskeletal disorganization. Farnesol cellular availability is an important determinant of vascular tone in animals and humans, and provides a basis for exploring farnesyl metabolism in humans with compromised vascular function as well as for using farnesyl analogues as regulators of arterial tone in vivo. A possible metabolic fate for farnesol is its conversion to farnesoic acid, and then to farnesol-derived dicarboxylic acids (FDDCAs) which would then be excreted in the urine. Farnesol can also be oxidized to a prenyl aldehyde, presumably by an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and that this activity resides in the mitochondrial and peroxisomal. Liver Endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomal fractions are able to phosphorylate farnesol to Farnesyl diphosphate in a Cytosine triphosphate dependent fashion. (PMID: 9812197, 8636420, 9083051, 9015362). Prenol is polymerized by dehydration reactions; when there are at least four isoprene units (n in the above formula is greater than or equal to four), the polymer is called a polyprenol. Polyprenols can contain up to 100 isoprene units (n=100) linked end to end with the hydroxyl group (-OH) remaining at the end. These isoprenoid alcohols are also called terpenols These isoprenoid alcohols are important in the acylation of proteins, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins A, E and K. They are also building blocks for plant oils such as farnesol and geraniol. Prenol is also a building block of cholesterol (built from six isoprene units), and thus of all steroids. Prenol has sedative properities, it is probably GABA receptor allosteric modulator.When the isoprene unit attached to the alcohol is saturated, the compound is referred to as a dolichol. Dolichols are important as glycosyl carriers in the synthesis of polysaccharides.(Wikipedia). C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Component of many flower absolutes [CCD] Farnesol is a colorless liquid with a delicate floral odor. (NTP, 1992) Farnesol is a farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a fungal metabolite and an antimicrobial agent. It is a farnesane sesquiterpenoid, a primary alcohol and a polyprenol. trans,trans-Farnesol is a natural product found in Lonicera japonica, Psidium guajava, and other organisms with data available. (2-trans,6-trans)-Farnesol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed) Farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that modulates cell-to-cell communication in Candida albicans, and has the activity in inhibiting bacteria. Farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that modulates cell-to-cell communication in Candida albicans, and has the activity in inhibiting bacteria.
serin
Serine is an alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is an alpha-amino acid and a polar amino acid. It contains a hydroxymethyl group. It is a conjugate base of a serinium. It is a conjugate acid of a serinate. It is a tautomer of a serine zwitterion. DL-Serine, a fundamental metabolite, is a mixture of D-Serine and L-Serine. DL-Serine has antiviral activity against the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)[1]. DL-Serine, a fundamental metabolite, is a mixture of D-Serine and L-Serine. DL-Serine has antiviral activity against the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)[1]. D-Serine ((R)-Serine), an endogenous amino acid involved in glia-synapse interactions that has unique neurotransmitter characteristics, is a potent co-agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor. D-Serinee has a cardinal modulatory role in major NMDAR-dependent processes including NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission, neurotoxicity, synaptic plasticity, and cell migration[1][2]. D-Serine ((R)-Serine), an endogenous amino acid involved in glia-synapse interactions that has unique neurotransmitter characteristics, is a potent co-agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor. D-Serinee has a cardinal modulatory role in major NMDAR-dependent processes including NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission, neurotoxicity, synaptic plasticity, and cell migration[1][2]. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation.
Dopamine
Dopamine is a member of the catecholamine family of neurotransmitters in the brain and is a precursor to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Dopamine is synthesized in the body (mainly by nervous tissue and adrenal glands) first by the hydration of the amino acid tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and then by the decarboxylation of DOPA by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (dopamine receptors) mediates its action, which plays a major role in reward-motivated behaviour. Dopamine has many other functions outside the brain. In blood vessels, dopamine inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator (at normal concentrations); in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. Parkinsons disease, a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists, which reduce dopamine activity. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, and addiction are also characterized by defects in dopamine production or metabolism. It has been suggested that animals derived their dopamine-synthesizing machinery from bacteria via horizontal gene transfer that may have occurred relatively late in evolutionary time. This is perhaps a result of the symbiotic incorporation of bacteria into eukaryotic cells that gave rise to mitochondria. Dopamine is elevated in the urine of people who consume bananas. When present in sufficiently high levels, dopamine can be a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural tissue. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of dopamine are associated with neuroblastoma, Costello syndrome, leukemia, phaeochromocytoma, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, and Menkes disease (MNK). High levels of dopamine can lead to hyperactivity, insomnia, agitation and anxiety, depression, delusions, excessive salivation, nausea, and digestive problems. A study has shown that urinary dopamine is produced by Bacillus and Serratia (PMID: 24621061) Occurs in several higher plants, such as banana (Musa sapientum). As a member of the catecholamine family, dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and then epinephrine (adrenaline) in the biosynthetic pathways for these neurotransmitters. Dopamine is elevated in the urine of people who consume bananas. Dopamine is found in many foods, some of which are garden onion, purslane, garden tomato, and swiss chard. Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. Dopamine constitutes about 80\% of the catecholamine content in the brain. It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical, L-DOPA, which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. Neurotransmitters are synthesized in specific regions of the brain, but affect many regions systemically. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior. The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain,[4] and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release.[5] Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones. These pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory.[5] In popular culture and media, dopamine is often portrayed as the main chemical of pleasure, but the current opinion in pharmacology is that dopamine instead confers motivational salience;[6][7][8] in other words, dopamine signals the perceived motivational prominence (i.e., the desirability or aversiveness) of an outcome, which in turn propels the organism's behavior toward or away from achieving that outcome.[8][9] Outside the central nervous system, dopamine functions primarily as a local paracrine messenger. In blood vessels, it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator; in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. With the exception of the blood vessels, dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is synthesized locally and exerts its effects near the cells that release it. Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system, and some of the key medications used to treat them work by altering the effects of dopamine. Parkinson's disease, a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. Its metabolic precursor L-DOPA can be manufactured; Levodopa, a pure form of L-DOPA, is the most widely used treatment for Parkinson's. There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists which reduce dopamine activity.[10] Similar dopamine antagonist drugs are also some of the most effective anti-nausea agents. Restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with decreased dopamine activity.[11] Dopaminergic stimulants can be addictive in high doses, but some are used at lower doses to treat ADHD. Dopamine itself is available as a manufactured medication for intravenous injection. It is useful in the treatment of severe heart failure or cardiogenic shock.[12] In newborn babies it may be used for hypotension and septic shock.[13] Dopamine is synthesized in a restricted set of cell types, mainly neurons and cells in the medulla of the adrenal glands.[22] The primary and minor metabolic pathways respectively are: Primary: L-Phenylalanine → L-Tyrosine → L-DOPA → Dopamine[19][20] Minor: L-Phenylalanine → L-Tyrosine → p-Tyramine → Dopamine[19][20][21] Minor: L-Phenylalanine → m-Tyrosine → m-Tyramine → Dopamine[21][23][24] The direct precursor of dopamine, L-DOPA, can be synthesized indirectly from the essential amino acid phenylalanine or directly from the non-essential amino acid tyrosine.[25] These amino acids are found in nearly every protein and so are readily available in food, with tyrosine being the most common. Although dopamine is also found in many types of food, it is incapable of crossing the blood–brain barrier that surrounds and protects the brain.[26] It must therefore be synthesized inside the brain to perform its neuronal activity.[26] L-Phenylalanine is converted into L-tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, with molecular oxygen (O2) and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors. L-Tyrosine is converted into L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, with tetrahydrobiopterin, O2, and iron (Fe2+) as cofactors.[25] L-DOPA is converted into dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (also known as DOPA decarboxylase), with pyridoxal phosphate as the cofactor.[25] Dopamine itself is used as precursor in the synthesis of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine.[25] Dopamine is converted into norepinephrine by the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase, with O2 and L-ascorbic acid as cofactors.[25] Norepinephrine is converted into epinephrine by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase with S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the cofactor.[25] Some of the cofactors also require their own synthesis.[25] Deficiency in any required amino acid or cofactor can impair the synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.[25] Degradation Dopamine is broken down into inactive metabolites by a set of enzymes—monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), acting in sequence.[27] Both isoforms of monoamine oxidase, MAO-A and MAO-B, effectively metabolize dopamine.[25] Different breakdown pathways exist but the main end-product is homovanillic acid (HVA), which has no known biological activity.[27] From the bloodstream, homovanillic acid is filtered out by the kidneys and then excreted in the urine.[27] The two primary metabolic routes that convert dopamine into HVA are:[28] Dopamine → DOPAL → DOPAC → HVA – catalyzed by MAO, ALDH, and COMT respectively Dopamine → 3-Methoxytyramine → HVA – catalyzed by COMT and MAO+ALDH respectively In clinical research on schizophrenia, measurements of homovanillic acid in plasma have been used to estimate levels of dopamine activity in the brain. A difficulty in this approach however, is separating the high level of plasma homovanillic acid contributed by the metabolism of norepinephrine.[29][30] Although dopamine is normally broken down by an oxidoreductase enzyme, it is also susceptible to oxidation by direct reaction with oxygen, yielding quinones plus various free radicals as products.[31] The rate of oxidation can be increased by the presence of ferric iron or other factors. Quinones and free radicals produced by autoxidation of dopamine can poison cells, and there is evidence that this mechanism may contribute to the cell loss that occurs in Parkinson's disease and other conditions.[32]
Myricetin
Myricetin, also known as cannabiscetin or myricetol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, myricetin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3, 4, 5, 5 and 7. Myricetin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Myricetin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as common walnuts, carobs, and fennels and in a lower concentration in welsh onions, yellow bell peppers, and jutes. Myricetin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as napa cabbages, sesames, mixed nuts, lichee, and garden cress. Myricetin is a hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3, 4, 5, 5 and 7. It has been isolated from the leaves of Myrica rubra and other plants. It has a role as a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, an antioxidant, a plant metabolite, a food component, a hypoglycemic agent and a geroprotector. It is a hexahydroxyflavone and a 7-hydroxyflavonol. It is a conjugate acid of a myricetin(1-). Myricetin is a natural product found in Ficus auriculata, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. Myricetin is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Quercetin (related). Flavanol found in a wide variety of foodstuffs especially in red table wine, bee pollen, bilberries, blueberries, bog whortleberries, broad beans, Chinese bajberry, corn poppy leaves, cranberries, crowberries, blackcurrants, dock leaves, fennel, grapes, parsley, perilla, rutabaga, dill weed and tea (green and black). Glycosides are also widely distributed. Potential nutriceutical showing anti-HIV activity A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3, 4, 5, 5 and 7. It has been isolated from the leaves of Myrica rubra and other plants. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS [Raw Data] CB066_Myricetin_pos_30eV_CB000028.txt [Raw Data] CB066_Myricetin_pos_20eV_CB000028.txt [Raw Data] CB066_Myricetin_pos_40eV_CB000028.txt [Raw Data] CB066_Myricetin_pos_50eV_CB000028.txt [Raw Data] CB066_Myricetin_pos_10eV_CB000028.txt [Raw Data] CB066_Myricetin_neg_10eV_000019.txt [Raw Data] CB066_Myricetin_neg_40eV_000019.txt [Raw Data] CB066_Myricetin_neg_50eV_000019.txt [Raw Data] CB066_Myricetin_neg_20eV_000019.txt [Raw Data] CB066_Myricetin_neg_30eV_000019.txt Myricetin is a common plant-derived flavonoid with a wide range of activities including strong anti-oxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. Myricetin is a common plant-derived flavonoid with a wide range of activities including strong anti-oxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities.
2-Hydroxyphenethylamine
2-Hydroxyphenethylamine, also known as beta-phenethanolamine or 2-amino-1-phenylethanol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aralkylamines. These are alkylamines in which the alkyl group is substituted at one carbon atom by an aromatic hydrocarbyl group. It is the simplest member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-aminoethanol bearing a phenyl substituent at the 1-position. 2-Hydroxyphenethylamine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. 2-Hydroxyphenethylamine ia an amine found in the brain. It may be modulator of sympathetic functions. Its derivatives are adrenergic agonists and antagonists. Simple amine found in the brain. It may be modulator of sympathetic functions. Its derivatives are adrenergic agonists and antagonists. It is also used in chemical industry. [HMDB] 2-Amino-1-phenylethanol is an analogue of noradrenaline.
ADEFOVIR
C8H12N5O4P (273.06268819999997)
A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection. C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1589 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor > C97452 - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents > D018894 - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent Same as: D02768
Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a molecule that belongs to the class of compounds known as indoleamines. An indoleamine consists of an indole ring that bears an amino group or an alkyl amino group attached to the indole ring. Serotonin has an aminoethyl at position 2 and a hydroxyl group at position 5 of the indole ring. Serotonin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In mammals, serotonin functions as a monoamine neurotransmitter, a biochemical messenger and regulator. It is synthesized from the essential amino acid L-Tryptophan. Approximately 90\\\\% of the human bodys total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, where it regulates intestinal movements. About 8\\\\% is found in platelets and 1–2\\\\% in the CNS. Serotonin in the nervous system acts as a local transmitter at synapses, and as a paracrine or hormonal modulator of circuits upon diffusion, allowing a wide variety of "state-dependent" behavioral responses to different stimuli. Serotonin is widely distributed in the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates and some of its behavioral effects have been preserved along evolution. Such is the case of aggressive behavior and rhythmic motor patterns, including those responsible for feeding. In vertebrates, which display a wider and much more sophisticated behavioral repertoire, serotonin also modulates sleep, the arousal state, sexual behavior, and others. Deficiencies of the serotonergic system causes disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, epilepsy, and generalized anxiety disorder. Serotonin has three different modes of action in the nervous system: as transmitter, acting locally at synaptic boutons; upon diffusion at a distance from its release sites, producing paracrine (also called volume) effects, and by circulating in the blood stream, producing hormonal effects. The three modes can affect a single neuronal circuit. (PMID: 16047543). Serotonin is also a microbial metabolite that can be found in the feces and urine of mammals. Urinary serotonin is produced by Candida, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Enterococcus (PMID: 24621061). In plants, serotonin was first found and reported in a legume called Mucuna pruriens. The greatest concentration of serotonin in plants has been found in walnuts and hickory. In pineapples, banana, kiwi fruit, plums and tomatoes the concentration of serotonin is around 3 to 30 mg/kg. Isolated from bananas and other fruitsand is also from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) [DFC]. Serotonin is found in many foods, some of which are common pea, eggplant, swiss chard, and dill. Serotonin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-67-9 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 50-67-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Tryptophol
Tryptophol, also known as indole-3-ethanol, is an indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an auxin and a plant metabolite. Tryptophol is a catabolite of tryptophan converted by the gut microbiota. After absorption through the intestinal epithelium, tryptophan catabolites enter the bloodstream and are later excreted in the urine (PMID:30120222). Tryptophol production was negatively associated with interferon-gamma production (IFNγ) which suggests that tryptophol has anti-inflammatory properties (PMID:27814509). Tryptophol has also been identified as the hypnotic agent in trypanosomal sleeping sickness, and because it is formed in vivo after ethanol or disulfiram treatment, it is also associated with the study of alcoholism (PMID:7241135). Indole-3-ethanol is a dietary indole present in cruciferous vegetables that has been shown to influence estradiol metabolism in humans and may provide a new chemopreventive approach to estrogen-dependent diseases. (PMID 2342128) Tryptophol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=526-55-6 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 526-55-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Tryptophol (Indole-3-ethanol) is an endogenous metabolite. Tryptophol (Indole-3-ethanol) is an endogenous metabolite.
3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid
3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal human metabolite excreted in the urine. It is a byproduct of the leucine degradation pathway. Production of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid begins with the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA into 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA in the mitochondria by the biotin-dependent enzyme methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. Biotin deficiencies, certain lifestyle habits (smoking), or specific genetic conditions can reduce methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. This reduction can lead to a buildup of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA, which is converted into 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA by the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase. Increased concentrations of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA and 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA can lead to a disruption of the esterified CoA:free CoA ratio, and ultimately to mitochondrial toxicity. Detoxification of these metabolic end products occur via the transfer of the 3-hydroxyisovaleryl moiety to carnitine forming 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid-carnitine or 3HIA-carnitine, which is then transferred across the inner mitochondrial membrane where 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is released as the free acid (PMID: 21918059). 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid has been found to be elevated in smokers and in subjects undergoing long-term anticonvulsant therapy with carbamazepine and/or phenytoin. These levels are elevated due to impairment of renal reclamation of biotin. Levels may also be increased from prolonged consumption of raw egg-whites (PMID: 16895887, 9523856, 15447901, 9176832) (OMIM: 210210, 253270, 600529, 253260, 246450, 210200, 238331). When present in sufficiently high levels, 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid are associated with at least a dozen inborn errors of metabolism, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I, biotinidase deficiency and isovaleric aciduria, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 1 deficiency, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, late-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency, holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency, and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 2 deficiency. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal human metabolite excreted in the urine. Elevated levels of this compound are found in several inherited disorders such as Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Deficiency, 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 1 deficiency, 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl -CoA lyase Deficiency, Biotinidase deficiency multiple carboxylase deficiency late-onset , Late onset multiple carboxylase deficiency, HolMcarboxylase synthetase deficiency, 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 2 deficiency. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is also elevated in smokers, in subjects undergoing long-term anticonvulsant therapy with carbamazepine and/or phenytoin. These levels are elevated due to impairment of renal reclamation of biotin. Levels may also be increased from prolonged consumption of raw egg-whites (PMID: 16895887, 9523856, 15447901, 9176832)(OMIM: 210210, 253270, 600529, 253260, 246450, 210200, 238331) [HMDB] 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine. The urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency[1][2]. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid is a normal endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine. The urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid is early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency[1][2].
3-Indoleacetonitrile
3-Indoleacetonitrile is a phytoalexin. Phytoalexins are antibiotics produced by plants that are under attack. Phytoalexins tend to fall into several classes including terpenoids, glycosteroids, and alkaloids; however, researchers often find it convenient to extend the definition to include all phytochemicals that are part of the plants defensive arsenal. Phytoalexins produced in plants act as toxins to the attacking organism. They may puncture the cell wall, delay maturation, disrupt metabolism, or prevent the reproduction of the pathogen in question. However, phytoalexins are often targeted to specific predators; a plant that has anti-insect phytoalexins may not have the ability to repel a fungal attack. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is common in cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts. Dietary indoles in cruciferous vegetables induce cytochrome P450 enzymes and have prevented tumours in various animal models. Consumption of Brassica vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of cancer of the alimentary tract in animal models and human populations (PMID:15612779, 15884814, 2342128, 3014947, 3880668, 6334634, 6419397, 6426808, 6584878, 6725517, 6838646, 7123561). Myrosinase-induced hydrolysis product of indole glucosinolates, found in cabbage and other crucifers Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID I022 3-Indoleacetonitrile is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is an endogenous metabolite.
Adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as adenylic acid or amp, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. Purine ribonucleoside monophosphates are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenosine monophosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Adenosine monophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as kiwi, taro, alaska wild rhubarb, and skunk currant, which makes adenosine monophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Adenosine monophosphate can be found primarily in most biofluids, including blood, feces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout all human tissues. Adenosine monophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, adenosine monophosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include josamycin action pathway, methacycline action pathway, nevirapine action pathway, and aspartate metabolism. Adenosine monophosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria [hhh-syndrome], molybdenum cofactor deficiency, xanthinuria type I, and mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. Adenosine monophosphate is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalanc. Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a Bitter Blocker additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem sweeter. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable. [Spectral] AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) and Guanine (exact mass = 151.04941) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and Glutathione disulfide (exact mass = 612.15196) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) and Glutathione disulfide (exact mass = 612.15196) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) and Adenine (exact mass = 135.0545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Adenosine monophosphate. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=67583-85-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 61-19-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine monophosphate is a key cellular metabolite regulating energy homeostasis and signal transduction. Adenosine monophosphate is a key cellular metabolite regulating energy homeostasis and signal transduction. Adenosine monophosphate is a key cellular metabolite regulating energy homeostasis and signal transduction.
5-methylthioadenosine (MTA)
5-Methylthioadenosine, also known as MTA or thiomethyladenosine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. These are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. 5-Methylthioadenosine is metabolized solely by MTA-phosphorylase, to yield 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine, a crucial step in the methionine and purine salvage pathways, respectively. 5-Methylthioadenosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing nucleoside present in all mammalian tissues. Within humans, 5-methylthioadenosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 5-methylthioadenosine and spermidine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and putrescine through the action of the enzyme spermidine synthase. In addition, 5-methylthioadenosine can be converted into 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate and L-methionine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme S-methyl-5-thioadenosine phosphorylase. It is produced from S-adenosylmethionine mainly through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, where it behaves as a powerful inhibitory product. For instance, 5-Methylthioadenosine has been shown to influence the regulation of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (PMID:15313459). In humans, 5-methylthioadenosine is involved in the metabolic disorder called hypermethioninemia. Outside of the human body, 5-Methylthioadenosine has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as soursops, allspices, summer grapes, alaska wild rhubarbs, and breadfruits. Elevated excretion appears in children with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) (PMID:3987052). Evidence suggests that 5-Methylthioadenosine can affect cellular processes in many ways. 5-Methylthioadenosine can be found in human urine. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine, also known as S-methyl-5-thioadenosine or mta, is a member of the class of compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine can be found in a number of food items such as allspice, sesame, roselle, and bayberry, which makes 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human fibroblasts, platelet and prostate tissues. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include methionine metabolism and spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include glycine n-methyltransferase deficiency, methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia due to defect in cobalamin metabolism, cblg complementation type, and hypermethioninemia. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2].
Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenine attaches to the 1’ carbon. ADP belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. Adenosine diphosphate is a nucleotide. ADP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ADP is involved in d4-gdi signaling pathway. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. 5′-ADP. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-64-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 58-64-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (Adenosine diphosphate) is a nucleoside diphosphate. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate induces human platelet aggregation and inhibits stimulated adenylate cyclase by an action at P2T-purinoceptors. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (Adenosine diphosphate) is a nucleoside diphosphate. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate induces human platelet aggregation and inhibits stimulated adenylate cyclase by an action at P2T-purinoceptors.
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine is the precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. Norepinephrine is elevated in the urine of people who consume bananas. Norepinephrine is also a microbial metabolite; urinary noradrenaline is produced by Escherichia, Bacillus, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 24621061). Norepinephrine is found in alcoholic beverages, banana peels and pulp (Musa paradisiaca), red plum fruit (Prunus domestica), orange pulp (Citrus sinensis), potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum), and whole purslane (Portulaca oleracea). P. oleracea is the richest of these sources. Norepinephrine has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Present in banana peel and pulp (Musa paradisiaca), red plum fruit (Prunus domestica), orange pulp (Citrus sinensis), potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum) and whole purslane (Portulaca oleracea). P. oleracea is the richest of these sources. xi-Norepinephrine is found in many foods, some of which are potato, green vegetables, alcoholic beverages, and fruits.
Asparagine
Asparagine (Asn) or L-asparagine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-asparagine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Asparagine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans, asparagine is not an essential amino acid, which means that it can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. The precursor to asparagine is oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate using a transaminase enzyme. This enzyme transfers the amino group from glutamate to oxaloacetate producing alpha-ketoglutarate and aspartate. The enzyme asparagine synthetase produces asparagine, AMP, glutamate, and pyrophosphate from aspartate, glutamine, and ATP. In the asparagine synthetase reaction, ATP is used to activate aspartate, forming beta-aspartyl-AMP. Glutamine donates an ammonium group which reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to form asparagine and free AMP. Since the asparagine side chain can make efficient hydrogen bond interactions with the peptide backbone, asparagines are often found near the beginning and end of alpha-helices, and in turn motifs in beta sheets. Its role can be thought as "capping" the hydrogen bond interactions which would otherwise need to be satisfied by the polypeptide backbone. Asparagine also provides key sites for N-linked glycosylation, a modification of the protein chain that is characterized by the addition of carbohydrate chains. A reaction between asparagine and reducing sugars or reactive carbonyls produces acrylamide (acrylic amide) in food when heated to sufficient temperature (i.e. baking). These occur primarily in baked goods such as French fries, potato chips, and roasted coffee. Asparagine was first isolated in 1806 from asparagus juice --hence its name. Asparagine was the first amino acid to be isolated. The smell observed in the urine of some individuals after the consumption of asparagus is attributed to a byproduct of the metabolic breakdown of asparagine, asparagine-amino-succinic-acid monoamide. However, some scientists disagree and implicate other substances in the smell, especially methanethiol. [Spectral] L-Asparagine (exact mass = 132.05349) and L-Aspartate (exact mass = 133.03751) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. One of the nonessential amino acids. Dietary supplement, nutrient. Widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Isolated from asparagus, beetroot, peas, beans, etc. (-)-Asparagine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=70-47-3 (retrieved 2024-07-15) (CAS RN: 70-47-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Asparagine ((-)-Asparagine) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. L-Asparagine ((-)-Asparagine) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue.
Pseudouridine
Beta-pseudouridine, also known as p or 5-(b-D-ribofuranosyl)uracil, is a member of the class of compounds known as nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are analogues of nucleosides and nucleotides. These include phosphonated nucleosides, C-glycosylated nucleoside bases, analogues where the sugar unit is a pyranose, and carbocyclic nucleosides, among others. Beta-pseudouridine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Beta-pseudouridine can be found in a number of food items such as eggplant, wax gourd, asparagus, and garden cress, which makes beta-pseudouridine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Beta-pseudouridine can be found primarily in amniotic fluid, blood, feces, and urine. Beta-pseudouridine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Moreover, beta-pseudouridine is found to be associated with canavan disease. Pseudouridine, also known as psi-uridine or 5-ribosyluracil, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. These are analogues of nucleosides and nucleotides, such as phosphonated nucleosides, C-glycosylated nucleoside bases, analogues where the sugar unit is a pyranose, and carbocyclic nucleosides. Pseudouridine specifically has its uracil attached via a carbon-carbon instead of a nitrogen-carbon glycosidic bond to the ribofuranose. It is the most prevalent of the over one hundred different modified nucleosides found in RNA (PMID: 17113994). Pseudouridine is a solid that is soluble in water. Pseudouridine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans, and is in all classes of RNA except mRNA. It is formed by enzymes called pseudouridine synthases, which post-transcriptionally isomerize specific uridine residues in RNA. Pseudouridine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1445-07-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 1445-07-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Pseudouridine is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine, and the most abundant modified nucleoside in non-coding RNAs. Pseudouridine in rRNA and tRNA can fine-tune and stabilize the regional structure and help maintain their functions in mRNA decoding, ribosome assembly, processing and translation[1][2][3][4]. Pseudouridine is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine, and the most abundant modified nucleoside in non-coding RNAs. Pseudouridine in rRNA and tRNA can fine-tune and stabilize the regional structure and help maintain their functions in mRNA decoding, ribosome assembly, processing and translation[1][2][3][4].
Creatine
Creatine, is a naturally occurring non-protein compound. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Creatine is found in all vertebrates where it facilitates recycling of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Its primary metabolic role is to combine with a phosphoryl group, via the enzyme creatine kinase, to generate phosphocreatine, which is used to regenerate ATP. Most of the human bodys total creatine and phosphocreatine stores are found in skeletal muscle (95\\\\\%), while the remainder is distributed in the blood, brain, testes, and other tissues. Creatine is not an essential nutrient as it is naturally produced in the human body from the amino acids glycine and arginine, with an additional requirement for methionine to catalyze the transformation of guanidinoacetate to creatine. In the first step of its biosynthesis glycine and arginine are combined by the enzyme arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) to form guanidinoacetate, which is then methylated by guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), using S-adenosyl methionine as the methyl donor. Creatine can also be obtained through the diet at a rate of about 1 gram per day from an omnivorous diet. A cyclic form of creatine, called creatinine, exists in equilibrium with its tautomer and with creatine. Clinically, there are three distinct disorders of creatine metabolism. Deficiencies in the two synthesis enzymes (AGAT and GAMT) can cause L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency (caused by variants in AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (caused by variants in GAMT). Both disorders are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A third defect, creatine transporter defect, is caused by mutations in SLC6A8 and inherited in a X-linked manner. Creatine is widely used as a supplement by athletes. Its use can increase maximum power and performance in high-intensity anaerobic repetitive work (periods of work and rest) by 5 to 15\\\\\% (PMID: 24688272). Creatine has no significant effect on aerobic endurance, although it will increase power during short sessions of high-intensity aerobic exercise (PMID: 9662683). [Spectral] Creatine (exact mass = 131.06948) and L-Aspartate (exact mass = 133.03751) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Creatine (exact mass = 131.06948) and L-Cysteine (exact mass = 121.01975) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Creatine is a essential, non-proteinaceous amino acid found in all animals and in some plants. Creatine is synthesized in the kidney, liver and pancreas from L-arginine, glycine and L-methionine. Creatine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-00-1 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 57-00-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Creatine, an endogenous amino acid derivative, plays an important role in cellular energy, especially in muscle and brain. Creatine, an endogenous amino acid derivative, plays an important role in cellular energy, especially in muscle and brain.
D-Glycerate 3-phosphate
3-phospho-d-glyceric acid, also known as 3-phosphoglycerate or D-glycerate 3-phosphate, belongs to sugar acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group. 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid can be found in a number of food items such as towel gourd, orange mint, guava, and mulberry, which makes 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid can be found primarily in saliva. 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. (2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate, also known as 3-phospho-(R)-glycerate or D-glycerate 3-phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. Sugar acids and derivatives are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group (2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate is a drug (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as poppies, small-leaf lindens, lupines, pomegranates, and kombus. These are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.
dADP
C10H15N5O9P2 (411.03450000000004)
Deoxyadenosine diphosphate has been identified in the mononuclear cells of a patient affected with in inherited adenosine deaminase deficiency (OMIM 102700) (PMID 6980023), and in in mononuclear cells of hemodialyzed patients. (PMID 11461945) [HMDB]. dADP is found in many foods, some of which are medlar, oil palm, greenthread tea, and green vegetables. Deoxyadenosine diphosphate has been identified in the mononuclear cells of a patient affected with in inherited adenosine deaminase deficiency (OMIM 102700) (PMID 6980023), and in in mononuclear cells of hemodialyzed patients. (PMID 11461945). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Sphinganine
Sphinganine, also known as c18-dihydrosphingosine or safingol, is a member of the class of compounds known as 1,2-aminoalcohols. 1,2-aminoalcohols are organic compounds containing an alkyl chain with an amine group bound to the C1 atom and an alcohol group bound to the C2 atom. Thus, sphinganine is considered to be a sphingoid base lipid molecule. Sphinganine is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Sphinganine can be found in a number of food items such as agar, biscuit, herbs and spices, and pasta, which makes sphinganine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Sphinganine can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Sphinganine exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, sphinganine is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include globoid cell leukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), and sphingolipid metabolism. Sphinganine is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include fabry disease, gaucher disease, and krabbe disease. Moreover, sphinganine is found to be associated with pregnancy. Sphinganine is a lyso-sphingolipid protein kinase inhibitor. It has the molecular formula C18H39NO2 and is a colorless solid. Medicinally, safingol has demonstrated promising anticancer potential as a modulator of multi-drug resistance and as an inducer of necrosis. The administration of safingol alone has not been shown to exert a significant effect on tumor cell growth. However, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that combining safingol with conventional chemotherapy agents such as fenretinide, vinblastine, irinotecan and mitomycin C can dramatically potentiate their antitumor effects. Currently in Phase I clinical trials, it is believed to be safe to co-administer with cisplatin . Sphinganine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1,2-aminoalcohols. These are organic compounds containing an alkyl chain with an amine group bound to the C1 atom and an alcohol group bound to the C2 atom. Thus, sphinganine is considered to be a sphingoid base lipid molecule. Sphinganine is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Sphinganine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, sphinganine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, sphinganine can be converted into 3-dehydrosphinganine through its interaction with the enzyme 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase. In addition, sphinganine can be converted into sphinganine 1-phosphate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme sphingosine kinase 2. Outside of the human body, sphinganine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as Mexican oregano, jostaberries, winter squash, angelica, and epazotes. This could make sphinganine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Sphinganine blocks postlysosomal cholesterol transport by inhibiting low-density lipoprotein-induced esterification of cholesterol and causing unesterified cholesterol to accumulate in perinuclear vesicles. It has been suggested that endogenous sphinganine may inhibit cholesterol transport in Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease (PMID: 1817037). D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors KEIO_ID D078 D-Erythro-dihydrosphingosin directly inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) activity. D-Erythro-dihydrosphingosin directly inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) activity.
Indole-3-lactic acid
Indolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical fetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722). Indolelactic acid is also a microbial metabolite; urinary indole-3-lactate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502). Indolelactic acid is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma and serum and normal urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical foetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form. (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722) [HMDB] Indolelactic acid (Indole-3-lactic acid) is a tryptophan (Trp) catabolite in Azotobacter vinelandii cultures. Indolelactic acid has anti-inflammation and potential anti-viral activity[1][3][4].
Isorhamnetin
Isorhamnetin is the methylated metabolite of quercetin. Quercetin is an important dietary flavonoid with in vitro antioxidant activity. However, it is found in human plasma as conjugates with glucuronic acid, sulfate or methyl groups, with no significant amounts of free quercetin present. Isorhamnetin prevents endothelial cell injuries from oxidized LDL via inhibition of lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1 upregulation, interference of ox-LDL-mediated intracellular signaling pathway (p38MAPK activation, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, eNOS expression) and the antioxidant activity of isorhamnetin. Isorhamnetin prevents endothelial dysfunction, superoxide production, and overexpression of p47phox induced by angiotensin II. Isorhamnetin appears to be a potent drug against esophageal cancer due to its in vitro potential to not only inhibit proliferation but also induce apoptosis of Eca-109 cells. (PMID: 15493462, 17368593, 17374653, 16963021). Isorhamnetin is a monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It has a role as an EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor, an anticoagulant and a metabolite. It is a 7-hydroxyflavonol, a tetrahydroxyflavone and a monomethoxyflavone. It is functionally related to a quercetin. It is a conjugate acid of an isorhamnetin(1-). Isorhamnetin is a natural product found in Lotus ucrainicus, Strychnos pseudoquina, and other organisms with data available. Isorhamnetin is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Peumus boldus leaf (part of). Widespread flavonol found especially in bee pollen, chives, corn poppy leaves, garden cress, fennel, hartwort, red onions, pears, dillweed, parsley and tarragon. Isorhamnetin is found in many foods, some of which are italian sweet red pepper, carrot, yellow wax bean, and lemon balm. A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Isorhamnetin is a flavonoid compound extracted from the Chinese herb Hippophae rhamnoides L.. Isorhamnetin suppresses skin cancer through direct inhibition of MEK1 and PI3K. Isorhamnetin is a flavonoid compound extracted from the Chinese herb Hippophae rhamnoides L.. Isorhamnetin suppresses skin cancer through direct inhibition of MEK1 and PI3K.
L-Kynurenine
Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan used in the production of niacin. L-Kynurenine is a central compound of the tryptophan metabolism pathway since it can change into the neuroprotective agent kynurenic acid or to the neurotoxic agent quinolinic acid. The break-up of these endogenous compounds balance can be observable in many disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It can also occur in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Alzheimers disease; and in mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan used in the production of niacin. [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_10eV_1-2_01_666.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_30eV_1-2_01_668.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_40eV_1-2_01_669.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_20eV_1-2_01_667.txt [Raw Data] CBA10_Kynurenine_pos_50eV_1-2_01_670.txt L-Kynurenine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2922-83-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 2922-83-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. L-Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid L-tryptophan. L-Kynurenine is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist.
Saccharopine
Saccharopine is an intermediate in the degradation of lysine, formed by the condensation of lysine and alpha-ketoglutarate. The saccharopine pathway is the main route for lysine degradation in mammals, and its first two reactions are catalyzed by enzymatic activities known as lysine-oxoglutarate reductase (LOR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH), which reside on a single bifunctional polypeptide (LOR/SDH) (EC 1.5.1.8). The reactions involved with saccharopine dehydrogenases have very strict substrate specificity for L-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate, and NADPH. LOR/SDH has been detected in a number of mammalian tissues, mainly in the liver and kidney, contributing not only to the general nitrogen balance in the organism but also to the controlled conversion of lysine into ketone bodies. A tetrameric form has also been observed in human liver and placenta. LOR activity has also been detected in brain mitochondria during embryonic development, and this opens up the question of whether or not lysine degradation has any functional significance during brain development. As a result, there is now a new focus on the nutritional requirements for lysine in gestation and infancy. Finally, LOR and/or SDH deficiencies seem to be involved in a human autosomal genetic disorder known as familial hyperlysinemia, which is characterized by serious defects in the functioning of the nervous system and characterized by a deficiency in lysine-ketoglutarate reductase, saccharopine dehydrogenase, and saccharopine oxidoreductase activities. Saccharopinuria (high amounts of saccharopine in the urine) and saccharopinemia (an excess of saccharopine in the blood) are conditions present in some inherited disorders of lysine degradation (PMID: 463877, 10567240, 10772957, 4809305). If present in sufficiently high levels, saccharopine can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Saccharopine is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. Amino acid from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassaand is also found in mushrooms and seeds
L-Serine
Serine (Ser) or L-serine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-serine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Serine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a polar, uncharged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans, serine is a nonessential amino acid that can be easily derived from glycine. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. Like all the amino acid building blocks of protein and peptides, serine can become essential under certain conditions, and is thus important in maintaining health and preventing disease. L-Serine may be derived from four possible sources: dietary intake; biosynthesis from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate; from glycine; and by protein and phospholipid degradation. Little data is available on the relative contributions of each of these four sources of l-serine to serine homoeostasis. It is very likely that the predominant source of l-serine will be very different in different tissues and during different stages of human development. In the biosynthetic pathway, the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into phosphohydroxypyruvate, in a reaction catalyzed by 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3- PGDH; EC 1.1.1.95). Phosphohydroxypyruvate is metabolized to phosphoserine by phosphohydroxypyruvate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.52) and, finally, phosphoserine is converted into l-serine by phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP; EC 3.1.3.3). In liver tissue, the serine biosynthetic pathway is regulated in response to dietary and hormonal changes. Of the three synthetic enzymes, the properties of 3-PGDH and PSP are the best documented. Hormonal factors such as glucagon and corticosteroids also influence 3-PGDH and PSP activities in interactions dependent upon the diet. L-serine is the predominant source of one-carbon groups for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and deoxythymidine monophosphate. It has long been recognized that, in cell cultures, L-serine is a conditional essential amino acid, because it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities to meet the cellular demands for its utilization. In recent years, L-serine and the products of its metabolism have been recognized not only to be essential for cell proliferation, but also to be necessary for specific functions in the central nervous system. The findings of altered levels of serine and glycine in patients with psychiatric disorders and the severe neurological abnormalities in patients with defects of L-serine synthesis underscore the importance of L-serine in brain development and function. (PMID 12534373). [Spectral] L-Serine (exact mass = 105.04259) and D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) and 4-Aminobutanoate (exact mass = 103.06333) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dietary supplement. L-Serine is found in many foods, some of which are cold cut, mammee apple, coho salmon, and carrot. L-Serine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-45-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-45-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation.
Methionine sulfoxide
Methionine sulfoxide belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Methionine sulfoxide exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, methionine sulfoxide participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, methionine sulfoxide can be biosynthesized from L-methionine through its interaction with the enzyme methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B3. In addition, methionine sulfoxide can be biosynthesized from L-methionine through the action of the enzyme methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase b2, mitochondrial. In humans, methionine sulfoxide is involved in the metabolic disorder called hypermethioninemia. Methionine sulfoxide is an oxidation product of methionine with reactive oxygen species via 2-electron-dependent mechanism. Such oxidants can be generated from activated neutrophils; therefore, methionine sulfoxide can be regarded as a biomarker of oxidative stress in vivo. (PMID 12576054) [HMDB]. Methionine sulfoxide is found in many foods, some of which are romaine lettuce, white cabbage, dill, and yellow bell pepper. L-Methionine sulfoxide (H-Met(O)-OH), a metabolite of Methionine, induces M1/classical macrophage polarization, and modulates oxidative stress and purinergic signaling parameters[1]. Methionine sulfoxide is an oxidation product of methionine with reactive oxygen species and can be regarded as a biomarker of oxidative stress in vivo. Methionine sulfoxide is an oxidation product of methionine with reactive oxygen species and can be regarded as a biomarker of oxidative stress in vivo.
N-Methyltryptamine
N-Methyltryptamine (NMT), or monomethyltryptamine, is a tryptamine alkaloid that has been found in the bark, shoots and leaves of numerous plants. (wikipedia). N-Methyltryptamine was detected in urine from all autistic patients with mental retardation and epilepsy and many autistic patients (32/47) with mental retardation (PubMed ID 8747157 ). N-Methyltryptamine (NMT), or monomethyltryptamine, is a tryptamine alkaloid that has been found in the bark, shoots and leaves of numerous plants. (wikipedia)
O-Acetylserine
O-Acetylserine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2OC(O)CH3. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the common amino acid cysteine in bacteria and plants. O-Acetylserine is biosynthesized by acetylation of the serine by the enzyme serine transacetylase. The enzyme O-acetylserine (thiol)-lyase, using sulfide sources, converts this ester into cysteine, releasing acetate. O-Acetylserine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. O-Acetylserine (OASS) is an acylated amino acid derivative. O-Acetylserine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, O-Acetylserine has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as okra, vaccinium (blueberry, cranberry, huckleberry), rapes, sparkleberries, and lingonberries. This could make O-acetylserine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. O-acetyl-l-serine, also known as L-serine, acetate (ester) or (2s)-3-acetyloxy-2-aminopropanoate, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. O-acetyl-l-serine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). O-acetyl-l-serine can be found in a number of food items such as sorrel, summer savory, purslane, and cherimoya, which makes O-acetyl-l-serine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. O-acetyl-l-serine can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. O-acetyl-l-serine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. O-Acetylserine (O-Acetyl-L-serine) is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the amino acid cysteine in bacteria and plants.
Pregnenolone
Pregnenolone is a derivative of cholesterol, the product of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (EC 1.14.15.6, CYP11A1. This reaction consists of three consecutive monooxygenations, a 22-hydroxylation, a 20-hydroxylation, and the cleavage of the C20-C22 bond, yielding pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is the precursor to gonadal steroid hormones and the adrenal corticosteroids. This reaction occurs in steroid hormone-producing tissues such as the adrenal cortex, corpus luteum, and placenta. The most notable difference between the placenta and other steroidogenic tissues is that electron supply to CYP11A1 limits the rate at which cholesterol is converted into pregnenolone in the placenta. The limiting component for electron delivery to CYP11A1 is the concentration of adrenodoxin reductase in the mitochondrial matrix which is insufficient to maintain the adrenodoxin pool in a fully reduced state. Pregnenolone is also a neurosteroid, and is produced in the spinal cord; CYP11A1 is the key enzyme catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of all classes of steroids, and has been localized in sensory networks of the spinal cord dorsal horn. In the adrenal glomerulosa cell, angiotensin II, one of the major physiological regulators of mineralocorticoid synthesis, appears to affect most of the cholesterol transfer to the mitochondrial outer membrane and many steps in the transport to the inner membrane. Thus, it exerts a powerful control over the use of cholesterol for aldosterone production (PMID: 17222962, 15823613, 16632873, 15134809). C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3]. Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication[1][2]. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels[3].
Progesterone
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the corpus luteum and the placenta. Progesterone acts on the uterus, the mammary glands and the brain. It is required in embryo implantation, pregnancy maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for milk production. Progesterone, converted from pregnenolone, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of gonadal steroid hormones and adrenal corticosteroids. Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestagens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestagen. During implantation and gestation, progesterone appears to decrease the maternal immune response to allow for the acceptance of the pregnancy. Progesterone decreases contractility of the uterine smooth muscle. The fetus metabolizes placental progesterone in the production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. A drop in progesterone levels is possibly one step that facilitates the onset of labor. In addition progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy. The fall in progesterone levels following delivery is one of the triggers for milk production. Progesterone is found to be associated with pregnene hydroxylation deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 550; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9779; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9777 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 550; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9837; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9835 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 550; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9731; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9729 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 550; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9824; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9822 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 550; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9851; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9849 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 550; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9793; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9791 Progestational hormone secreted by corpus luteum during menstrual cycleand is also found in the gonads and haemolymph of crustaceans, e.g. Artemia, Euphosia, Homarus, Pandalus and Penaeus spp (CCD). G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03D - Progestogens > G03DA - Pregnen (4) derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D011372 - Progestins C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4151 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1077 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Progesterone is a steroid hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and is crucial for pregnancy. Progesterone is a steroid hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and is crucial for pregnancy.
Spermine
Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound. [Spectral] Spermine (exact mass = 202.21575) and Spermidine (exact mass = 145.1579) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Occurs as phosphate in ox pancreas, yeast and meat products IPB_RECORD: 270; CONFIDENCE confident structure KEIO_ID S011; [MS2] KO009230 KEIO_ID S011 Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects. Spermine (NSC 268508) functions directly as a free radical scabenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine has antiviral effects.
Buprenorphine
C29H41NO4 (467.30354260000007)
A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. [PubChem] N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BC - Drugs used in opioid dependence D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids N - Nervous system > N02 - Analgesics > N02A - Opioids > N02AE - Oripavine derivatives D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D009292 - Narcotic Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid from the androstane class of steroids. It is the most important androgen in potency and quantity for vertebrates. In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Testosterone exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor. In mammals, testosterone is metabolized mainly in the liver. Approximately 50\\% of testosterone is metabolized via conjugation into testosterone glucuronide and to a lesser extent testosterone sulfate by glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. An additional 40\\% of testosterone is metabolized in equal proportions into the 17-ketosteroids androsterone and etiocholanolone via the combined actions of 5alpha- and 5beta-reductases, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17beta-HSD. Like other steroid hormones, testosterone is derived from cholesterol. The first step in the biosynthesis of testosterone involves the oxidative cleavage of the side-chain of cholesterol by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc, CYP11A1) to give pregnenolone. In the next step, two additional carbon atoms are removed by the CYP17A1 (17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) enzyme to yield a variety of C19 steroids. In addition, the 3beta-hydroxyl group is oxidized by 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to produce androstenedione. In the final and rate limiting step, the C17 keto group androstenedione is reduced by 17beta-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase to yield testosterone. Testosterone is synthesized and released by the Leydig cells in the testes that lie between the tubules and comprise less than 5\\% of the total testicular volume. Testosterone diffuses into the seminiferous tubules where it is essential for maintaining spermatogenesis. Some testosterone binds to an androgen-binding protein (ABP) that is produced by the Sertoli cells and is homologous to the sex-hormone binding globulin that transports testosterone in the general circulation. The ABP carries testosterone in the testicular fluid where it maintains the activity of the accessory sex glands and may also help to retain testosterone within the tubule and bind excess free hormone. Some testosterone is converted to estradiol by Sertoli cell-derived aromatase enzyme. Leydig cell steroidogenesis is controlled primarily by luteinizing hormone with negative feedback of testosterone on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The requirement of spermatogenesis for high local concentrations of testosterone means that loss of androgen production is likely to be accompanied by loss of spermatogenesis. Indeed, if testicular androgen production is inhibited by the administration of exogenous androgens then spermatogenesis ceases. This is the basis of using exogenous testosterone as a male contraceptive. The largest amounts of testosterone (>95\\%) are produced by the testes in men, while the adrenal glands account for most of the remainder. Testosterone is also synthesized in far smaller total quantities in women by the adrenal glands, thecal cells of the ovaries, and, during pregnancy, by the placenta. Testosterone levels fall by about 1\\% each year in men. Therefore, with increasing longevity and the aging of the population, the number of older men with testosterone deficiency will increase substantially over the next several decades. Serum testosterone levels decrease progressively in aging men, but the rate and magnitude of decrease vary considerably. Approximately 1\\% of healthy young men have total serum testosterone levels below normal; in contrast, approximately 20\\% of healthy men over age 60 years have serum testosterone levels below normal. (PMID: 17904450, 17875487). G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03B - Androgens > G03BA - 3-oxoandrosten (4) derivatives D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D000728 - Androgens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid
Edetic Acid
Edetic Acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a chelating agent (chelating agents) that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive. [PubChem]The pharmacologic effects of edetate calcium disodium are due to the formation of chelates with divalent and trivalent metals. A stable chelate will form with any metal that has the ability to displace calcium from the molecule, a feature shared by lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron and mercury. The amounts of manganese and iron metabolized are not significant. Copper is not mobilized and mercury is unavailable for chelation because it is too tightly bound to body ligands or it is stored in inaccessible body compartments. The excretion of calcium by the body is not increased following intravenous administration of edetate calcium disodium, but the excretion of zinc is considerably increased. D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents > D065096 - Calcium Chelating Agents C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C263 - Anticoagulant Agent D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants
Xanthurenic acid
Xanthurenic acid, also known as xanthurenate or 8-hydroxykynurenic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as quinoline carboxylic acids. Quinoline carboxylic acids are quinolines in which the quinoline ring system is substituted by a carboxyl group at one or more positions. Xanthurenic acid is slightly soluble (in water). Xanthurenic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine, as well as in human epidermis tissue. Within the cell, xanthurenic acid is primarily located in the membrane. Xanthurenic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, xanthurenic acid is involved in the tryptophan metabolism. Moreover, xanthurenic acid is found to be associated with citrullinemia type I, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Xanthurenic acid is a metabolite from tryptophan catabolism. It is a substrate of the enzyme methyltransferases (EC 2.1.1.-) in pathway tryptophan metabolism (KEGG). Xanthurenic acid is a metabolite from tryptophan catabolism. It is a substrate of the enzyme methyltransferases [EC 2.1.1.-] in pathway tryptophan metabolism (KEGG). [HMDB] D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_neg_40eV_1-5_01_737.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_neg_50eV_1-5_01_738.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_neg_10eV_1-5_01_734.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_neg_30eV_1-5_01_736.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_pos_40eV_1-5_01_684.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_pos_50eV_1-5_01_685.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_pos_30eV_1-5_01_683.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_pos_10eV_1-5_01_681.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_pos_20eV_1-5_01_682.txt [Raw Data] CBA13_Xanthurenic-aci_neg_20eV_1-5_01_735.txt Xanthurenic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-00-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 59-00-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Xanthurenic acid is a putative endogenous Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, on sensory transmission in the thalamus. Xanthurenic acid is a putative endogenous Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, on sensory transmission in the thalamus.
Dihydrobiopterin
Dihydrobiopterin, also known as BH2, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin, L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin, quinonoid dihydrobiopterin or q-BH2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. Dihydrobiopterin is also classified as a pteridine. Pteridines are aromatic compounds composed of fused pyrimidine and pyrazine rings. Dihydrobiopterin is produced during the synthesis of neurotransmitters L-DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. It is restored to the required cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin via the NADPH-dependant reduction of dihydrobiopterin reductase. Dihydrobiopterin can also be converted to tetrahydrobiopterin by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which is catalyzed by the flavoprotein "diaphorase" activity of NOS. This activity is located on the reductase (C-terminal) domain of NOS, whereas the high affinity tetrahydrobiopterin site involved in NOS activation is located on the oxygenase (N-terminal) domain (PMID: 8626754). Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) is another enzyme that plays a role in the production of dihydrobiopterin. SPR catalyzes the reduction of sepiapterin to dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the precursor for tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is a cofactor critical for nitric oxide biosynthesis and alkylglycerol and aromatic amino acid metabolism (PMID: 25550200). Dihydrobiopterin is known to be synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. Dihydrobiopterin exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, dihydrobiopterin is involved in several metabolic disorders including dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency. DHPR deficiency is a severe form of hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) due to impaired regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) leading to decreased levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin) and folate in cerebrospinal fluid, and causing neurological symptoms such as psychomotor delay, hypotonia, seizures, abnormal movements, hypersalivation, and swallowing difficulties. Dihydrobiopterin is also associated with another metabolic disorder known as sepiapterin reductase deficiency (SRD). Sepiapterin reductase catalyzes the (NADP-dependent) reduction of carbonyl derivatives, including pteridines, and plays an important role in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. Low dihydrofolate reductase activity in the brain leads to the accumulation of dihydrobiopterin, which in turn, inhibits tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases. This uncouples neuronal nitric oxide synthase, leading to neurotransmitter deficiencies and neuronal cell death. SRD is characterized by low cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter levels and the presence of elevated cerebrospinal fluid dihydrobiopterin. SRD is characterized by motor delay, axial hypotonia, language delay, diurnal fluctuation of symptoms, dystonia, weakness, oculogyric crises, dysarthria, parkinsonian signs and hyperreflexia. Dihydrobiopterin (BH2) is an oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin. Tetrahydrobiopterin is a natural occurring cofactor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase and is involved in the synthesis of tyrosine and the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. Tetrahydrobiopterin is also essential for nitric oxide synthase catalyzed oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide. [HMDB] 7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin is an oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin.
Nitrazepam
C15H11N3O3 (281.08003759999997)
Nitrazepam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.Nitrazepam belongs to a group of medicines called benzodiazepines. It acts on benzodiazepine receptors in the brain which are associated with the GABA receptors causing an enhanced binding of GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) to GABAA receptors. GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, involved in inducing sleepiness, muscular relaxation and control of anxiety and fits, and slows down the central nervous system. The anticonvulsant properties of nitrazepam and other benzodiazepines may be in part or entirely due to binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels rather than benzodiazepine receptors. Sustained repetitive firing seems to be limited by benzodiazepines effect of slowing recovery of sodium channels from inactivation. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D006993 - Hypnotics and Sedatives N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives > N05CD - Benzodiazepine derivatives D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014151 - Anti-Anxiety Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29756 - Sedative and Hypnotic > C1012 - Benzodiazepine D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018757 - GABA Modulators C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3683
Stearic acid
Stearic acid, also known as stearate or N-octadecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, stearic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Stearic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Stearic acid can be synthesized from octadecane. Stearic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, 3-oxooctadecanoic acid, (9S,10S)-10-hydroxy-9-(phosphonooxy)octadecanoic acid, and 16-methyloctadecanoic acid. Stearic acid can be found in a number of food items such as green bell pepper, common oregano, ucuhuba, and babassu palm, which makes stearic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Stearic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and sweat, as well as throughout most human tissues. Stearic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, stearic acid is involved in the plasmalogen synthesis. Stearic acid is also involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain saturated fatty acids, which is a metabolic disorder. Moreover, stearic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Stearic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Stearic acid ( STEER-ik, stee-ARR-ik) is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain and has the IUPAC name octadecanoic acid. It is a waxy solid and its chemical formula is C17H35CO2H. Its name comes from the Greek word στέαρ "stéar", which means tallow. The salts and esters of stearic acid are called stearates. As its ester, stearic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in nature following palmitic acid. The triglyceride derived from three molecules of stearic acid is called stearin . Stearic acid, also known as octadecanoic acid or C18:0, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Stearic acid (its ester is called stearate) is a saturated fatty acid that has 18 carbons and is therefore a very hydrophobic molecule that is practically insoluble in water. It exists as a waxy solid. In terms of its biosynthesis, stearic acid is produced from carbohydrates via the fatty acid synthesis machinery wherein acetyl-CoA contributes two-carbon building blocks, up to the 16-carbon palmitate, via the enzyme complex fatty acid synthase (FA synthase), at which point a fatty acid elongase is needed to further lengthen it. After synthesis, there are a variety of reactions it may undergo, including desaturation to oleate via stearoyl-CoA desaturase (PMID: 16477801). Stearic acid is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is one of the useful types of saturated fatty acids that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. For example, it is a component of cocoa butter and shea butter. It is used as a food additive, in cleaning and personal care products, and in lubricants. Its name comes from the Greek word stear, which means ‚Äòtallow‚Äô or ‚Äòhard fat‚Äô. Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils. Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils.
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)Sulfonamides inhibit the enzymatic conversion of pteridine and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to dihydropteroic acid by competing with PABA for binding to dihydrofolate synthetase, an intermediate of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) synthesis. THF is required for the synthesis of purines and dTMP and inhibition of its synthesis inhibits bacterial growth. Pyrimethamine and trimethoprim inhibit dihydrofolate reductase, another step in THF synthesis, and therefore act synergistically with the sulfonamides. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EC - Intermediate-acting sulfonamides COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 298 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1018 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the short-acting sulfonamides used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections. [PubChem]Sulfadiazine is a competitive inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. This enzyme is needed for the proper processing of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which is essential for folic acid synthesis. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EC - Intermediate-acting sulfonamides D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides Antibacterial agent. It is used in some countries for control of bacterial disease in farmed fish. Not approved for aquacultural use in the USA D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 179 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1011
Sulfanilic acid
CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 652 KEIO_ID S073
Griseofulvin
Griseofulvin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antifungal antibiotic. Griseofulvin may be given by mouth in the treatment of tinea infections. [PubChem]Griseofulvin is fungistatic, however the exact mechanism by which it inhibits the growth of dermatophytes is not clear. It is thought to inhibit fungal cell mitosis and nuclear acid synthesis. It also binds to and interferes with the function of spindle and cytoplasmic microtubules by binding to alpha and beta tubulin. It binds to keratin in human cells, then once it reaches the fungal site of action, it binds to fungal microtubes thus altering the fungal process of mitosis. D - Dermatologicals > D01 - Antifungals for dermatological use > D01B - Antifungals for systemic use > D01BA - Antifungals for systemic use D - Dermatologicals > D01 - Antifungals for dermatological use > D01A - Antifungals for topical use > D01AA - Antibiotics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C514 - Antifungal Agent Griseofulvin(Gris-PEG; Grifulvin) is a spirocyclic fungal natural product used in treatment of fungal dermatophytes; Antifungal drug.
Dodecanedioic acid
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly. Dodecanedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid which is water soluble and involves in a metabolic pathway intermediate to those of lipids and carbohydrates. (PMID 9591306). Dodecanedioid acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency. CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. This C12 dicarboxylic aciduria suggests that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes. (PMID: 16146704) [HMDB] Dodecanedioic acid (C12) is a dicarboxylic acid with a metabolic pathway intermediate to those of lipids and carbohydrates.
Emodin
Emodin appears as orange needles or powder. (NTP, 1992) Emodin is a trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs. It has a role as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, a laxative and a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to an emodin anthrone. It is a conjugate acid of an emodin(1-). Emodin has been investigated for the treatment of Polycystic Kidney. Emodin is a natural product found in Rumex dentatus, Rhamnus davurica, and other organisms with data available. Emodin is found in dock. Emodin is present in Cascara sagrada.Emodin is a purgative resin from rhubarb, Polygonum cuspidatum, the buckthorn and Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica). The term may also refer to any one of a series of principles isomeric with the emodin of rhubarb. (Wikipedia) Emodin has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, signalling, antibiotic, muscle building and anti-angiogenic functions (A3049, A7853, A7854, A7855, A7857). Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies. See also: Reynoutria multiflora root (part of); Frangula purshiana Bark (part of). A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs. Emodin is found in dock. Emodin is present in Cascara sagrada.Emodin is a purgative resin from rhubarb, Polygonum cuspidatum, the buckthorn and Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica). The term may also refer to any one of a series of principles isomeric with the emodin of rhubarb. (Wikipedia C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C1967 - Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D047428 - Protein Kinase Inhibitors D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics Present in Cascara sagrada CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8540; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8539 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8561; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8559 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5082; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5079 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8572; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8570 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5104; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5099 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8558; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8556 ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5094; CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5097 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8554; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8550 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5096; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5093 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 8556; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 8554 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5090; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5089 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5085; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5082 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 999; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5097; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5094 [Raw Data] CB029_Emodin_pos_50eV_CB000015.txt [Raw Data] CB029_Emodin_pos_10eV_CB000015.txt [Raw Data] CB029_Emodin_pos_20eV_CB000015.txt [Raw Data] CB029_Emodin_pos_30eV_CB000015.txt [Raw Data] CB029_Emodin_pos_40eV_CB000015.txt [Raw Data] CB029_Emodin_neg_50eV_000008.txt [Raw Data] CB029_Emodin_neg_20eV_000008.txt [Raw Data] CB029_Emodin_neg_40eV_000008.txt [Raw Data] CB029_Emodin_neg_30eV_000008.txt [Raw Data] CB029_Emodin_neg_10eV_000008.txt CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 38 Emodin (Frangula emodin), an anthraquinone derivative, is an anti-SARS-CoV compound. Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction[1]. Emodin inhibits casein kinase-2 (CK2). Anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects[2]. Emodin is a potent selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor with the IC50 of 186 and 86 nM for human and mouse 11β-HSD1, respectively. Emodin ameliorates metabolic disorder in diet-induced obese mice[3]. Emodin (Frangula emodin), an anthraquinone derivative, is an anti-SARS-CoV compound. Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction[1]. Emodin inhibits casein kinase-2 (CK2). Anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects[2]. Emodin is a potent selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor with the IC50 of 186 and 86 nM for human and mouse 11β-HSD1, respectively. Emodin ameliorates metabolic disorder in diet-induced obese mice[3].
Palmitoleic acid
Cis-9-palmitoleic acid, also known as palmitoleate or (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, cis-9-palmitoleic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Cis-9-palmitoleic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cis-9-palmitoleic acid can be found in a number of food items such as mixed nuts, carrot, hedge mustard, and chanterelle, which makes cis-9-palmitoleic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cis-9-palmitoleic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, blood, saliva, and feces, as well as in human adipose tissue, prostate and skeletal muscle tissues. Cis-9-palmitoleic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Moreover, cis-9-palmitoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia. Palmitoleic acid, or (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid, is an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid (16:1n-7) with the formula CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH that is a common constituent of the glycerides of human adipose tissue. Present in all tissues, it is generally found in higher concentrations in the liver. Macadamia oil (Macadamia integrifolia) and sea buckthorn oil (Hippophae rhamnoides) are botanical sources of palmitoleic acid, containing 22 and 40\\\\\% respectively. Palmitoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Palmitoleic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=373-49-9 (retrieved 2024-07-15) (CAS RN: 373-49-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Palmitoleic acid, a composition of fatty acid, is implicated in the prevention of death from cerebrovascular disorders in SHRSP rats. Palmitoleic acid, a composition of fatty acid, is implicated in the prevention of death from cerebrovascular disorders in SHRSP rats.
Syringic acid
Syringic acid, also known as syringate or cedar acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gallic acid and derivatives. Gallic acid and derivatives are compounds containing a 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid moiety. Outside of the human body, Syringic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as common walnuts, swiss chards, and olives and in a lower concentration in apples, tarragons, and peanuts. Syringic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sweet marjorams, silver lindens, bulgurs, annual wild rices, and barley. This could make syringic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Syringic acid is correlated with high antioxidant activity and inhibition of LDL oxidation. Research suggests that phenolics from wine may play a positive role against oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is a key step in the development of atherosclerosis. Syringic acid is a phenol present in some distilled alcohol beverages. It is also a product of microbial (gut) metabolism of anthocyanins and other polyphenols that have been consumed (in fruits and alcoholic beverages - PMID:18767860). Syringic acid is also a microbial metabolite that can be found in Bifidobacterium (PMID:24958563). Syringic acid is a dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a member of benzoic acids, a dimethoxybenzene and a member of phenols. It is functionally related to a gallic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a syringate. Syringic acid is a natural product found in Visnea mocanera, Pittosporum illicioides, and other organisms with data available. Syringic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Present in various plants free and combined, e.g. principal phenolic constituent of soyabean meal (Glycine max) A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents KEIO_ID S018 Syringic acid is correlated with high antioxidant activity and inhibition of LDL oxidation. Syringic acid is correlated with high antioxidant activity and inhibition of LDL oxidation.
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid, also known as 4-hydroxy a-oxobenzenepropanoate or 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoate, belongs to phenylpyruvic acid derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a phenylpyruvic acid moiety, which consists of a phenyl group substituted at the second position by an pyruvic acid. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid can be synthesized from pyruvic acid. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid can also be synthesized into 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxime. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid can be found in a number of food items such as garden onion (variety), rose hip, sourdough, and horseradish tree, which makes 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include disulfiram action pathway, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism. 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include tyrosinemia type I, phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia, transient, of the newborn, and alkaptonuria. Moreover, 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)pyruvic acid is found to be associated with hawkinsinuria and phenylketonuria. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPPA) is a keto acid that is involved in the tyrosine catabolism pathway. It is a product of the enzyme (R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.222) and is formed during tyrosine metabolism. The conversion from tyrosine to 4-HPPA is catalyzed by tyrosine aminotransferase. Additionally, 4-HPPA can be converted to homogentisic acid which is one of the precursors to ochronotic pigment. The enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase (HPD) catalyzes the reaction that converts 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to homogentisic acid. A deficiency in the catalytic activity of HPD is known to lead to tyrosinemia type III, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elevated levels of blood tyrosine and massive excretion of tyrosine derivatives into urine. It has been shown that hawkinsinuria, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the excretion of hawkinsin, may also be a result of HPD deficiency (PMID: 11073718). Moreover, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is also found to be associated in phenylketonuria, which is also an inborn error of metabolism. There are two isomers of HPPA, specifically 4HPPA and 3HPPA, of which 4HPPA is the most common. 4-HPPA has been found to be a microbial metabolite in Escherichia (ECMDB). KEIO_ID H007 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.
Ellagic acid
Ellagic acid appears as cream-colored needles (from pyridine) or yellow powder. Odorless. (NTP, 1992) Ellagic acid is an organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the formal dimerisation of gallic acid by oxidative aromatic coupling with intramolecular lactonisation of both carboxylic acid groups of the resulting biaryl. It is found in many fruits and vegetables, including raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, and pomegranates. It has a role as an antioxidant, a food additive, a plant metabolite, an EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor, an EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor, an EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor, an EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor, an EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor, a skin lightening agent, a fungal metabolite, an EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor and a geroprotector. It is an organic heterotetracyclic compound, a cyclic ketone, a lactone, a member of catechols and a polyphenol. It is functionally related to a gallic acid. Ellagic acid is present in several fruits such as cranberries, strawberries, raspberries, and pomegranates. In pomegranates, there are several therapeutic compounds but ellagic acid is the most active and abundant. Ellagic acid is also present in vegetables. Ellagic acid is an investigational drug studied for treatment of Follicular Lymphoma (phase 2 trial), protection from brain injury of intrauterine growth restricted babies (phase 1 and 2 trial), improvement of cardiovascular function in adolescents who are obese (phase 2 trial), and topical treatment of solar lentigines. Ellagic acids therapeutic action mostly involves antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects. Ellagic acid is a natural product found in Fragaria chiloensis, Metrosideros perforata, and other organisms with data available. Ellagic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. Ellagic acid is an organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the formal dimerisation of gallic acid by oxidative aromatic coupling with intramolecular lactonisation of both carboxylic acid groups of the resulting biaryl. It is found in many fruits and vegetables, including raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, and pomegranates. It has a role as an antioxidant, a food additive, a plant metabolite, an EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor, an EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor, an EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor, an EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor, an EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor, an EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor, a skin lightening agent, a fungal metabolite and an EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor. It is an organic heterotetracyclic compound, a cyclic ketone, a lactone, a member of catechols and a polyphenol. It derives from a gallic acid. Ellagic acid, also known as ellagate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydrolyzable tannins. These are tannins with a structure characterized by either of the following models. In model 1, the structure contains galloyl units (in some cases, shikimic acid units) that are linked to diverse polyol carbohydrate-, catechin-, or triterpenoid units. In model 2, contains at least two galloyl units C-C coupled to each other, and do not contain a glycosidically linked catechin unit. The antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of ellagic acid have spurred preliminary research into the potential health benefits of ellagic acid consumption. Ellagic acids therapeutic action mostly involves antioxidant and anti-proliferative/anti-cancer effects. Ellagic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as chestnuts, common walnuts, and japanese walnuts and in a lower concentration in whiskies, arctic blackberries, and cloudberries. Ellagic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as lowbush blueberries, bilberries, guava, strawberry guava, and bog bilberries. An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the formal dimerisation of gallic acid by oxidative aromatic coupling with intramolecular lactonisation of both carboxylic acid groups of the resulting biaryl. It is found in many fruits and vegetables, including raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, and pomegranates. Widely distributed in higher plants especies dicotyledons. Intestinal astringent, dietary role disputed. Nutriceutical with anticancer and antioxidation props. Ellagic acid is a natural antioxidant, and acts as a potent and ATP-competitive CK2 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 40 nM and a Ki of 20 nM. Ellagic acid is a natural antioxidant, and acts as a potent and ATP-competitive CK2 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 40 nM and a Ki of 20 nM.
Perillic acid
Perillic acid, also known as perillate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as menthane monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids with a structure based on the o-, m-, or p-menthane backbone. P-menthane consists of the cyclohexane ring with a methyl group and a (2-methyl)-propyl group at the 1 and 4 ring position, respectively. The o- and m- menthanes are much rarer, and presumably arise by alkyl migration of p-menthanes. Perillic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Perillic acid is an intermediate in the Limonene and pinene degradation pathway. (KEGG); Its measurement in urine is used to monitor cancer patients receiving oral Limonene (a farnesyl transferase inhibitor that has shown antitumor properties)(PubMed ID 8723738 ). Perillic acid is found in cardamom. C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2020 - Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitor
Suberic acid
Suberic acid, also octanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid, with formula C6H12(COOH)2. It is present in the urine of patients with fatty acid oxidation disorders (PMID 10404733). A metabolic breakdown product derived from oleic acid. Elevated levels of this unstaruated dicarboxylic acid are found in individuals with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD). Suberic acid is also found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency, which are also inborn errors of metabolism. Isolated from the roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 153 KEIO_ID S013 Suberic acid (Octanedioic acid) is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency. Suberic acid (Octanedioic acid) is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency.
Xanthosine
C10H12N4O6 (284.07568119999996)
Xanthosine, also known as xanthine riboside, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants xanthosine is the biosynthetic precursor to 7-methylxanthosine which is produced by the action of the enzyme known as 7-methylxanthosine synthase. 7-Methylxanthosine in turn is the precursor to theobromine (the active alkaloid in chocolate), which in turn is the precursor to caffeine, the active alkaloid in coffee and tea. Within humans, xanthosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, xanthosine can be biosynthesized from xanthylic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In addition, xanthosine can be converted into xanthine and ribose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Xanthosine monophosphate (XMP) is an intermediate in purine metabolism, formed from IMP (inosine monophosphate). Biological Source: Production by guanine-free mutants of bacteria e.g. Bacillus subtilis, Aerobacter aerogenesand is also reported from seeds of Trifolium alexandrinum Physical Description: Prismatic cryst. (H2O) (Chemnetbase) The deamination product of guanosine; Xanthosine monophosphate is an intermediate in purine metabolism, formed from IMP, and forming GMP.; Xanthylic acid can be used in quantitative measurements of the Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activities in purine metabolism, as recommended to ensure optimal thiopurine therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). (PMID: 16725387). Xanthosine is found in many foods, some of which are calabash, rambutan, apricot, and pecan nut. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 126 COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine can increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats[1]. Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine can increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats[1]. Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine can increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats[1].
Adenosine phosphosulfate
C10H14N5O10PS (427.01989940000004)
Adenosine phosphosulfate, also known as adenylylsulfate or adenosine sulfatophosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenosine phosphosulfate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, adenosine phosphosulfate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, adenosine phosphosulfate can be biosynthesized from sulfate through the action of the enzyme bifunctional 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate synthase 2. In addition, adenosine phosphosulfate can be converted into phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme bifunctional 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate synthase 2. In humans, adenosine phosphosulfate is involved in sulfate/sulfite metabolism. Outside of the human body, Adenosine phosphosulfate has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as chia, yardlong beans, swiss chards, sapodilla, and chicory leaves. This could make adenosine phosphosulfate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. An adenosine 5-phosphate having a sulfo group attached to one the phosphate OH groups. Adenosine phosphosulfate (also known as APS) is the initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase (or PAPS synthetase) on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. PAPS synthetase 1 is a bifunctional enzyme with both ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase activity, which mediates two steps in the sulfate activation pathway. The first step is the transfer of a sulfate group to ATP to yield adenosine 5-phosphosulfate (APS), and the second step is the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to APS yielding 3-phosphoadenylylsulfate (PAPS). In mammals, PAPS is the sole source of sulfate; APS appears to be only an intermediate in the sulfate-activation pathway. [HMDB]. Adenosine phosphosulfate is found in many foods, some of which are muskmelon, garlic, caraway, and peach (variety).
3-Hydroxyl kyneurenine
Hydroxykynurenine is a free radical generator and a bioprecursor quinolinic acid which is a endogenous excitotoxin (PMID 16697652). It is a product of enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in the tryptophan catabolism pathway (Reactome http://www.reactome.org). [HMDB] Hydroxykynurenine is a free radical generator and a bioprecursor quinolinic acid which is a endogenous excitotoxin (PMID 16697652). It is a product of enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in the tryptophan catabolism pathway (Reactome http://www.reactome.org). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CBA12_3-OH-kynurenine_pos_20eV_1-4_01_802.txt [Raw Data] CBA12_3-OH-kynurenine_pos_10eV_1-4_01_801.txt [Raw Data] CBA12_3-OH-kynurenine_pos_50eV_1-4_01_805.txt [Raw Data] CBA12_3-OH-kynurenine_pos_40eV_1-4_01_804.txt [Raw Data] CBA12_3-OH-kynurenine_pos_30eV_1-4_01_803.txt C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant KEIO_ID H050; [MS3] KO009001 KEIO_ID H050; [MS2] KO009000 KEIO_ID H050
Novobiocin
Novobiocin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189) [PubChem]Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin. Aminocoumarins are very potent inhibitors of bacterial DNA gyrase and work by inhibiting the GyrB subunit of the enzyme involved in energy tranduction. Novobiocin as well as the other aminocoumarin antibiotics act as competitive inhibitors of the ATPase reaction catalysed by GyrB. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1168 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1167 Novobiocin (Albamycin) is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity[1][2][3][4][6].
Sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a sulfathiazole antibacterial agent. Sulfamethizole is a competitive inhibitor of bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. The normal para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) substrate is prevented from binding. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid. D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BA - Sulfonamides J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01E - Sulfonamides and trimethoprim > J01EB - Short-acting sulfonamides B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions > B05CA - Antiinfectives S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AB - Sulfonamides C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C29739 - Sulfonamide Anti-Infective Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013432 - Sulfathiazoles D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D013424 - Sulfanilamides CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1017
Tyramine
Tyramine is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. In foods, it is often produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include fish, chocolate, alcoholic beverages, cheese, soy sauce, sauerkraut, and processed meat. A large dietary intake of tyramine can cause an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more. Tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter via a G protein-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine called TA1. The TA1 receptor is found in the brain as well as peripheral tissues including the kidney. An indirect sympathomimetic, Tyramine can also serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese [Spectral] Tyramine (exact mass = 137.08406) and L-Methionine (exact mass = 149.05105) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Tyramine (exact mass = 137.08406) and Glutathione (exact mass = 307.08381) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018759 - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents IPB_RECORD: 267; CONFIDENCE confident structure CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 5105 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators KEIO_ID T008 Tyramine is an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Tyramine occurs naturally in the body, and it's found in certain foods[1]. Tyramine is an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Tyramine occurs naturally in the body, and it's found in certain foods[1].
tropinone
Tropinone, also known as 3-tropanone, is a member of the class of compounds known as tropane alkaloids. Tropane alkaloids are organic compounds containing the nitrogenous bicyclic alkaloid parent N-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane. Tropinone is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Tropinone can be found in a number of food items such as walnut, japanese persimmon, komatsuna, and chicory roots, which makes tropinone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Tropinone is an alkaloid, famously synthesised in 1917 by Robert Robinson as a synthetic precursor to atropine, a scarce commodity during World War I. Tropinone and the alkaloids cocaine and atropine all share the same tropane core structure. Its corresponding conjugate acid at pH 7.3 major species is known as tropiniumone . KEIO_ID T061 Tropinone, an alkaloid, acts as a synthetic intermediate to?Atropine[1].
Pyroglutamic acid
Pyroglutamic acid (5-oxoproline) is a cyclized derivative of L-glutamic acid. It is an uncommon amino acid derivative in which the free amino group of glutamic acid cyclizes to form a lactam. It is formed nonenzymatically from glutamate, glutamine, and gamma-glutamylated peptides, but it can also be produced by the action of gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase on an L-amino acid. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of glutamine or glutathione metabolism. This compound is found in substantial amounts in brain tissue and other tissues in bound form, especially skin. It is also present in plant tissues. It is sold, over the counter, as a "smart drug" for improving blood circulation in the brain. Pyroglutamate in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese. When present in sufficiently high levels, pyroglutamic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of pyroglutamic acid are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism including 5-oxoprolinuria, 5-oxoprolinase deficiency, glutathione synthetase deficiency, hawkinsinuria, and propionic acidemia. Pyroglutamic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. It has been shown that pyroglutamic acid releases GABA from the cerebral cortex and displays anti-anxiety effects in a simple approach-avoidance conflict situation in the rat. In clinical pharmacology experiments, pyroglutamic acid significantly shortens the plasma half-life of ethanol during acute intoxication. Found in vegetables, fruits and molasses. A cyclized derivative of L-glutamic acid. It is an uncommon amino acid derivative in which the free amino group of glutamic acid cyclizes to form a lactam. Pyroglutamate in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent
Retinal
A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native trans-configuration. [HMDB]. Retinal is found in many foods, some of which are flaxseed, pepper (c. baccatum), climbing bean, and other soy product. Retinal is a carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native trans-configuration. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 142
Ajmaline
Ajmaline, also known as (+)-ajmaline, is a member of the class of compounds known as ajmaline-sarpagine alkaloids. Ajmaline-sarpagine alkaloids are organic compounds containing either of the ajmalan, sarpagan skeleton, or derivative thereof. The Sarpagine (Akuammidine) group, based on the sarpagan nucleus, arises from bond formation between C-16 and C-5 of the corynantheine precursor. Ajmaline alkaloids are based on a 17,19-secoyohimban skeleton (oxayohimban) which is invariably present as an ether. Ajmaline is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ajmaline can be synthesized from ajmalan. Ajmaline is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, vinorine, norajmaline, and 17-O-acetylajmaline. Ajmaline can be found in a number of food items such as soursop, jews ear, small-leaf linden, and soft-necked garlic, which makes ajmaline a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ajmaline can be found primarily in blood and urine. Ajmaline is a drug which is used for use as an antiarrhythmic agent. The compound was first isolated by Salimuzzaman Siddiqui in 1931 from the roots of Rauvolfia serpentina. He named it ajmaline, after Hakim Ajmal Khan, one of the most illustrious practitioners of Unani medicine in South Asia. Ajmaline can be found in most species of the Rauvolfia genus as well as Catharanthus roseus. In addition to Southeast Asia, Rauvolfia species have also been found in tropical regions of India, Africa, South America, and some oceanic islands. Other indole alkaloids found in Rauvolfia include reserpine, ajmalicine, serpentine, corynanthine, and yohimbine. While 86 alkaloids have been discovered throughout Rauvolfia vomitoria, ajmaline is mainly isolated from the stem bark and roots of the plant . The class I antiarrhythmic agents interfere with the sodium channel. A class IA agent lengthens the action potential (right shift) which brings about improvement in abnormal heart rhythms. This drug in particular has a high affinity for the Nav 1.5 sodium channel (DrugBank). An alkaloid found in the root of Rauwolfia serpentina, among other plant sources. It is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials. Ajmaline produces potent sodium channel blocking effects and a very short half-life which makes it a very useful drug for acute intravenous treatments. The drug has been very popular in some countries for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with the Wolff Parkinson White syndrome and in well tolerated monomorphic ventricular tachycardias. It has also been used for many years as a drug to challenge the conduction system of the heart in cases of bundle branch block and syncope. In these cases, abnormal prolongation of the HV interval has been taken as a proof for infrahisian conduction defects tributary for permanent pacemaker implantation. D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D026941 - Sodium Channel Blockers > D061567 - Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Ajmaline (Cardiorythmine) is a sodium channel blocking, class 1A anti-arrhythmic agent. Ajmaline blocks HERG currents with an IC50 of 1 μM in HEK cells and 42.3 μM in Xenopus oocytes. Ajmaline can be used for the research of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia[1][2]. Ajmaline (Cardiorythmine) is a sodium channel blocking, class 1A anti-arrhythmic agent. Ajmaline blocks HERG currents with an IC50 of 1 μM in HEK cells and 42.3 μM in Xenopus oocytes. Ajmaline can be used for the research of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia[1][2].
Cytisine
N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BA - Drugs used in nicotine dependence C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist > C73579 - Nicotinic Agonist relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.052 Cytisinicline (Cytisine) is an alkaloid. Cytisinicline (Cytisine) is a partial agonist of α4β2 nAChRs[1], and partial to full agonist at β4 containing receptors and α7 receptors[2]. Has been used medically to help with smoking cessation[3]. Cytisinicline (Cytisine) is an alkaloid. Cytisinicline (Cytisine) is a partial agonist of α4β2 nAChRs[1], and partial to full agonist at β4 containing receptors and α7 receptors[2]. Has been used medically to help with smoking cessation[3]. Cytisinicline (Cytisine) is an alkaloid. Cytisinicline (Cytisine) is a partial agonist of α4β2 nAChRs[1], and partial to full agonist at β4 containing receptors and α7 receptors[2]. Has been used medically to help with smoking cessation[3].
Kanamycin
C18H36N4O11 (484.23804659999996)
Kanamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [PubChem]Aminoglycosides like kanamycin "irreversibly" bind to specific 30S-subunit proteins and 16S rRNA. Specifically Kanamycin binds to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. This interferes with decoding site in the vicinity of nucleotide 1400 in 16S rRNA of 30S subunit. This region interacts with the wobble base in the anticodon of tRNA. This leads to interference with the initiation complex, misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents > A07A - Intestinal antiinfectives > A07AA - Antibiotics J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
Sparteine
Sparteine is a quinolizidine alkaloid and a quinolizidine alkaloid fundamental parent. Sparteine is a plant alkaloid derived from Cytisus scoparius and Lupinus mutabilis which may chelate calcium and magnesium. It is a sodium channel blocker, so it falls in the category of class 1a antiarrhythmic agents. Sparteine is not currently FDA-approved for human use, and its salt, sparteine sulfate, is one of the products that have been withdrawn or removed from the market for reasons of safety or effectiveness. Sparteine is a natural product found in Ormosia coarctata, Thermopsis chinensis, and other organisms with data available. A quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from several FABACEAE including LUPINUS; SPARTIUM; and CYTISUS. It has been used as an oxytocic and an anti-arrhythmia agent. It has also been of interest as an indicator of CYP2D6 genotype. See also: Cytisus scoparius flowering top (part of). C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01B - Antiarrhythmics, class i and iii > C01BA - Antiarrhythmics, class ia C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C47793 - Antiarrhythmic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics Annotation level-1 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 53 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 39 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 32 INTERNAL_ID 24; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 24 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 17 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 9 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.395 beta-Isosparteine is a natural product found in Ulex airensis, Ulex densus, and other organisms with data available. A quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from several FABACEAE including LUPINUS; SPARTIUM; and CYTISUS. It has been used as an oxytocic and an anti-arrhythmia agent. It has also been of interest as an indicator of CYP2D6 genotype. (+)-Sparteine is a natural product found in Baptisia australis, Dermatophyllum secundiflorum, and other organisms with data available. A quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from several FABACEAE including LUPINUS; SPARTIUM; and CYTISUS. It has been used as an oxytocic and an anti-arrhythmia agent. It has also been of interest as an indicator of CYP2D6 genotype. (-)-Sparteine is a natural alkaloid isolated from beans. (-)-Sparteine is a natural alkaloid isolated from beans. (+)-Sparteine is a natural alkaloid acting as a ganglionic blocking agent. (+)-Sparteine competitively blocks nicotinic ACh receptor in the neurons. (+)-Sparteine is a natural alkaloid acting as a ganglionic blocking agent. (+)-Sparteine competitively blocks nicotinic ACh receptor in the neurons. (+)-Sparteine is a natural alkaloid acting as a ganglionic blocking agent. (+)-Sparteine competitively blocks nicotinic ACh receptor in the neurons.
Monocrotaline
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive disease Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2249 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 131 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 121 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 151 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 141 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 111 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 161 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 171 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 101 Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline inhibits OCT-1 and OCT-2 with IC50s of 36.8 μM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline has antitumor activity and is cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Monocrotaline is used to induce a model of pulmonary hypertension in rodents. [2][6][8]. Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline inhibits OCT-1 and OCT-2 with IC50s of 36.8 μM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline has antitumor activity and is cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Monocrotaline is used to induce a model of pulmonary hypertension in rodents. [2][6][8].
Dimethyltryptamine
An N-methylated indoleamine derivative, a serotonergic hallucinogen found in several plants, especially Prestonia amazonica (Apocynaceae) and in mammalian brain, blood, and urine. It apparently acts as an agonist at some types of serotonin receptors and an antagonist at others.; DMT is a derivative of tryptamine with two additional methyl groups at the amine nitrogen atom. DMT is often synthesized by the Speeter-Anthony synthesis from indole using oxalyl chloride, dimethylamine, and lithium aluminium hydride as reagents. DMT is usually used in its base form, but it is more stable as a salt, e.g. as a fumarate. In contrast to DMTs base, its salts are water-soluble. DMT in solution degrades relatively fast and should be stored protected from air and light in a freezer. Highly pure DMT crystals, when evaporated out of a solvent and depositing upon glass, often produce small but highly defined white crystalline needles which when viewed under intense light will sparkle, and appear colorless under high magnification. In labs, it has been known to be explosive under a certain degree of heat.; DMT is a powerful psychoactive substance. If DMT is smoked, injected, or orally ingested with an MAOI, it can produce powerful entheogenic experiences including intense visual hallucinations, euphoria, even true hallucinations (perceived extensions of reality). A trip sitter is recommended to assist the drug user in staying physically and mentally healthy, and, in the case of smoked DMT, to catch the pipe if the user loses awareness of it.; DMT is classified in the United States as a Schedule I drug. In December of 2004, the Supreme Court lifted a stay thereby allowing the Brazil-based Uniaeo do Vegetal (UDV) church to use a decoction containing DMT in their Christmas services that year. This decoction is a tea made from boiled leaves and vines, known as hoasca within the UDV, and ayahuasca in different cultures. In Gonzales v. O Centro EspArita Beneficente Uniaeo do Vegetal, the Supreme Court heard arguments on November 1, 2005 and unanimously ruled in February 2006 that the U.S. federal government must allow the UDV to import and consume the tea for religious ceremonies under the 1993 Religious Freedom Restoration Act. There are no drug tests that would show DMT usage. None of the basic NIDA 5 drug tests or any extended drug test will show a result for DMT.; Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. It is not to be confused with 5-MeO-DMT and is similar in chemical structure to the neurotransmitter serotonin. DMT is created in small amounts by the human body during normal metabolism by the enzyme tryptamine-N-methyltransferase. Pure DMT at room temperature is a clear or white crystalline solid. DMT was first chemically synthesized in 1931. It also occurs naturally in many species of plants. DMT-containing plants are used in several South American shamanic practices. It is one of the main active constituents of snuffs like yopo and of the drink ayahuasca.; Oral ingestion: DMT, which is broken down by the digestive enzyme monoamine oxidase, is practically inactive if taken orally, unless combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The traditional South American ayahuasca, or yage, is a tea mixture containing DMT and a MAOI. There are a number of admixtures to this brew, but most commonly it is simply the leaves of Psychotria viridis (containing DMT), and the vine Banisteriopsis caapi (the source of MAOI). Other DMT containing plants, including Diplopterys cabrerana, are sometimes used in ayahuasca in different areas of South America. Two common sources in the western US are Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and Harding grass (Phalaris aquatica). These invasive grasses contain low levels of DMT and other alkaloids. Taken orally with an appropriate MAOI, DMT produces a long lasting (over 3 hour), slow, but deep spiritual experience. MAOIs should be used with extreme caution as they... Dimethyltryptamine is an N-methylated indoleamine derivative, a serotonergic hallucinogen found in several plants, especially Prestonia amazonica (Apocynaceae) and in mammalian brain, blood, and urine. It apparently acts as an agonist at some types of serotonin receptors and an antagonist at others. DMT is a derivative of tryptamine with two additional methyl groups at the amine nitrogen atom. DMT is often synthesized by the Speeter-Anthony synthesis from indole using oxalyl chloride, dimethylamine, and lithium aluminium hydride as reagents. DMT is usually used in its base form, but it is more stable as a salt, e.g. as a fumarate. In contrast to DMTs base, its salts are water-soluble. DMT in solution degrades relatively fast and should be stored protected from air and light in a freezer. Highly pure DMT crystals, when evaporated out of a solvent and depositing upon glass, often produce small but highly defined white crystalline needles which when viewed under intense light will sparkle, and appear colorless under high magnification. In labs, it has been known to be explosive under a certain degree of heat. DMT is a powerful psychoactive substance. If DMT is smoked, injected, or orally ingested with an MAOI, it can produce powerful entheogenic experiences including intense visual hallucinations, euphoria, even true hallucinations (perceived extensions of reality). A trip sitter is recommended to assist the drug user in staying physically and mentally healthy, and, in the case of smoked DMT, to catch the pipe if the user loses awareness of it. DMT is classified in the United States as a Schedule I drug. There are no drug tests that would show DMT usage. None of the basic NIDA 5 drug tests or any extended drug test will show a result for DMT. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), also known as N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a psychedelic tryptamine. It is not to be confused with 5-MeO-DMT and is similar in chemical structure to the neurotransmitter serotonin. DMT is created in small amounts by the human body during normal metabolism by the enzyme tryptamine-N-methyltransferase. Pure DMT at room temperature is a clear or white crystalline solid. DMT was first chemically synthesized in 1931. It also occurs naturally in many species of plants. DMT-containing plants are used in several South American shamanic practices. It is one of the main active constituents of snuffs like yopo and of the drink ayahuasca. Oral ingestion: DMT, which is broken down by the digestive enzyme monoamine oxidase, is practically inactive if taken orally, unless combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The traditional South American ayahuasca, or yage, is a tea mixture containing DMT and a MAOI. There are a number of admixtures to this brew, but most commonly it is simply the leaves of Psychotria viridis (containing DMT), and the vine Banisteriopsis caapi (the source of MAOI). Other DMT containing plants, including Diplopterys cabrerana, are sometimes used in ayahuasca in different areas of South America. Two common sources in the western US are Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and Harding grass (Phalaris aquatica). These invasive grasses contain low levels of DMT and other alkaloids. Taken orally with an appropriate MAOI, DMT produces a long lasting (over 3 hour), slow, but deep spiritual experience. MAOIs should be used with extreme caution as they can have lethal complications with some prescription drugs, such as SSRI antidepressants, and some over-the-counter drugs. Smoked: If DMT is smoked, the maximal effects last for a short period of time (5-30 minutes dose dependent). The onset after inhalation is very fast (less than 45 seconds) and maximal effects are reached within about a minute. The Business Mans lunch trip is a common name due to the relatively short duration of vaporized, insufflated, or injected DMT. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D017366 - Serotonin Receptor Agonists D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D006213 - Hallucinogens
Tobramycin
Tobramycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the pseudomonas species. It is a 10\\\% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [PubChem]Tobramycin binds irreversibly to one of two aminoglycoside binding sites on the 30 S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Tobramycin may also destabilize bacterial memebrane by binding to 16 S 16 S r-RNA. An active transport mechanism for aminoglycoside uptake is necessary in the bacteria in order to attain a significant intracellular concentration of tobramycin. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AA - Antibiotics C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic Tobramycin (Nebramycin Factor 6) is a parenterally administered, broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that is widely used in the treatment of moderate to severe bacterial infections due to sensitive organisms[1].Tobramycin can be used to pneumonia research caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa[2][3].
Sirolimus
Sirolimus is a macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to immunophilins. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties. [PubChem] L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01E - Protein kinase inhibitors > L01EG - Mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) kinase inhibitors L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L04 - Immunosuppressants > L04A - Immunosuppressants > L04AA - Selective immunosuppressants C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor COVID info from Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D000903 - Antibiotics, Antineoplastic > D020123 - Sirolimus C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C2201 - mTOR Inhibitor D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C261 - Macrolide Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1[1]. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant[2]. Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1[1]. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant[2]. Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1[1]. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant[2].
16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid
16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, also known as 16-hydroxypalmitic acid, is a hydroxylated fatty acid where the terminal (omega) carbon has been hydroxylated. In animal tissues, a family of enzymes termed cytochromes P450s are involved in fatty acid oxidation, hydroxylating with high specificity at the energetically unfavourable terminal (omega) or omega-1 carbons. Hydroxy fatty acids primarily come from the consumption of plant products (vegetables or fruits) or cow’s milk. Omega hydroxy fatty acids are found in the structure of suberin, a lipid polyester present in plant cell walls, and of cutin, a lipid polyester which is a component of the plant cuticle. These apoplastic structures are important plant-environment interfaces that act as barriers limiting water and nutrient loss and protecting plants from radiation and pathogens. 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid and 18-hydroxystearic acid are particularly abundant in cutin in the plant cuticle. 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid has been proposed as a biomarker of beer consumption. 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid, also known as 16-hydroxypalmitic acid or 16-oh 16:0, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid can be synthesized from hexadecanoic acid. 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, (3R)-3,16-dihydroxypalmitic acid, oscr#28, and 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA. 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid can be found in a number of food items such as other cereal product, hyacinth bean, red rice, and elliotts blueberry, which makes 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Oleic acid
Oleic acid (or 9Z)-Octadecenoic acid) is an unsaturated C-18 or an omega-9 fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is an odorless, colorless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. The name derives from the Latin word oleum, which means oil. Oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in human adipose tissue, and the second most abundant in human tissues overall, following palmitic acid. Oleic acid is a component of the normal human diet, being a part of animal fats and vegetable oils. Triglycerides of oleic acid represent the majority of olive oil (about 70\\\\%). Oleic acid triglycerides also make up 59–75\\\\% of pecan oil, 61\\\\% of canola oil, 36–67\\\\% of peanut oil, 60\\\\% of macadamia oil, 20–80\\\\% of sunflower oil, 15–20\\\\% of grape seed oil, sea buckthorn oil, 40\\\\% of sesame oil, and 14\\\\% of poppyseed oil. High oleic variants of plant sources such as sunflower (~80\\\\%) and canola oil (70\\\\%) also have been developed. consumption has been associated with decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and possibly with increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, however, the ability of oleic acid to raise HDL is still debated. Oleic acid may be responsible for the hypotensive (blood pressure reducing) effects of olive oil that is considered a health benefit. Oleic acid is used in manufacturing of surfactants, soaps, plasticizers. It is also used as an emulsifying agent in foods and pharmaceuticals. Oleic acid is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. Major constituent of plant oils e.g. olive oil (ca. 80\\\\%), almond oil (ca. 80\\\\%) and many others, mainly as glyceride. Constituent of tall oiland is also present in apple, melon, raspberry oil, tomato, banana, roasted peanuts, black tea, rice bran, cardamon, plum brandy, peated malt, dairy products and various animal fats. Component of citrus fruit coatings. Emulsifying agent in foods CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 290 COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2]. Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2].
Chrysin
Chrysin is a dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory agent, an antineoplastic agent, an antioxidant, a hepatoprotective agent, an EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a dihydroxyflavone and a 7-hydroxyflavonol. Chrysin is a natural product found in Scutellaria amoena, Lonicera japonica, and other organisms with data available. 5,7-Dihydroxyflavone is found in carrot. Chrysin is a naturally occurring flavone chemically extracted from the blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea). Honeycomb also contains small amounts. It is also reported in Oroxylum indicum or Indian trumpetflower. (Wikipedia). Chrysin is a naturally occurring flavone chemically extracted from the blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea). Honeycomb also contains small amounts. It is also reported in Oroxylum indicum or Indian trumpetflower. [Wikipedia]. Chrysin is found in many foods, some of which are sour cherry, carrot, wild carrot, and sweet orange. 5,7-Dihydroxyflavone is found in carrot. Chrysin is a naturally occurring flavone chemically extracted from the blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea). Honeycomb also contains small amounts. It is also reported in Oroxylum indicum or Indian trumpetflower. (Wikipedia). A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4420; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4416 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4423; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4419 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9217; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9215 ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4462; CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4458 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4462; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4458 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7989; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7985 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4441; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4440 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7956; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7952 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7917; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7913 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4472; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4469 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7978; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7973 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX501; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4441; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4438 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 804; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7907; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7904 [Raw Data] CB007_Chrysin_pos_20eV_CB000007.txt [Raw Data] CB007_Chrysin_pos_30eV_CB000007.txt [Raw Data] CB007_Chrysin_pos_40eV_CB000007.txt [Raw Data] CB007_Chrysin_pos_10eV_CB000007.txt [Raw Data] CB007_Chrysin_pos_50eV_CB000007.txt [Raw Data] CB007_Chrysin_neg_10eV_000007.txt [Raw Data] CB007_Chrysin_neg_30eV_000007.txt [Raw Data] CB007_Chrysin_neg_40eV_000007.txt [Raw Data] CB007_Chrysin_neg_50eV_000007.txt [Raw Data] CB007_Chrysin_neg_20eV_000007.txt Chrysin is one of the most well known estrogen blockers. Chrysin is one of the most well known estrogen blockers.
Glucose
Glucose, also known as D-glucose or dextrose, is a member of the class of compounds known as hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moiety. Glucose contains an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In aqueous solution, both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is predominant. Glucose is a neutral, hydrophilic molecule that readily dissolves in water. It exists as a white crystalline powder. Glucose is the primary source of energy for almost all living organisms. As such, it is the most abundant monosaccharide and the most widely used aldohexose in living organisms. When not circulating freely in blood (in animals) or resin (in plants), glucose is stored as a polymer. In plants it is mainly stored as starch and amylopectin and in animals as glycogen. Glucose is produced by plants through the photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide where it is used as an energy and a carbon source Glucose is particularly abundant in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. Foods that are particularly rich in glucose are honey, agave, molasses, apples (2g/100g), grapes (8g/100g), oranges (8.5g/100g), jackfruit, dried apricots, dates (32 g/100g), bananas (5.8 g/100g), grape juice, sweet corn, Glucose is about 75\\\\% as sweet as sucrose and about 50\\\\% as sweet as fructose. Sweetness is detected through the binding of sugars to the T1R3 and T1R2 proteins, to form a G-protein coupled receptor that is the sweetness receptor in mammals. Glucose was first isolated from raisins in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas Marggraf. It was discovered in grapes by Johann Tobias Lowitz in 1792 and recognized as different from cane sugar (sucrose). Industrially, glucose is mainly used for the production of fructose and in the production of glucose-containing foods. In foods, it is used as a sweetener, humectant, to increase the volume and to create a softer mouthfeel. Various sources of glucose, such as grape juice (for wine) or malt (for beer), are used for fermentation to ethanol during the production of alcoholic beverages. Glucose is found in many plants as glucosides. A glucoside is a glycoside that is derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolyzed by purely chemical means or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. Glucose can be obtained by the hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as milk sugar (lactose), cane sugar (sucrose), maltose, cellulose, and glycogen. Glucose is a building block of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose (cane or beet sugar), of oligosaccharides such as raffinose and of polysaccharides such as starch and amylopectin, glycogen or cellulose. For most animals, while glucose is normally obtained from the diet, it can also be generated via gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate, glycerol (which is a part of the triacylglycerol molecule), alanine and glutamine. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CA - Tests for diabetes V - Various > V06 - General nutrients > V06D - Other nutrients > V06DC - Carbohydrates COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 226 KEIO_ID G002 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite. alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite.
Clothianidin
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6612; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6610 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3164; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3162 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3102; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3100 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6570; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6567 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3103; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3100 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3120; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3119 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3100; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3098 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6580; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6577 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6605; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6603 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6531; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6529 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3091; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3089 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 50; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6599; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6595 D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides > D000073943 - Neonicotinoids CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8455 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2328 D016573 - Agrochemicals
Caprylic acid
Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon straight-chain fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid. It is found naturally in coconuts and breast milk. It is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste that is minimally soluble in water. Caprylic acid is used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes (Wikipedia). Caprylic acid can be found in numerous foods such as Prunus (Cherry, Plum), pineapple sages, black raspberries, and shallots. Caprylic acid is found to be associated with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Widespread in plant oils, free and as glyceridesand is also present in apple, banana, orange juice and peel, pineapple, cognac, calamus, blue cheeses, cheddar cheese, Swiss cheese, feta cheese and other cheeses. Flavouring agent, defoamer, lubricant, binder and antimicrobial preservative in cheese wraps KEIO_ID C037 Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes. Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes.
Caprate (10:0)
Capric acid, also known as decanoic acid is a C10 saturated fatty acid. It is a member of the series of fatty acids found in oils and animal fats. The names of caproic, caprylic, and capric acids are all derived from the word caper (Latin for goat). These fatty acids are light yellowish transparent oily liquids with a sweaty, unpleasant aroma that is reminiscent of goats. Capric acid is used in the manufacture of esters for artificial fruit flavors and perfumes. It is also used as an intermediate in chemical syntheses. Capric acid is used in organic synthesis and industrially in the manufacture of perfumes, lubricants, greases, rubber, dyes, plastics, food additives and pharmaceuticals. Capric acid occurs naturally in coconut oil (about 10\\\\\\%) and palm kernel oil (about 4\\\\\\%), otherwise it is uncommon in typical seed oils. It is found in the milk of various mammals and to a lesser extent in other animal fats. Capric acid, caproic acid (a C6:0 fatty acid) and caprylic acid (a C8:0 fatty acid) account for about 15\\\\\\% of the fatty acids in goat milk fat (PMID 16747831). Capric acid may be responsible for the mitochondrial proliferation associated with the ketogenic diet, which may occur via PPARgamma receptor agonism and the targeting of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (PMIDL 24383952). Widespread in plant oils and as glycerides in seed oilsand is also present in apple, apricot, banana, morello cherry, citrus fruits, cheese, butter, white wine, Japanese whiskey, peated malt, wort and scallops. It is used as a defoamer, lubricant and citrus fruit coating. Salts (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al) used as binders, emulsifiers and anticaking agents in food manuf. Decanoic acid is found in many foods, some of which are radish (variety), meatball, phyllo dough, and american shad. Decanoic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=334-48-5 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 334-48-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Decanoic acid, a component of medium chain triclycerides, is a brain-penetrant and non-competitive inhibitor of AMPA receptor. Decanoic acid has antiseizure effects[1][2][3]. Decanoic acid, a component of medium chain triclycerides, is a brain-penetrant and non-competitive inhibitor of AMPA receptor. Decanoic acid has antiseizure effects[1][2][3]. Decanoic acid, a component of medium chain triclycerides, is a brain-penetrant and non-competitive inhibitor of AMPA receptor. Decanoic acid has antiseizure effects[1][2][3].
Heptanoic acid
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors. The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement. Present in essential oils, e.g. violet leaf oil, palm oiland is also present in apple, feijoa fruit, strawberry jam, clove bud, ginger, black tea, morello cherry, grapes, rice bran and other foodstuffs. Flavouring ingredient. It is used as one of the components in washing solns. used to assist lye peeling of fruit and vegetables
Bisphenol AF
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4798; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4796 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4887; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4885 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4799; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4798 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4824; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4819 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4817; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4812 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 380; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4468; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4466 D052244 - Endocrine Disruptors
Tamoxifen
Tamoxifen is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the endometrium. [PubChem]Tamoxifen binds to estrogen receptors (ER), inducing a conformational change in the receptor. This results in a blockage or change in the expression of estrogen dependent genes. The prolonged binding of tamoxifen to the nuclear chromatin of these results in reduced DNA polymerase activity, impaired thymidine utilization, blockade of estradiol uptake, and decreased estrogen response. It is likely that tamoxifen interacts with other coactivators or corepressors in the tissue and binds with different estrogen receptors, ER-alpha or ER-beta, producing both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02B - Hormone antagonists and related agents > L02BA - Anti-estrogens D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D020847 - Estrogen Receptor Modulators D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D004965 - Estrogen Antagonists C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C1821 - Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C129818 - Antineoplastic Hormonal/Endocrine Agent > C481 - Antiestrogen C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents C1892 - Chemopreventive Agent
Eugenol
Eugenol appears as clear colorless pale yellow or amber-colored liquid. Odor of cloves. Spicy pungent taste. (NTP, 1992) Eugenol is a phenylpropanoid formally derived from guaiacol with an allyl chain substituted para to the hydroxy group. It is a major component of clove essential oil, and exhibits antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant properties. It has been widely used in dentistry to treat toothache and pulpitis. It has a role as an allergen, a human blood serum metabolite, a sensitiser, a volatile oil component, a flavouring agent, an EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor, a radical scavenger, an antibacterial agent, an antineoplastic agent, an apoptosis inducer, an anaesthetic, an analgesic, a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, a NF-kappaB inhibitor and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a phenylpropanoid, a monomethoxybenzene, a member of phenols and an alkenylbenzene. It is functionally related to a guaiacol. Eugenol is a naturally occurring phenolic molecule found in several plants such as cinnamon, clove, and bay leaves. It has been used as a topical antiseptic as a counter-irritant and in dental preparations with zinc oxide for root canal sealing and pain control. Although not currently available in any FDA-approved products (including OTC), eugenol has been found to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antipyretic, antioxidant, antifungal and analgesic properties. Its exact mechanism of action is unknown, however, it has been shown to interfere with action potential conduction. There are a number of unapproved OTC products available containing eugenol that advertise its use for the treatment of toothache. Eugenol is a Standardized Chemical Allergen. The physiologic effect of eugenol is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity. Eugenol, also called clove oil, is an aromatic oil extracted from cloves that is used widely as a flavoring for foods and teas and as an herbal oil used topically to treat toothache and more rarely to be taken orally to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory complaints. Eugenol in therapeutic doses has not been implicated in causing serum enzyme elevations or clinically apparent liver injury, but ingestions of high doses, as with an overdose, can cause severe liver injury. Eugenol is a natural product found in Dahlia sherffii, Elettaria cardamomum, and other organisms with data available. Eugenol is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol, i.e. 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol. Eugenol is a member of the allylbenzene class of chemical compounds. It is a clear to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, and bay leaf. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. It has a pleasant, spicy, clove-like odor. Eugenol is used in perfumeries, flavorings, essential oils and in medicine as a local antiseptic and anaesthetic. It was used in the production of isoeugenol for the manufacture of vanillin, though most vanillin is now produced from petrochemicals or from by-products of paper manufacture (Wikipedia). 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A cinnamate derivative of the shikimate pathway found in CLOVE OIL and other PLANTS. See also: Cinnamon (part of); Clove Oil (part of); Cinnamon Leaf Oil (part of) ... View More ... Eugenol is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol. Eugenol is a member of the phenylpropanoids class of chemical compounds. It is a clear to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, and bay leaf. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. It has a pleasant, spicy, clove-like aroma. Eugenol is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol, i.e. 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol. It is a clear to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, and bay leaf. Eugenol is used in perfumeries, flavorings, essential oils and in medicine as a local antiseptic and anaesthetic. It was used in the production of isoeugenol for the manufacture of vanillin, though most vanillin is now produced from petrochemicals or from by-products of paper manufacture (Wikipedia). Eugenol is used in perfumeries, flavorings, essential oils and in medicine as a local antiseptic and anesthetic. It is a key ingredient in Indonesian kretek (clove) cigarettes. It was used in the production of isoeugenol for the manufacture of vanillin, though most vanillin is now produced from phenol or from lignin. It is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, who apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; it is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study. Eugenol has a very widespread occurrence in essential oils. Major component of clove oil. Also found in citrus and thyme oils. It is found in foods such as apple, apricot, banana and cherry fruits. Eugenol or 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol is classified as a phenylpropanoid, formally derived from guaiacol, with an allyl chain positioned para to the hydroxy group. It is soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, ether and oils. Eugenol is a neutral compound. It is biosynthesized from tyrosine. Eugenol is widely distributed in plants. It is a clear to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, basil and bay leaf. It has a pleasant, spicy, clove-like odor with a spicy pungent taste. Eugenol is found in highest concentrations in cloves, allspices, and carrots and in lower concentrations in walnuts, ceylon cinnamons, and wild carrots. Eugenol has also been detected in shea tree, passion fruits, winged beans, fireweeds, and gingers, making it a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Eugenol is used in perfumeries, flavorings and essential oils. It was first used for the manufacture of vanillin (https://doi.org/10.1021/ed054p776), though most vanillin is now produced from petrochemicals or from by-products of paper manufacture. Eugenol is hepatotoxic, meaning it may cause damage to the liver, if consumed in high doses. Eugenol has local antiseptic and anaesthetic properties (PMID:15089054 ; PMID:935250 ) and acts as positive allosteric modulators of the GABA-A receptor. It has high antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities with potential roles in alleviating and preventing cancer and inflammatory reactions (PMID:27771920 ). A phenylpropanoid formally derived from guaiacol with an allyl chain substituted para to the hydroxy group. It is a major component of clove essential oil, and exhibits antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant properties. It has been widely used in dentistry to treat toothache and pulpitis. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D012997 - Solvents [Raw Data] CB226_Eugenol_pos_10eV_CB000079.txt [Raw Data] CB226_Eugenol_pos_20eV_CB000079.txt [Raw Data] CB226_Eugenol_pos_40eV_CB000079.txt [Raw Data] CB226_Eugenol_pos_50eV_CB000079.txt [Raw Data] CB226_Eugenol_pos_30eV_CB000079.txt Eugenol is an essential oil found in cloves with antibacterial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activity. Eugenol is shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Eugenol is an essential oil found in cloves with antibacterial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activity. Eugenol is shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation.
Deoxycorticosterone
11-Deoxycorticosterone (also called desoxycortone, 21-hydroxyprogesterone, DOC, or simply deoxycorticosterone) is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as a precursor to aldosterone. It is classified as a member of the 21-hydroxysteroids. 21-hydroxysteroids are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Deoxycorticosterone is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Deoxycorticosterone can be synthesized from progesterone by 21-beta-hydroxylase and is then converted to corticosterone by 11-beta-hydroxylase. Corticosterone is then converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase. Deoxycorticosterone stimulates the collecting tubules in the kidney to continue to excrete potassium in much the same way that aldosterone does. Deoxycorticosterone has about 1/20 of the sodium retaining power of aldosterone and about 1/5 the potassium excreting power of aldosterone (Wikipedia). Deoxycorticosterone can be found throughout all human tissues and has been detected in amniotic fluid and blood. When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxycorticosterone can act as a hypertensive agent and a metabotoxin. A hypertensive agent increases blood pressure and causes the production of more urine. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of deoxycorticosterone are associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and with adrenal tumors producing deoxycorticosterone (PMID: 20671982). High levels of this mineralocorticoid are associated with resistant hypertension, which can result in polyuria, polydipsia, increased blood volume, edema, and cardiac enlargement. Deoxycorticosterone can be used to treat adrenal insufficiency. In particular, desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is used as replacement therapy in Addisons disease. Desoxycorticosterol, also known as 21-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione or 21-hydroxyprogesterone, is a member of the class of compounds known as 21-hydroxysteroids. 21-hydroxysteroids are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Thus, desoxycorticosterol is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. Desoxycorticosterol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Desoxycorticosterol can be synthesized from progesterone. Desoxycorticosterol can also be synthesized into 11-deoxycorticosterone-21-hemisuccinate and 5beta-dihydrodeoxycorticosterone. Desoxycorticosterol can be found in rice, which makes desoxycorticosterol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Desoxycorticosterol can be found primarily in amniotic fluid and blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. In humans, desoxycorticosterol is involved in the steroidogenesis. Desoxycorticosterol is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include corticosterone methyl oxidase I deficiency (CMO I), 21-hydroxylase deficiency (CYP21), corticosterone methyl oxidase II deficiency - CMO II, and 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency (CYP11B1). Desoxycorticosterol is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 793; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9334; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9329 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 793; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9427; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9423 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 793; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9386; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9384 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 793; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9356; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9353 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 793; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9399; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9396 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 793; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9378; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9376 H - Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins > H02 - Corticosteroids for systemic use > H02A - Corticosteroids for systemic use, plain > H02AA - Mineralocorticoids D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D008901 - Mineralocorticoids C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant > C211 - Therapeutic Corticosteroid COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Deoxycorticosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as an aldosterone precursor. Deoxycorticosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as an aldosterone precursor.
Paraoxon
Paraoxon is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is an organophosphate oxon, and the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. It is also used as an opthamological drug against glaucoma. Paraoxon is one of the most potent acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides available, around 70\\% as potent as the nerve agent sarin, and so is now rarely used as an insecticide due to the risk of poisoning to humans and other animals. It is easily absorbed through skin, and was used as an assassination weapon by the apartheid-era South African chemical weapons program Project Coast. [HMDB] Paraoxon is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is an organophosphate oxon, and the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. It is also used as an opthamological drug against glaucoma. Paraoxon is one of the most potent acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides available, around 70\\% as potent as the nerve agent sarin, and so is now rarely used as an insecticide due to the risk of poisoning to humans and other animals. It is easily absorbed through skin, and was used as an assassination weapon by the apartheid-era South African chemical weapons program Project Coast. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D002800 - Cholinesterase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C47792 - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors D016573 - Agrochemicals
Ouabain
Ouabain is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like digitalis. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase. [PubChem]Ouabain inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). Ouabain also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 472; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6235; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6233 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 472; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6272; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6270 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 472; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6219; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6216 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 472; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6224; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6220 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 472; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6194; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6191 C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01A - Cardiac glycosides > C01AC - Strophanthus glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D013328 - Strophanthins [Raw Data] CB084_Ouabain_pos_50eV_CB000036.txt [Raw Data] CB084_Ouabain_pos_10eV_CB000036.txt [Raw Data] CB084_Ouabain_pos_30eV_CB000036.txt [Raw Data] CB084_Ouabain_pos_20eV_CB000036.txt [Raw Data] CB084_Ouabain_pos_40eV_CB000036.txt D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Dodecanoic acid
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos. Defoamer, lubricant. It is used in fruit coatings. Occurs as glyceride in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. Simple esters are flavour ingredients Lauric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=143-07-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 143-07-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Lauric acid is a middle chain-free fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively. Lauric acid is a middle chain-free fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
2,4-Dinitrophenol
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3673; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3671 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3652; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3650 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3645; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3640 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3674; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3673 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3657; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3655 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 447; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 3632; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 3630 D010575 - Pesticides > D005659 - Fungicides, Industrial > D004140 - Dinitrophenols CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 8070 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 8823 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D014475 - Uncoupling Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2302 D004396 - Coloring Agents KEIO_ID D097
(-)-alpha-Narcotine
(-)-alpha-Narcotine is found in opium poppy. (-)-alpha-Narcotine is an alkaloid from Papaver somniferum (opium poppy).Noscapine (also known as Narcotine, Nectodon, Nospen, and Anarcotine) is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from plants of the Papaveraceae family, without significant painkilling properties. This agent is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects. It has also been shown to have anticancer activity. (Wikipedia). R - Respiratory system > R05 - Cough and cold preparations > R05D - Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants > R05DA - Opium alkaloids and derivatives C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents Alkaloid from Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents
Estradiol
Estradiol is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids. Estradiol is produced in the ovaries. The ovary requires both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to produce sex steroids. LH stimulates the cells surrounding the follicle to produce progesterone and androgens. The androgens diffuse across the basement membrane to the granulosa cell layer, where, under the action of FSH, they are aromatized to estrogens, mainly estradiol. The ovary shows cyclical activity, unlike the testis that is maintained in a more or less constant state of activity. Hormone secretions vary according to the phase of the menstrual cycle. In the developing follicle LH receptors (LH-R) are only located on the thecal cells and FSH receptors (FSHR) on the granulosa cells. The dominant pre-ovulatory follicle develops LH-Rs on the granulosa cells prior to the LH surge. Thecal cells of the preovulatory follicle also develop the capacity to synthesize estradiol and this persists when the thecal cells become incorporated into the corpus luteum. After ovulation, the empty follicle is remodelled and plays an important role in the second half or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This phase is dominated by progesterone and, to a lesser extent, estradiol secretion by the corpus luteum. estradiol is also synthesized locally from cholesterol through testosterone in the hippocampus and acts rapidly to modulate neuronal synaptic plasticity. Localization of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in spines in addition to nuclei of principal neurons implies that synaptic ERalpha is responsible for rapid modulation of synaptic plasticity by endogenous estradiol. estradiol is a potent endogenous antioxidant which suppresses hepatic fibrosis in animal models, and attenuates induction of redox sensitive transcription factors, hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatic stellate cells activation by inhibiting a generation of reactive oxygen species in primary cultures. This suggests that the greater progression of hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in men and postmenopausal women may be due, at least in part, to lower production of estradiol and a reduced response to the action of estradiol. estradiol has been reported to induce the production of interferon (INF)-gamma in lymphocytes, and augments an antigen-specific primary antibody response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IFN-gamma is a potent cytokine with immunomodulatory and antiproliferative properties. Therefore, female subjects, particularly before menopause, may produce antibodies against hepatitis B virus e antigen and hepatitis B virus surface antigen at a higher frequency than males with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. The estradiol-Dihydrotestosterone model of prostate cancer (PC) proposes that the first step in the development of most PC and breast cancer (BC) occurs when aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol. (PMID: 17708600, 17678531, 17644764). G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CA - Natural and semisynthetic estrogens, plain D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen Growth promoter for livestock. Permitted in the USA Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Estradiol (β-Estradiol) is a steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. Estradiol can up-regulate the expression of neural markers of human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) and promote their neural differentiation. Estradiol can be used for the research of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and neural tissue engineering[1][2]. Estradiol (β-Estradiol) is a steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. Estradiol can up-regulate the expression of neural markers of human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) and promote their neural differentiation. Estradiol can be used for the research of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and neural tissue engineering[1][2].
(-)-Maackiain
(-)-maackiain is the (-)-enantiomer of maackiain. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-maackiain. Maackiain is a natural product found in Tephrosia virginiana, Leptolobium bijugum, and other organisms with data available. (-)-Maackiain. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2035-15-6 (retrieved 2024-07-09) (CAS RN: 2035-15-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (-)-Maackiain is a pterocarpan phytoalexin produced from Sophora flavescens. (-)-Maackiain is toxic to several genera of fungal pathogens of legume and non legume hosts[1]. (-)-Maackiain is a pterocarpan phytoalexin produced from Sophora flavescens. (-)-Maackiain is toxic to several genera of fungal pathogens of legume and non legume hosts[1]. (-)-Maackiain is a pterocarpan phytoalexin produced from Sophora flavescens. (-)-Maackiain is toxic to several genera of fungal pathogens of legume and non legume hosts[1]. (-)-Maackiain is a pterocarpan phytoalexin produced from Sophora flavescens. (-)-Maackiain is toxic to several genera of fungal pathogens of legume and non legume hosts[1].
Thromboxane B2
Thromboxanes. A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin). -- Pubchem. Thromboxanes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. Thromboxanes
Veratramine
Veratramine is a piperidine alkaloid comprising the 14,15,16,17-tetradehydro derivative of veratraman having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 23-positions. It derives from a hydride of a veratraman. Veratramine is a natural product found in Veratrum grandiflorum, Veratrum mengtzeanum, and other organisms with data available. Veratramine is a hypotensive alkaloid isolated from the rhizomes of Veratrum. A piperidine alkaloid comprising the 14,15,16,17-tetradehydro derivative of veratraman having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 23-positions. D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents > D014704 - Veratrum Alkaloids Data obtained from a veratramine standard purchased from Logan Natural Products, Logan, Utah USA. Veratramine(NSC17821; NSC23880) is useful as a signal transduction inhibitor for treating tumors. Veratramine(NSC17821; NSC23880) is useful as a signal transduction inhibitor for treating tumors.
Acetovanillone
Acetovanillone, also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone or acetoguaiacon, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkyl-phenylketones. Alkyl-phenylketones are aromatic compounds containing a ketone substituted by one alkyl group, and a phenyl group. Acetovanillone is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Acetovanillone is a faint, sweet, and vanillin tasting compound found in corn and garden onion, which makes acetovanillone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Acetovanillone may be a unique S.cerevisiae (yeast) metabolite. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Apocynin is a selective NADPH-oxidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 10 μM[1][2]. Apocynin improves acute lung inflammation in Carrageenan (HY-125474)-induced pleurisy mice model[3]. Apocynin can also be used for cancer research[4]. Apocynin reverses the aging process in mesenchymal stem cells to promote osteogenesis and increases bone mass[5]. Apocynin is a selective NADPH-oxidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 10 μM[1][2]. Apocynin improves acute lung inflammation in Carrageenan (HY-125474)-induced pleurisy mice model[3]. Apocynin can also be used for cancer research[4]. Apocynin reverses the aging process in mesenchymal stem cells to promote osteogenesis and increases bone mass[5]. Apocynin is a selective NADPH-oxidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 10 μM[1][2]. Apocynin improves acute lung inflammation in Carrageenan (HY-125474)-induced pleurisy mice model[3]. Apocynin can also be used for cancer research[4]. Apocynin reverses the aging process in mesenchymal stem cells to promote osteogenesis and increases bone mass[5].
Sebacic acid
Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms. Sebacic acid is a normal urinary acid. In patients with multiple acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), also known as glutaric aciduria type II (GAII), a group of metabolic disorders due to deficiency of either electron transfer flavoprotein or electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase, biochemical data shows an increase in urine sebacic acid excretion. Sebacic acid is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. Sebacic acid is a white flake or powdered crystal slightly soluble in water that has been proposed as an alternative energy substrate in total parenteral nutrition. Sebacic Acid was named from the Latin sebaceus (tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles. Sebacic acid and its derivatives such as azelaic acid have a variety of industrial uses as plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc. It is used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins. It is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials (PMID: 10556649, 1738216, 8442769, 12706375). Sebacic acid is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with 10 carbon atoms. Sebacic acid is a normal urinary acid. In patients with multiple acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) or glutaric aciduria type II (GAII) are a group of metabolic disorders due to deficiency of either electron transfer flavoprotein or electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase, biochemical data shows an increase in urine sebacic acid excretion. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4109; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4104 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4132; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4130 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4118; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4114 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4132; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4129 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4099; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4095 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 671; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4127; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4123 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID S017 Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Decanedioic acid, a normal urinary acid, is found to be associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Psoralidin
Psoralidin is a member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 9 and a prenyl group at position 2 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an estrogen receptor agonist. It is a member of coumestans, a polyphenol and a delta-lactone. It is functionally related to a coumestan. Psoralidin is a natural product found in Dolichos trilobus, Phaseolus lunatus, and other organisms with data available. See also: Cullen corylifolium fruit (part of). A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 9 and a prenyl group at position 2 respectively. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D020847 - Estrogen Receptor Modulators Constituent of papadi (Dolichos biflorus) and the butter bean (Phaseolus lunatus). Psoralidin is found in pulses, lima bean, and fruits. Psoralidin is found in fruits. Psoralidin is a constituent of papadi (Dolichos biflorus) and the butter bean (Phaseolus lunatus). Psoralidin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX, regulates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced pulmonary inflammation.Anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties[1]. Psoralidin significantly downregulates NOTCH1 signaling. Psoralidin also greatly induces ROS generation[2]. Psoralidin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX, regulates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced pulmonary inflammation.Anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties[1]. Psoralidin significantly downregulates NOTCH1 signaling. Psoralidin also greatly induces ROS generation[2]. Psoralidin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX, regulates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced pulmonary inflammation.Anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties[1]. Psoralidin significantly downregulates NOTCH1 signaling. Psoralidin also greatly induces ROS generation[2].
Spectinomycin
Spectinomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of gonorrhea. Spectinomycin is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is bactericidal in its action. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID S044; [MS2] KO009242 KEIO_ID S044
Vindoline
Vindoline is a vinca alkaloid, an alkaloid ester, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, a methyl ester, an acetate ester, a tertiary amino compound and a tertiary alcohol. It is a conjugate base of a vindolinium(1+). Vindoline is a natural product found in Catharanthus ovalis, Catharanthus trichophyllus, and other organisms with data available. Vindoline is an indole alkaloid that exhibits antimitotic activity by inhibiting microtubule assembly. (NCI) D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D014748 - Vinca Alkaloids C1744 - Multidrug Resistance Modulator Vindoline, a vinca alkaloid extracted from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus, weakly inhibits tubulin self-assembly[1]. Vindoline, a vinca alkaloid extracted from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus, weakly inhibits tubulin self-assembly[1].
Shikimic acid 3-phosphate
Shikimic acid 3-phosphate is a member of the class of compounds known as monoalkyl phosphates. Monoalkyl phosphates are organic compounds containing a phosphate group that is linked to exactly one alkyl chain. Shikimic acid 3-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Shikimic acid 3-phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as date, hard wheat, common sage, and peppermint, which makes shikimic acid 3-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Shikimic acid 3-phosphate exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).
Phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine, also known as creatine phosphate (CP) or PCr (Pcr), is a phosphorylated creatine molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle, myocardium and the brain to recycle adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell. Phosphocreatine undergoes irreversible cyclization and dehydration to form creatinine at a fractional rate of 0.026 per day, thus forming approximately 2 g creatinine/day in an adult male. This is the amount of creatine that must be provided either from dietary sources or by endogenous synthesis to maintain the body pool of (creatine and) phosphocreatine. Creatine is an amino acid that plays a vital role as phosphocreatine in regenerating adenosine triphosphate in skeletal muscle to energize muscle contraction. Creatine is phosphorylated to phosphocreatine in muscle in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase. This enzyme is in highest concentration in muscle and nerve. Oral administration increases muscle stores. During the past decade, creatine has assumed prominence as an ergogenic (and legal) aid for professional and elite athletes. Most (~ 95\\%) of the total body creatine-phosphocreatine pool is in muscle (more in skeletal muscle than in smooth muscle) and amounts to 120 g (or 925 mmol) in a 70 kg adult male. Approximately 60-67\\% of the content in resting muscle is in the phosphorylated form. This generates enough ATP at the myofibrillar apparatus to power about 4 seconds of muscle contraction in exercise. Phosphocreatine reacts with ADP to yield ATP and creatine; the reversible reaction is catalyzed by creatine kinase. phosphocreatine is the chief store of high-energy phosphates in muscle. Thus, this reaction, which permits the rephosphorylation of ADP to ATP, is the immediate source of energy in muscle contraction. During rest, metabolic processes regenerate phosphocreatine stores. In normal muscle, ATP that is broken down to ADP is immediately rephosphorylated to ATP. Thus, phosphocreatine serves as a reservoir of ATP-synthesizing potential. phosphocreatine is the only fuel available to precipitously regenerate ATP during episodes of rapid fluctuations in demand. The availability of phosphocreatine likely limits muscle performance during brief, high-power exercise, i.e., maximal exercise of short duration. With near maximal isometric contraction, the rate of utilization of phosphocreatine declines after 1-2 seconds of contraction, prior to the glycolysis peak at approximately 3 seconds (PMID:10079702). Phosphocreatine undergoes irreversible cyclization and dehydration to form creatinine at a fractional rate of 0.026 per day, thus forming approximately 2 g creatinine/day in an adult male. This is the amount of creatine that must be provided either from dietary sources or by endogenous synthesis to maintain the body pool of (creatine and) phosphocreatine. Creatine is an amino acid that plays a vital role as phosphocreatine in regenerating adenosine triphosphate in skeletal muscle to energize muscle contraction. Creatine is phosphorylated to phosphocreatine in muscle in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase. This enzyme is in highest concentration in muscle and nerve. Oral administration increases muscle stores. During the past decade, creatine has assumed prominence as an ergogenic (and legal) aid for professional and elite athletes. Most (~ 95\\%) of the total body creatine-phosphocreatine pool is in muscle (more in skeletal muscle than in smooth muscle) and amounts to 120 g (or 925 mmol) in a 70 kg adult male. Approximately 60-67\\% of the content in resting muscle is in the phosphorylated form. This generates enough ATP at the myofibrillar apparatus to power about 4 seconds of muscle contraction in exercise. Phosphocreatine reacts with ADP to yield ATP and creatine; the reversible reaction is catalyzed by creatine kinase. phosphocreatine is the chief store of high-energy phosphates in muscle. Thus, this reaction, which permits the rephosphorylation of ADP to ATP, is the immediate source of energy in muscle contraction. During rest, metabolic processes regenerate phosphocreatine stores. In normal muscle, ATP that is broken down to ADP is immediately rephosphorylated to ATP. Thus, phosphocreatine serves as a reservoir of ATP-synthesizing potential. phosphocreatine is the only fuel available to precipitously regenerate ATP during episodes of rapid fluctuations in demand. The availability of phosphocreatine likely limits muscle performance during brief, high-power exercise, i.e., maximal exercise of short duration. With near maximal isometric contraction, the rate of utilization of phosphocreatine declines after 1-2 seconds of contraction, prior to the glycolysis peak at approximately 3 seconds. (PMID: 10079702, Nutr Rev. 1999 Feb;57(2):45-50.) [HMDB] D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents KEIO_ID P084; [MS2] KO009218 KEIO_ID P084
Epibatidine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
(+)-Syringaresinol
(+)-syringaresinol is a member of the class of compounds known as furanoid lignans. Furanoid lignans are lignans with a structure that contains either a tetrahydrofuran ring, a furan ring, or a furofuan ring system, that arises from the joining of the two phenylpropanoid units (+)-syringaresinol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (+)-syringaresinol can be found in a number of food items such as radish (variety), grape wine, oat, and ginkgo nuts, which makes (+)-syringaresinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
3-O-Methylkaempferol
3-o-methylkaempferol, also known as 5,7,4-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone or isokaempferide, is a member of the class of compounds known as 3-o-methylated flavonoids. 3-o-methylated flavonoids are flavonoids with methoxy groups attached to the C3 atom of the flavonoid backbone. Thus, 3-o-methylkaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. 3-o-methylkaempferol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-o-methylkaempferol can be found in common bean and coriander, which makes 3-o-methylkaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Matairesinol
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer). (-)-matairesinol is a lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer). It has a role as a phytoestrogen, a plant metabolite, an angiogenesis inhibitor and an anti-asthmatic agent. It is a polyphenol, a lignan and a gamma-lactone. Matairesinol is a natural product found in Crossosoma bigelovii, Brassica oleracea var. sabauda, and other organisms with data available. See also: Arctium lappa fruit (part of); Pumpkin Seed (part of). Matairesinol is a plant lignan. It occurs with secoisolariciresinol in numerous foods such as oil seeds, whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. (-)-Matairesinol is found in many foods, some of which are caraway, pecan nut, cereals and cereal products, and longan. A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer). Matairesinol confers anti-allergic effects in an allergic dermatitis mouse model. DfE-induced changes in IL-4 and IFN-γ mRNA expression in the ears of NC/Nga mice were reversed by matairesinol application[1]. Matairesinol confers anti-allergic effects in an allergic dermatitis mouse model. DfE-induced changes in IL-4 and IFN-γ mRNA expression in the ears of NC/Nga mice were reversed by matairesinol application[1].
Fumitremorgin C
Fumitremorgin C is produced by Aspergillus fumigatus and Neosartorya fischeri. Production by Aspergillus fumigatus and Neosartorya fischeri Fumitremorgin C. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=118974-02-0 (retrieved 2024-08-26) (CAS RN: 118974-02-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Rubiadin
Rubiadin is a dihydroxy anthraquinone isolated from Rubia cordifolia. Rubiadin has a potent antixidant activity[1]. Rubiadin is a dihydroxy anthraquinone isolated from Rubia cordifolia. Rubiadin has a potent antixidant activity[1].
Prostaglandin F1a
Prostaglandin F1a is derived mainly from Prostaglandin E1, and is metabolized to 6-Keto Prostaglandin F1a. Prostaglandin F1a is excreted directly into the urine. Prostaglandin F1a contracts the circular muscle of the gut in opposition to the Prostaglandins of the E series. Prostaglandin F1a is a cytoprotector, protecting mucosal tissue from damage produced by ulcerogenic stimuli.Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. Prostaglandin F1a is derived mainly from Prostaglandin E1, and is metabolized to 6-Keto Prostaglandin F1a. Prostaglandin F1a is excreted directly into the urine. Prostaglandin F1a contracts the circular muscle of the gut in opposition to the Prostaglandins of the E series. Prostaglandin F1a is a cytoprotector, protecting mucosal tissue from damage produced by ulcerogenic stimuli.
Isobutyric acid
Isobutyric acid is a carboxylic or short chain fatty acid with characteristic sweat-like smell. Small amount of isobutyrate is generated via microbial (gut) metabolism. Small amounts may also be found in certain foods or fermented beverages. There is anosmia (genetic inability to smell) for the odor of isobutyric acid with a frequency of about 2.5\\%. (OMIM 207000). Isobutyric acid is slightly soluble in water but much more soluble in ethanol, ether and organic solvents. Isobutyric acid can affect people if breathed in and may be absorbed through the skin. Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes. Breathing Isobutyric acid can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath. Present in apple, morello cherry, guava fruit, wine grapes, pineapple, crispbread, other breads, cheeses, wines, scallop and several essential oils, e.g. Roman chamomile. Acid and simple esters used as flavouring agents KEIO_ID I012
Phenol
D - Dermatologicals > D08 - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08A - Antiseptics and disinfectants > D08AE - Phenol and derivatives C - Cardiovascular system > C05 - Vasoprotectives > C05B - Antivaricose therapy > C05BB - Sclerosing agents for local injection An organic hydroxy compound that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of phenols. R - Respiratory system > R02 - Throat preparations > R02A - Throat preparations > R02AA - Antiseptics D019999 - Pharmaceutical Solutions > D012597 - Sclerosing Solutions N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01B - Anesthetics, local D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents D004202 - Disinfectants CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 225
Spermidine
Spermidine, also known as SPD, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Spermidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, spermidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 5-methylthioadenosine and spermidine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and putrescine by the enzyme spermidine synthase. In addition, S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine can be converted into 5-methylthioadenosine and spermine through the action of the enzyme spermine synthase. In humans, spermidine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermidine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within cow milk and oats. Spermidine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as common chokecherries, watercress, agars, strawberry guava, and bog bilberries. This could make spermidine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Spermidine is consideres as an uremic toxine. Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic toxins such as spermidine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Constituent of meat products. Isol from the edible shaggy ink cap mushroom (Coprinus comatus) and from commercial/household prepared sauerkraut COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials IPB_RECORD: 269; CONFIDENCE confident structure CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 220 KEIO_ID S003 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Spermidine maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents[1]. Spermidine maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents[1].
3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
Protocatechualdehyde, also known as rancinamycin iv or 1,2-dihydroxy-4-formylbenzene, is a member of the class of compounds known as hydroxybenzaldehydes. Hydroxybenzaldehydes are organic aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring carrying an aldehyde group and a hydroxyl group. Protocatechualdehyde is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Protocatechualdehyde is an almond, bitter, and dry tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as plains prickly pear, mugwort, silver linden, and cardamom, which makes protocatechualdehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Protocatechualdehyde can be found primarily in urine. This molecule can be used as a precursor in the vanillin synthesis by biotransformation by cell cultures of Capsicum frutescens, a type of Chili pepper. It is also found in the mushroom Phellinus linteus . 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, also known as protocatechuic aldehyde, is a phenolic aldehyde, a compound released from cork stoppers into wine. This molecule can be used as a precursor in vanillin synthesis via biotransformation by cell cultures of Capsicum frutescens, a type of chili pepper. It is also found in the mushroom Phellinus linteus (Wikipedia). D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants Protocatechualdehyde (Catechaldehyde), a natural polyphenol compound isolated from the roots of radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, is associated with a wide variety of biological activities and has been widely used in medicine as an antioxidant, anti-aging, an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent[1]. Protocatechualdehyde (Catechaldehyde), a natural polyphenol compound isolated from the roots of radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, is associated with a wide variety of biological activities and has been widely used in medicine as an antioxidant, anti-aging, an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent[1].
p-Cresol
para-Cresol, also 4-methylphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4(OH). P-cresol is a cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals. It has a role as a uremic toxin, a human metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a colourless solid that is widely used intermediate in the production of other chemicals. It is a derivative of phenol and is an isomer of o-cresol and m-cresol. It is a partially lipophilic moiety which strongly binds to plasma protein (close to 100\\%) under normal conditions. p-Cresol is metabolized through conjugation, mainly sulphation and glucuronization, but removal of the unconjugated p-cresol is, at least in part, via the urine. Therefore it is not surprising that this compound, together with several other phenoles, is retained when the kidneys fail. P-Cresol is an end-product of protein breakdown, and an increase of the nutritional protein load in healthy individuals results in enhanced generation and urinary excretion. The serum p-cresol concentration in uremic patients can be decreased by changing to a low-protein diet. p-Cresol is one of the metabolites of the amino acid tyrosine, and to a certain extent also of phenylalanine, which are converted to 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid by intestinal bacteria, before being decarboxylated to p-cresol (putrefaction). The main contributing bacteria are aerobes (mainly enterobacteria), but to a certain extent also anaerobes play a role (mainly Clostridium perfringens). In uremia, modifications in the intestinal flora result in the specific overgrowth of bacteria that are specific p-cresol producers. The administration of antibiotics reduces urinary excretion of p-cresol, as a result of the liquidation of the producing bacteria. Environmental factors might also contribute. The liver cytochrome P450 metabolizes toluene to benzyl alcohol, but also to o-cresol and p-cresol. Toluene is not only used industrially, but it is also the most widely abusively inhaled solvent. Furthermore, p-cresol is a metabolite of menthofuran, one of the metabolites of R-(+)-pulegone, which is found in extracts from the plants Mentha pulegium and Hedeoma pulegioides, commonly known as pennyroyal oil and pennyroyal tea. These extracts are popular as unconventional herbal therapeutic agents and are applied as abortiva, diaphoretics, emmenagogues, and psychedelic drugs. Pennyroyal oil is extensively used for its pleasant mint-like smell in the flavoring industry. The toxicity of pennyroyal oil and menthofuran is well known. Another compound used in traditional medicine, especially in Japan, which is a precursor of p-cresol is wood tar creosote. p-Cresol has been reported to affect several biochemical, biological and physiological functions: (i) it diminishes the oxygen uptake of rat cerebral cortex slices; (ii) it increases the free active drug concentration of warfarin and diazepam; (iii) it has been related to growth retardation in the weanling pig; (iv) it alters cell membrane permeability, at least in bacteria; (v) it induces LDH leakage from rat liver slices; (vi) it induces susceptibility to auditive epileptic crises; and (vii) it blocks cell K+ channels. (PMID:10570076). p-Cresol is a uremic toxin that is at least partially removed by peritoneal dialysis in haemodialysis patients, and has been involved in the progression of renal failure (PMID:11169029). At concentrations encountered during uremia, p-cresol inhibits phagocyte function and decreases leukocyte adhesion to cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells. (PMID:14681860). p-Cresol can be found in Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterobacter and Lactobacillus (PMID:2394806; PMID:30208103). As a volatile organic compound, it has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID:30986230). Present in blackcurrant buds, asparagus, cooked cured pork, black tea, fermented tea, yellow passion fruit juice, malt, peated malt, kumazasa (Sasa albo-marginata), lambs lettuce, squid and cuttlefish. Flavouring ingredient. 4-Methylphenol is found in many foods, some of which are animal foods, cereals and cereal products, tamarind, and tarragon.
Phenylacetaldehyde
Phenylacetaldehyde is one important oxidation-related aldehyde. Exposure to styrene gives phenylacetaldehyde as a secondary metabolite. Styrene has been implicated as reproductive toxicant, neurotoxicant, or carcinogen in vivo or in vitro. Phenylacetaldehyde could be formed by diverse thermal reactions during the cooking process together with C8 compounds is identified as a major aroma- active compound in cooked pine mushroom. Phenylacetaldehyde is readily oxidized to phenylacetic acid. Therefore will eventually be hydrolyzed and oxidized to yield phenylacetic acid that will be excreted primarily in the urine in conjugated form. (PMID: 16910727, 7818768, 15606130). Found in some essential oils, e.g. Citrus subspecies, Tagetes minuta (Mexican marigold) and in the mushroom Phallus impudicus (common stinkhorn). Flavouring ingredient COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
L-Alanine
Alanine (Ala), also known as L-alanine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-alanine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Alanine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid. In humans, alanine is a non-essential amino acid that can be easily made in the body from either the conversion of pyruvate or the breakdown of the dipeptides carnosine and anserine. Alanine can be also synthesized from branched chain amino acids such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Alanine is produced by reductive amination of pyruvate through a two-step process. In the first step, alpha-ketoglutarate, ammonia and NADH are converted by the enzyme known glutamate dehydrogenase to glutamate, NAD+ and water. In the second step, the amino group of the newly-formed glutamate is transferred to pyruvate by an aminotransferase enzyme, regenerating the alpha-ketoglutarate, and converting the pyruvate to alanine. The net result is that pyruvate and ammonia are converted to alanine. In mammals, alanine plays a key role in glucose–alanine cycle between tissues and liver. In muscle and other tissues that degrade amino acids for fuel, amino groups are collected in the form of glutamate by transamination. Glutamate can then transfer its amino group to pyruvate, a product of muscle glycolysis, through the action of alanine aminotransferase, forming alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate. The alanine enters the bloodstream and is transported to the liver. The alanine aminotransferase reaction takes place in reverse in the liver, where the regenerated pyruvate is used in gluconeogenesis, forming glucose which returns to the muscles through the circulation system. Alanine is highly concentrated in muscle and is one of the most important amino acids released by muscle, functioning as a major energy source. Plasma alanine is often decreased when the BCAA (branched-chain amino acids) are deficient. This finding may relate to muscle metabolism. Alanine is highly concentrated in meat products and other high-protein foods like wheat germ and cottage cheese. Alanine is an important participant as well as a regulator of glucose metabolism. Alanine levels parallel blood sugar levels in both diabetes and hypoglycemia, and alanine is reduced in both severe hypoglycemia and the ketosis of diabetes. Alanine is an important amino acid for lymphocyte reproduction and immunity. Alanine therapy has helped dissolve kidney stones in experimental animals. Normal alanine metabolism, like that of other amino acids, is highly dependent upon enzymes that contain vitamin B6. Alanine, like GABA, taurine, and glycine, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). L-Alanine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-41-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-41-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system. L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system.
Indole
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. The participation of the nitrogen lone electron pair in the aromatic ring means that indole is not a base, and it does not behave like a simple amine. Indole is a microbial metabolite and it can be produced by bacteria as a degradation product of the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal smell. At very low concentrations, however, indole has a flowery smell and is a constituent of many flower scents (such as orange blossoms) and perfumes. As a volatile organic compound, indole has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230). Natural jasmine oil, used in the perfume industry, contains around 2.5\\\\\% of indole. Indole also occurs in coal tar. Indole has been found to be produced in a number of bacterial genera including Alcaligenes, Aspergillus, Escherichia, and Pseudomonas (PMID: 23194589, 2310183, 9680309). Indole plays a role in bacterial biofilm formation, bacterial motility, bacterial virulence, plasmid stability, and antibiotic resistance. It also functions as an intercellular signalling molecule (PMID: 26115989). Recently, it was determined that the bacterial membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase (HK) known as CpxA acts as a bacterial indole sensor to facilitate signalling (PMID: 31164470). It has been found that decreased indole concentrations in the gut promote bacterial pathogenesis, while increased levels of indole in the gut decrease bacterial virulence gene expression (PMID: 31164470). As a result, enteric pathogens sense a gradient of indole concentrations in the gut to migrate to different niches and successfully establish an infection. Constituent of several flower oils, especies of Jasminum and Citrus subspecies (Oleaceae) production of bacterial dec. of proteins. Flavouring ingredientand is also present in crispbread, Swiss cheese, Camembert cheese, wine, cocoa, black and green tea, rum, roasted filbert, rice bran, clary sage, raw shrimp and other foodstuffs Indole. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=120-72-9 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 120-72-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Indole is an endogenous metabolite. Indole is an endogenous metabolite.
Cyclic AMP
Cyclic amp, also known as camp or adenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate, is a member of the class of compounds known as 3,5-cyclic purine nucleotides. 3,5-cyclic purine nucleotides are purine nucleotides in which the oxygen atoms linked to the C3 and C5 carbon atoms of the ribose moiety are both bonded the same phosphorus atom of the phosphate group. Cyclic amp is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cyclic amp can be found in a number of food items such as green vegetables, java plum, borage, and wakame, which makes cyclic amp a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cyclic amp can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and urine, as well as throughout all human tissues. Cyclic amp exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, cyclic amp is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include dopamine activation of neurological reward system, excitatory neural signalling through 5-HTR 4 and serotonin, intracellular signalling through PGD2 receptor and prostaglandin D2, and thioguanine action pathway. Cyclic amp is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include adenosine deaminase deficiency, gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT). Moreover, cyclic amp is found to be associated with chronic renal failure, headache, meningitis, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3,5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway. It should not be confused with 5-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMP-activated protein kinase) . Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3- and 5-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells. [Spectral] 3,5-Cyclic AMP (exact mass = 329.05252) and Guanosine (exact mass = 283.09167) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Cyclic AMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate), adenosine triphosphate derivative, is an intracellular signaling molecule responsible for directing cellular responses to extracellular signals. Cyclic AMP is an important second messenger in many biological processes[1][2][3]. Cyclic AMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate), adenosine triphosphate derivative, is an intracellular signaling molecule responsible for directing cellular responses to extracellular signals. Cyclic AMP is an important second messenger in many biological processes[1][2][3]. Cyclic AMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate), adenosine triphosphate derivative, is an intracellular signaling molecule responsible for directing cellular responses to extracellular signals. Cyclic AMP is an important second messenger in many biological processes[1][2][3].
3'-AMP
C10H14N5O7P (347.06308240000004)
Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2-, 3-, or 5-position. 3-AMP has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2-, 3-, or 5-position. [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 11
2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole
2-(methylthio)benzothiazole, also known as mtbt, is a member of the class of compounds known as benzothiazoles. Benzothiazoles are organic compounds containing a benzene fused to a thiazole ring (a five-membered ring with four carbon atoms, one nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom). 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole is practically insoluble (in water) and a moderately basic compound (based on its pKa). 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole can be found in guava, which makes 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3646 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4198 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4058 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8817 KEIO_ID M150
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. Its physiological and pharmacological effects, metabolism, release, and receptors have been well documented in several species. ACh has been considered an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the carotid body (CB). Various nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors are present in both afferent nerve endings and glomus cells. Therefore, ACh can depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell membrane depending on the available receptor type in the vicinity. Binding of ACh to its receptor can create a wide variety of cellular responses including opening cation channels (nicotinic ACh receptor activation), releasing Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites (via muscarinic ACh receptors), and modulating activities of K+ and Ca2+ channels. Interactions between ACh and other neurotransmitters (dopamine, adenosine, nitric oxide) have been known, and they may induce complicated responses. Cholinergic biology in the CB differs among species and even within the same species due to different genetic composition. Development and environment influence cholinergic biology. Pharmacological data clearly indicate that both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a role in the encoding of new memories. Localized lesions and antagonist infusions demonstrate the anatomical locus of these cholinergic effects, and computational modeling links the function of cholinergic modulation to specific cellular effects within these regions. Acetylcholine has been shown to increase the strength of afferent input relative to feedback, to contribute to theta rhythm oscillations, activate intrinsic mechanisms for persistent spiking, and increase the modification of synapses. These effects might enhance different types of encoding in different cortical structures. In particular, the effects in entorhinal and perirhinal cortex and hippocampus might be important for encoding new episodic memories. The role of ACh in attention has been repeatedly demonstrated in several tasks. Acetylcholine is linked to response accuracy in voluntary and reflexive attention and also to response speed in reflexive attention. It is well known that those with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders tend to be inaccurate and slow to respond. (PMID:17284361, 17011181, 15556286). Acetylcholine has been found to be a microbial product, urinary acetylcholine is produced by Lactobacillus (PMID:24621061). S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EB - Parasympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents IPB_RECORD: 232; CONFIDENCE confident structure COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus KEIO_ID A060 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Asymmetric dimethylarginine
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a naturally occurring chemical found in blood plasma. It is a metabolic by-product of continual protein modification processes in the cytoplasm of all human cells. It is closely related to L-arginine, a conditionally-essential amino acid. ADMA interferes with L-arginine in the production of nitric oxide, a key chemical to endothelial and hence cardiovascular health. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is created in protein methylation, a common mechanism of post-translational protein modification. This reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme set called S-adenosylmethionine protein N-methyltransferases (protein methylases I and II). The methyl groups transferred to create ADMA are derived from the methyl group donor S-adenosylmethionine, an intermediate in the metabolism of homocysteine. (Homocysteine is an important blood chemical, because it is also a marker of cardiovascular disease). After synthesis, ADMA migrates into the extracellular space and thence into blood plasma. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is measured using high performance liquid chromatography. ADMA has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Isolated from broad bean seeds (Vicia faba). NG,NG-Dimethyl-L-arginine is found in many foods, some of which are yellow wax bean, spinach, green zucchini, and white cabbage. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Asymmetric dimethylarginine is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and functions as a marker of endothelial dysfunction in a number of pathological states.
Allantoic acid
Allantoic acid is the end product of Allantoicase [EC:3.5.3.4], an enzyme involved in uric acid degradation (Purine metabolism). Although it is commonly accepted that allantoicase is lost in mammals, it has been identified in mice and humans. (PMID 11852104). A crystalline, transparent, colorless substance found in the allantoic liquid of the fetal calf. It was formerly called allantoic acid and amniotic acid. Isolated from coffee beans and leaves KEIO_ID A139 Allantoic acid is a degradative product of uric acid and associated with purine metabolism[1][2][3].
Lumazine
Lumazine, also known as pteridine-2,4-dione or 2,4(3h,8h)-pteridinedione, belongs to pteridines and derivatives class of compounds. Those are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a pteridine moiety, which consists of a pyrimidine fused to a pyrazine ring to form pyrimido(4,5-b)pyrazine. Lumazine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lumazine can be found in soy bean, which makes lumazine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. KEIO_ID L024 Pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione is an endogenous metabolite.
Styrene
Styrene, also known as vinylbenzene or phenylethylene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as styrenes. These are organic compounds containing an ethenylbenzene moiety. The metabolites of styrene are excreted mainly in the urine. Styrene is possibly neutral. Styrene is a sweet, balsamic, and floral tasting compound. Styrene has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coffee and coffee products, fruits, cocoa and cocoa products, alcoholic beverages, and chinese cinnamons. This could make styrene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A minor pathway of styrene metabolism involves the formation of phenylacetaldehyde from styrene 7,8-oxide or cytochrome P450 conversion of styrene to pheylethanol and subsequent metabolism to phenylacetic acid. Styrene is formally rated as a possible carcinogen (by IARC 2B) and is also a potentially toxic compound. Styrene oxide is predominantly metabolized by epoxide hydrolase to form styrene glycol; the styrene glycol is subsequently converted to mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, and hippuric acid. Styrene, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and ulcerative colitis; styrene has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Styrene may be absorbed following ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure. Breathing high levels of styrene may cause nervous system effects such as changes in color vision, tiredness, feeling drunk, slowed reaction time, concentration problems, or balance problems. Chest burning, wheezing, and dyspnea may also occur. Styrene causes nervous system depression and may be carcinogenic. Present in cranberry, bilberry, currants, grapes, vinegar, parsley, milk and dairy products, whisky, cocoa, coffee, tea, roasted filberts and peanuts. Flavouring ingredient. Polymers are used in ion-exchange resins in food processing. Indirect food additive arising from adhesives, oatings and packaging materials
3-Methylcatechol
3-methylcatechol, also known as 2,3-dihydroxytoluene or 2,3-toluenediol, is a member of the class of compounds known as catechols. Catechols are compounds containing a 1,2-benzenediol moiety. 3-methylcatechol is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-methylcatechol can be found in arabica coffee, beer, cocoa powder, and coffee, which makes 3-methylcatechol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-methylcatechol is a chemical compound . 3-Methylcatechol is a building block in the chemical synthesis produced by Pseudomonas putida MC2[1]. 3-Methylcatechol is a building block in the chemical synthesis produced by Pseudomonas putida MC2[1].
D-4-Hydroxyphenylglycine
The D-enantiomer of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine. A non-proteinogenic amino acid found in Herpetosiphon aurantiacus. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S is the sulfated form of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). This sulfation is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestine. In the blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than those of free DHEA. Orally-ingested DHEA is converted into its sulfate when passing through the intestines and liver. Whereas DHEA levels naturally reach their peak in the early morning hours, DHEAS levels show no diurnal variation. From a practical point of view, measurement of DHEA-S is preferable to DHEA since levels are more stable. DHEA (from which DHEA-S comes from) is a natural steroid prohormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands, the gonads, adipose tissue, brain, and in the skin (by an autocrine mechanism). DHEA is the precursor of androstenedione, which can undergo further conversion to produce the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. DHEA is also a potent sigma-1 agonist. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is a classic marker for adrenarche, and subsequently for the individual hormonal milieu (PMID: 10599744). Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is an endogenously produced sex steroid that has been hypothesized to have anti-aging effects (PMID: 16960027). It also has been inversely associated with the development of atherosclerosis (PMID: 8956025). DHEAS or Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is the sulfated form of DHEA. This sulfation is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestine. In the blood, most DHEA is found as DHEAS with levels that are about 300 times higher than those of free DHEA. Orally-ingested DHEA is converted to its sulfate when passing through intestines and liver. Whereas DHEA levels naturally reach their peak in the early morning hours, DHEAS levels show no diurnal variation. From a practical point of view, measurement of DHEAS is preferable to DHEA, as levels are more stable. DHEA (from which DHEAS comes from) is a natural steroid prohormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands, the gonads, adipose tissue, brain and in the skin (by an autocrine mechanism). DHEA is the precursor of androstenedione, which can undergo further conversion to produce the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. DHEA is also a potent sigma-1 agonist. DHEAS can serve as a precursor for testosterone; androstenedione; estradiol; and estrone. [HMDB] D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones
Dichloroacetate
An organochlorine compound comprising acetic acid carrying two chloro substituents at the 2-position. It occurs in nature in seaweed, Asparagopsis taxiformis. KEIO_ID D160 KEIO_ID D034
Decanal
Decanal, also known as 1-decyl aldehyde or capraldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain aldehydes. These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms. Thus, decanal is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. Decanal is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Decanal exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Decanal is a sweet, aldehydic, and citrus tasting compound. Decanal is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as corianders, dills, and gingers and in a lower concentration in limes, sweet oranges, and safflowers. Decanal has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as fishes, cauliflowers, citrus, fats and oils, and lemon grass. This could make decanal a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Decanal is a potentially toxic compound. Decanal, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as uremia, asthma, and perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment; decanal has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Decanal occurs naturally and is used in fragrances and flavoring. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Constituent of Cassia, Neroli and other oils especies citrus peel oilsand is also present in coriander leaf or seed, caviar, roast turkey, roast filbert, green tea, fish oil, hop oil and beer. Flavouring agent Decyl aldehyde is a simple ten-carbon aldehyde. Decyl aldehyde is a bacterial luciferase substrate. Decyl aldehyde is a simple ten-carbon aldehyde. Decyl aldehyde is a bacterial luciferase substrate.
Octanol
1-Octanol, also known as octan-1-ol, is the organic compound with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)7OH. It is a fatty alcohol. Many other isomers are also known generically as octanols. Octanol is mainly produced industrially by the oligomerization of ethylene using triethylaluminium followed by oxidation of the alkylaluminium products. This route is known as the Ziegler alcohol synthesis. Octanol also occurs naturally in the form of esters in some essential oils. Octanol and water are immiscible. The distribution of a compound between water and octanol is used to calculate the partition coefficient (logP) of that molecule. Water/octanol partitioning is a good approximation of the partitioning between the cytosol and lipid membranes of living systems. Octanol is a colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. It is also one of many compounds derived from tobacco and tobacco smoke and shown to increase the permeability of the membranes of human lung fibroblasts (PMID 7466833). Occurs in the form of esters in some essential oils. Flavouring agent. 1-Octanol is found in many foods, some of which are common wheat, lime, tea, and corn. D012997 - Solvents 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2]. 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2].
Palmitoylcarnitine
C23H45NO4 (399.33484100000004)
D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 250
Petunidin 3-glucoside
Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
4-Methoxyglucobrassicin
An indolylmethylglucosinolic acid that is glucobrassicin bearing a methoxy substituent at position 4 on the indole ring.
Naphthalene
Naphthalene, also known as naftaleno or albocarbon, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as naphthalenes. Naphthalenes are compounds containing a naphthalene moiety, which consists of two fused benzene rings. Naphthalene is possibly neutral. Naphthalene is a dry, pungent, and tar tasting compound. Naphthalene is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as black walnuts, corns, and cloves. Naphthalene has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as green bell peppers, orange bell peppers, rices, yellow bell peppers, and red bell peppers. This could make naphthalene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Naphthalene was once the primary ingredient in mothballs, though its use has largely been replaced in favor of alternatives such as 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Naphthalene is formally rated as a possible carcinogen (by IARC 2B) and is also a potentially toxic compound. Inhalation of naphthalene vapor has been associated with headaches, nausea, vomiting and dizziness. Naphthalene is the most abundant single component of coal tar so most of it is now industrially derived from coal tar. Aside from coal tar, trace amounts of naphthalene are produced by magnolias and some species of deer, as well as the Formosan subterranean termite, possibly produced by the termite as a repellant against "ants, poisonous fungi and nematode worms."[23] Some strains of the endophytic fungus Muscodor albus produce naphthalene among a range of volatile organic compounds, while Muscodor vitigenus produces naphthalene almost exclusively (PMID:12427963). Found in many essential oils
Myricitrin
C21H20O12 (464.09547200000003)
Myricitrin is a chemical compound. It can be isolated from the root bark of Myrica cerifera (Bayberry, a small tree native to North America). Myricetin 3-rhamnoside is found in many foods, some of which are common grape, black walnut, highbush blueberry, and lentils. Myricitrin is found in black walnut. Myricitrin is a chemical compound. It can be isolated from the root bark of Myrica cerifera (Bayberry, a small tree native to North America) Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_pos_30eV_CB000029.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_pos_40eV_CB000029.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_pos_10eV_CB000029.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_pos_50eV_CB000029.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_pos_20eV_CB000029.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_neg_40eV_000020.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_neg_30eV_000020.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_neg_50eV_000020.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_neg_10eV_000020.txt [Raw Data] CB067_Myricitrin_neg_20eV_000020.txt Myricitrin is a major antioxidant flavonoid[1]. Myricitrin is a major antioxidant flavonoid[1].
Tricin
[Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_50eV_1-6_01_1424.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_50eV_1-6_01_1397.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_10eV_1-6_01_1368.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_40eV_1-6_01_1396.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_20eV_1-6_01_1394.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_30eV_1-6_01_1422.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_20eV_1-6_01_1421.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_10eV_1-6_01_1357.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_pos_30eV_1-6_01_1488.txt [Raw Data] CBA24_Tricin_neg_40eV_1-6_01_1423.txt Tricin is a natural flavonoid present in large amounts in Triticum aestivum. Tricin can inhibit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication by inhibiting CDK9. Tricin inhibits the proliferation and invasion of C6 glioma cells via the upregulation of focal-adhesion-finase (FAK)-targeting microRNA-7[1][2][3]. Tricin is a natural flavonoid present in large amounts in Triticum aestivum. Tricin can inhibit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication by inhibiting CDK9. Tricin inhibits the proliferation and invasion of C6 glioma cells via the upregulation of focal-adhesion-finase (FAK)-targeting microRNA-7[1][2][3].
N-Formyl-L-aspartate
This compound belongs to the family of Dicarboxylic Acids and Derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups KEIO_ID F022
Isovaleric acid
Isovaleric acid, is a natural fatty acid found in a wide variety of plants and essential oils. Isovaleric acid is clear colorless liquid that is sparingly soluble in water, but well soluble in most common organic solvents. It has been suggested that isovaleric acid from pilot whales, a species frequently consumed in the Faroe Islands, may be the unusual dietary factor in prolonged gestation in the population of the Faroe Islands. Previous studies suggested that was due to the high intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been, but fatty acid data for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) in blood lipids of Faroese and Norwegians was reviewed in terms of the type of fish eaten (mostly lean white fish with DHA much greater than EPA); the popular lean fish, thus, probably provides too little EPA to produce a marked effect on human biochemistry (PMID 2646392). Isovaleric acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Flavouring agent. Simple esters are used in flavourings. Constituent of hops, cheese etc.; an important component of cheese aroma and flavour CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 152 KEIO_ID I018 Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human. Isovaleric acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human.
Kanamycin B
J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C2363 - Aminoglycoside Antibiotic D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic KEIO_ID B028 Bekanamycin (Kanamycin B) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus, against an array of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strain[1][2].
Norspermidine
Norspermidine, also known as caldine or dipropylentriamin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. Norspermidine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Norspermidine has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as narrowleaf cattails, agaves, hickory nuts, sour cherries, and european chestnuts. Norspermidine is a polyamine of similar structure to the more common spermidine. While norspermidine has been found to occur naturally in some species of plants, bacteria, and algae, it is not known to be a natural product in humans as spermidine is. [HMDB]. Norspermidine is found in many foods, some of which are lentils, sweet bay, sea-buckthornberry, and lemon thyme. KEIO_ID B040
Decanoylcarnitine (C10)
Decanoylcarnitine is a member of the class of compounds known as acylcarnitines. More specifically, it is a decanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered in the 1940s (PMID: 13825279 ). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Decanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine decanoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494 ). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular decanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with obesity in adolescence (PMID: 26910390 ). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (PMID: 26928931 ). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279 ). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews]. Acylcarnitine useful in the diagnosis of fatty acid oxidation disorders and differentiation between biochemical phenotypes of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency deficiencyoxidation disorders.(PMID: 12385891) [HMDB]
Hexylamine
Hexylamine is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]") Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. It is used as a food additive .
Indoleacetaldehyde
Indoleacetaldehyde, also known as tryptaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-Alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. Indoleacetaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Indoleacetaldehyde exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, indoleacetaldehyde participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, indoleacetaldehyde can be biosynthesized from tryptamine; which is mediated by the enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase. In addition, indoleacetaldehyde can be converted into indoleacetic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial. In humans, indoleacetaldehyde is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, indoleacetaldehyde has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as nuts, turmerics, Alaska blueberries, summer savouries, and black raspberries. This could make indoleacetaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Indoleacetaldehyde is also a substrate for amine oxidase and 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase. Indoleacetaldehyde is a substrate for Retina-specific copper amine oxidase, Aldehyde dehydrogenase X (mitochondrial), Amine oxidase B, Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase, Aldehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondrial), Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase, 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, Aldehyde dehydrogenase (dimeric NADP-preferring), Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 7 member A1, Amine oxidase A, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 and Membrane copper amine oxidase. [HMDB]. 1H-Indole-3-acetaldehyde is found in many foods, some of which are oil palm, rowanberry, cherimoya, and japanese persimmon. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Astragalin
Kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside is a kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a trypanocidal drug and a plant metabolite. It is a kaempferol O-glucoside, a monosaccharide derivative, a trihydroxyflavone and a beta-D-glucoside. It is a conjugate acid of a kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside(1-). Astragalin is a natural product found in Xylopia aromatica, Ficus virens, and other organisms with data available. See also: Moringa oleifera leaf (has part). Astragalin is found in alcoholic beverages. Astragalin is present in red wine. It is isolated from many plant species.Astragalin is a 3-O-glucoside of kaempferol. Astragalin is a chemical compound. It can be isolated from Phytolacca americana (the American pokeweed). A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage. Present in red wine. Isolated from many plant subspecies Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 173 Astragalin (Astragaline) a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, bacteriostatic activity. Astragalin inhibits cancer cells proliferation and migration, induces apoptosis. Astragalin is orally active and provides nerve and heart protection, and resistance against and osteoporosis[1]. Astragalin (Astragaline) a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, bacteriostatic activity. Astragalin inhibits cancer cells proliferation and migration, induces apoptosis. Astragalin is orally active and provides nerve and heart protection, and resistance against and osteoporosis[1].
Cyanidin 3-glucoside
[C21H21O11]+ (449.10838160000003)
Cyanidin 3-glucoside, also known as chrysanthenin or cyanidin 3-glucoside chloride (CAS: 7084-24-4), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyranones and derivatives. Pyranones and derivatives are compounds containing a pyran ring which bears a ketone. Cyanidin 3-glucoside is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, cyanidin 3-glucoside is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as black elderberries, rubus (blackberry, raspberry), and bilberries and in a lower concentration in redcurrants, strawberries, and sweet oranges. Cyanidin 3-glucoside has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as common pea, peaches, Tartary buckwheats, soft-necked garlic, and fats and oils. This could make cyanidin 3-glucoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Cyanidin (and its glycosides) is the most commonly occurring of the anthocyanins, a widespread group of pigments responsible for the red-blue colour of many fruits and vegetables (PMID: 14711454). BioTransformer predicts that cyanidin 3-glucoside is a product of cyanidin 3-sophoroside metabolism via a glycoside-hydrolysis reaction occurring in human gut microbiota and catalyzed by the EC.3.2.1.X enzyme (PMID: 30612223). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Found in many plants and fruits, e.g. cherries, olives and grapes
Peonidin-3-glucoside
Peonidin-3-glucoside has been proposed by Wu et al. [PMID: 12097661] to be a secondary metabolite of cyanidin-3-glucoside which may be methylated by liver enzymes during phase II metabolism. Peonidin 3-glucoside is isolated from grapes and many other plant spp. It is found in red wine, common wheat, and lowbush blueberry. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Galactinol
C12H22O11 (342.11620619999997)
Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The name originates from the Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), and the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol. This is because researchers first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1784. In the body, cholesterol can exist in either the free form or as an ester with a single fatty acid (of 10-20 carbons in length) covalently attached to the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the cholesterol ring. Due to the mechanism of synthesis, plasma cholesterol esters tend to contain relatively high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of the cholesterol consumed as a dietary lipid exists as cholesterol esters. Cholesterol esters have a lower solubility in water than cholesterol and are more hydrophobic. They are hydrolyzed by the pancreatic enzyme cholesterol esterase to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids. Cholesterol has vital structural roles in membranes and in lipid metabolism in general. It is a biosynthetic precursor of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogens, progesterones, androgens and aldosterone). In addition, it contributes to the development and functioning of the central nervous system, and it has major functions in signal transduction and sperm development. Cholesterol is a ubiquitous component of all animal tissues where much of it is located in the membranes, although it is not evenly distributed. The highest proportion of unesterified cholesterol is in the plasma membrane (roughly 30-50\\\\% of the lipid in the membrane or 60-80\\\\% of the cholesterol in the cell), while mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have very low cholesterol contents. Cholesterol is also enriched in early and recycling endosomes, but not in late endosomes. The brain contains more cholesterol than any other organ where it comprises roughly a quarter of the total free cholesterol in the human body. Of all the organic constituents of blood, only glucose is present in a higher molar concentration than cholesterol. Cholesterol esters appear to be the preferred form for transport in plasma and as a biologically inert storage (de-toxified) form. They do not contribute to membranes but are packed into intracellular lipid particles. Cholesterol molecules (i.e. cholesterol esters) are transported throughout the body via lipoprotein particles. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly triglyceride fats and cholesterol that are from food, especially internal cholesterol secreted by the liver into the bile. In the liver, chylomicron particles give up triglycerides and some cholesterol. They are then converted into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, which carry triglycerides and cholesterol on to other body cells. In healthy individuals, the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. (Lack of information on LDL particle number and size is one of the major problems of conventional lipid tests.). In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. There is a worldwide trend to believe that lower total cholesterol levels tend to correlate with lower atherosclerosis event rates (though some studies refute this idea). As a result, cholesterol has become a very large focus for the scientific community trying to determine the proper amount of cholesterol needed in a healthy diet. However, the primary association of atherosclerosis with c... Constituent either free or as esters, of fish liver oils, lard, dairy fats, egg yolk and bran Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].
Skimmianine
Skimmianine is a furoquinoline alkaloid present mainly in the Rutaceae family, with antispastic, anti-inflammatory activities and antiplatelet aggregation effect. Skimmianine exhibits cytotoxicity against a variety of cancer cell lines and genotoxicity[1]. Skimmianine is a furoquinoline alkaloid present mainly in the Rutaceae family, with antispastic, anti-inflammatory activities and antiplatelet aggregation effect. Skimmianine exhibits cytotoxicity against a variety of cancer cell lines and genotoxicity[1].
Pimaric acid
relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.561 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.568 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.560
Tectochrysin
7-methylchrysin, also known as 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone or techtochrysin, is a member of the class of compounds known as 7-o-methylated flavonoids. 7-o-methylated flavonoids are flavonoids with methoxy groups attached to the C7 atom of the flavonoid backbone. Thus, 7-methylchrysin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. 7-methylchrysin is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-methylchrysin can be found in pine nut, prunus (cherry, plum), sour cherry, and sweet cherry, which makes 7-methylchrysin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.330 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.324 Tectochrysin (Techtochrysin) is one of the major flavonoids of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel. Tectochrysin inhibits activity of NF-κB. Tectochrysin (Techtochrysin) is one of the major flavonoids of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel. Tectochrysin inhibits activity of NF-κB.
Chrysophanol
Chrysophanic acid appears as golden yellow plates or brown powder. Melting point 196 °C. Slightly soluble in water. Pale yellow aqueous solutions turn red on addition of alkali. Solutions in concentrated sulfuric acid are red. (NTP, 1992) Chrysophanol is a trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity. It has a role as an antiviral agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a chrysazin. Chrysophanol is a natural product found in Rumex dentatus, Ageratina altissima, and other organisms with data available. See also: Frangula purshiana Bark (part of). A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity. Constituent of Rumex, Rheum subspecies Chrysophanol is found in dock, garden rhubarb, and sorrel. Chrysophanol is found in dock. Chrysophanol is a constituent of Rumex, Rheum species D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens Chrysophanol (Chrysophanic acid) is a natural anthraquinone, which inhibits EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and suppresses activation of AKT and mTOR/p70S6K. Chrysophanol (Chrysophanic acid) is a natural anthraquinone, which inhibits EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and suppresses activation of AKT and mTOR/p70S6K.
Behenic acid
Behenic acid, also known as docosanoate or 1-docosanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids. Very long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains at least 22 carbon atoms. Thus, behenic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Behenic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Behenic acid can be found in a number of food items such as rice, opium poppy, pepper (c. frutescens), and gram bean, which makes behenic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Behenic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Behenic acid (also docosanoic acid) is a carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH. In appearance, it consists of white to cream color crystals or powder with a melting point of 80 °C and boiling point of 306 °C . Behenic acid, also docosanoic acid, is a normal carboxylic acid, a fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH. It is an important constituent of the behen oil extracted from the seeds of the Ben-oil tree, and it is so named from the Persian month Bahman when the roots of this tree were harvested. Behenic acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID:32033212). Docosanoic acid is poorly absorbed, and a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans. Docosanoic acid is poorly absorbed, and a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans.
Caffeic acid 3-glucoside
Caffeic acid 3-glucoside is a member of the class of compounds known as phenolic glycosides. Phenolic glycosides are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans, and flavonoids. Among the sugar units found in natural glycosides are D-glucose, L-Fructose, and L rhamnose. Caffeic acid 3-glucoside is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Caffeic acid 3-glucoside can be found in american cranberry, which makes caffeic acid 3-glucoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Betanin
Isobetanin is found in red beetroot. Minor congener of Betanin, e.g. from beetroot and Amaranthus specie
Vinblastine
Vinblastine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)The antitumor activity of vinblastine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Vinblastine binds to the microtubular proteins of the mitotic spindle, leading to crystallization of the microtubule and mitotic arrest or cell death. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01C - Plant alkaloids and other natural products > L01CA - Vinca alkaloids and analogues D050258 - Mitosis Modulators > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents > D050257 - Tubulin Modulators D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D050256 - Antimitotic Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents > D014748 - Vinca Alkaloids
Homocitrulline
Homocitrulline is a metabolite that can be detected in larger amounts in the urine of individuals with urea cycle disorders (OMIM 238970). The accumulation of carbamylphosphate due to depleted supply of ornithine for the urea cycle may be responsible for the enhanced synthesis of homocitrulline and homoarginine in some cases (PMID 2474087). Homocitrulline has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). Homocitrulline is a metabolite that can be detected in larger amounts in the urine of individuals with urea cycle disorders (OMIM 238970). The accumulation of carbamylphosphate due to depleted supply of ornithine for the urea cycle may be responsible for the enhanced synthesis of homocitrulline and homoarginine in some cases (PMID 2474087). [HMDB] L-Homocitrulline is metabolized to homoarginine through homoargininosuccinate via the urea cycle pathway and its metabolic abnormality could lead to Lysinuric Protein Intolerance (LPI). L-Homocitrulline is metabolized to homoarginine through homoargininosuccinate via the urea cycle pathway and its metabolic abnormality could lead to Lysinuric Protein Intolerance (LPI).
Baccatin III
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C273 - Antimitotic Agent relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.041 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.042 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.019 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.027 Baccatin III is a natural product isolated from Pacific yew tree and related species. Baccatin III reduces tumor progression by inhibiting the accumulation and suppressive function of MDSCs[1]. Baccatin III is a natural product isolated from Pacific yew tree and related species. Baccatin III reduces tumor progression by inhibiting the accumulation and suppressive function of MDSCs[1].
Quinone
Quinone is also called 1,4-benzoquinone or cyclohexadienedione. Quinones are oxidized derivatives of aromatic compounds and are often readily made from reactive aromatic compounds with electron-donating substituents such as phenols and catechols, which increase the nucleophilicity of the ring and contributes to the large redox potential needed to break aromaticity. Derivatives of quinones are common constituents of biologically relevant molecules. Some serve as electron acceptors in electron transport chains such as those in photosynthesis (plastoquinone, phylloquinone), and aerobic respiration (ubiquinone). Quinone is a common constituent of biologically relevant molecules (e.g. Vitamin K1 is phylloquinone). A natural example of quinones as oxidizing agents is the spray of bombardier beetles. Hydroquinone is reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce a fiery blast of steam, a strong deterent in the animal world. 1,4-Benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone or quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2. 1,4-Benzoquinone is found in barley, olive, and anise. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents
Dictamnine
Dictamnine (Dictamine) exhibits cytotoxicity to human cervical and colon cancer cells and also has antibacterial and antifungal activities. Dictamnine (Dictamine) exhibits cytotoxicity to human cervical and colon cancer cells and also has antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Estriol
Estriol is a metabolite of estrone metabolized via 16alpha-hydroxyestrone through the enzyme 16alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.147) or to 2- or 4-hydroxyestrone (catechol estrogens) by the action of catecho-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6). The latter metabolites can be formed in the brain and may compete with receptors for catecholamines. Metabolites are conjugated with sulfate or glucuronide before excretion by the kidney. During pregnancy, estriol constitutes 60-70\\\\% of the total estrogens, increasing to 300-500-fold in relation to non-pregnant women. The late term human fetus produces relatively large amounts of 16 alphahydroxy DHEA, which serves the mother as a precursor of estriol. It has been shown that 90\\\\% of the precursors for the formation of estriol are of fetal origin. If abnormal maternal serum screening results, specifically low levels of unconjugated estriol in the second trimester are detected, a diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS),or RSH is suspected. SLOS is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations of the gene encoding 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.21, DHCR7). (PMID: 16202579, 16112271, 16097001). G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CA - Natural and semisynthetic estrogens, plain G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03C - Estrogens > G03CC - Estrogens, combinations with other drugs Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body. Estriol is found in common bean and pomegranate. C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C483 - Therapeutic Estrogen D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Estriol is a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor antagonist that can act on estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells. Estriol is a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor antagonist that can act on estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells.
Plumbagin
Plumbagin, also known as 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone or 2-methyljuglone, is a member of the class of compounds known as naphthoquinones. Naphthoquinones are compounds containing a naphthohydroquinone moiety, which consists of a benzene ring linearly fused to a bezene-1,4-dione (quinone). Plumbagin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Plumbagin can be found in black walnut, common walnut, japanese persimmon, and persimmon, which makes plumbagin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Plumbagin is named after the plant genus Plumbago, from which it was originally isolated. It is also commonly found in the carnivorous plant genera Drosera and Nepenthes. It is also a component of the black walnut drupe . D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents D007155 - Immunologic Factors Plumbagin (2-Methyljuglone) is a naphthoquinone isolated from Plumbago zeylanica, exhibits anticancer and antiproliferative activities[1]. Plumbagin (2-Methyljuglone) is a naphthoquinone isolated from Plumbago zeylanica, exhibits anticancer and antiproliferative activities[1].
Fraxin
Fraxin is a beta-D-glucoside that is fraxetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage. It is a natural product isolated from the leaves of Fraxinus excelsior and exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent and a hepatoprotective agent. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a hydroxycoumarin and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to a fraxetin. Fraxin is a natural product found in Acer nikoense, Prunus prostrata, and other organisms with data available. A beta-D-glucoside that is fraxetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage. It is a natural product isolated from the leaves of Fraxinus excelsior and exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. Origin: Plant, Coumarins Fraxin isolated from Cortex Fraxini, is a glucoside of fraxetin and reported to exert potent anti-oxidative stress action[1], anti-inflammatory and antimetastatic properties. Fraxin shows its antioxidative effect through inhibition of cyclo AMP phosphodiesterase enzyme[2]. Fraxin isolated from Cortex Fraxini, is a glucoside of fraxetin and reported to exert potent anti-oxidative stress action[1], anti-inflammatory and antimetastatic properties. Fraxin shows its antioxidative effect through inhibition of cyclo AMP phosphodiesterase enzyme[2].
Tulipinolide
A germacranolide based on a 2,3,3a,4,5,8,9,11a-octahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-4-yl skeleton.
Maculosin
A homodetic cyclic peptide that is a dipeptide composed of L-proline and L-tyrosine joined by peptide linkages. Maculosin is a host-specific phytotoxin for spotted knapweed from Alternaria alternata. Maculosin is a quorum-sensing molecule involved in cell-cell communication by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Maculosin also acts as a signaling molecule regulating virulence gene expression in Lactobacillus reuteri. Maculosin shows antioxidant, anti-cancer and non-toxicity properties. Maculosin shows cytotoxic activity against the human liver cancer cell lines, with an IC50 of 48.90 μg/mL[1][2][3]. Maculosin is a host-specific phytotoxin for spotted knapweed from Alternaria alternata. Maculosin is a quorum-sensing molecule involved in cell-cell communication by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Maculosin also acts as a signaling molecule regulating virulence gene expression in Lactobacillus reuteri. Maculosin shows antioxidant, anti-cancer and non-toxicity properties. Maculosin shows cytotoxic activity against the human liver cancer cell lines, with an IC50 of 48.90 μg/mL[1][2][3].
alpha-Bixin
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Principal colouring matter of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds [DFC] Principal colouring matter of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds. Bixin (BX), isolated from the seeds of Bixa orellana, is a carotenoid, possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities. Bixin treatment ameliorated cardiac dysfunction through inhibiting fibrosis, inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation[1].
Tomatine
Tomatine is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane (steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton) found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg). Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine. A toxic dose of tomatine for an adult human would appear to require the consumption of at least 500 g of tomato leaves in one sitting (“Toxic Plants of North America” (Iowa State University Press, 2001)). Tomatine is known to have fungicidal and antimicrobial properties and is likely produced by tomato plants as a defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects (PMID: 19514731). Some microbes produce an enzyme called tomatinase which can degrade tomatine, rendering it ineffective as an antimicrobial (PMID: 18835993).Tomatine has historically been used as a reagent in analytical chemistry for precipitating cholesterol from solution (PMID: 4362143). When lab animals ingest tomatine, essentially all of it passes through the animal unabsorbed. Tomatine apparently binds to cholesterol in the digestive tract, and the largely insoluble combination is excreted — ridding the body of both the alkaloid and cholesterol. Experiments with hamsters have shown that both tomatine-rich green tomatoes and purified tomatine can substantially lower the levels of undesirable LDL cholesterol while maintaining normal levels of HDL (PMID: 10942315). Experiments with high-tomatine green tomato extracts were recently shown to strongly inhibit the growth of a number of human cancer cell lines including breast (MCF-7), colon (HT-29), gastric (AGS), and hepatoma (liver) (HepG2), as well as normal human liver cells (PMID: 19514731). Other studies have found that purified tomatine is an outstanding immunoadjuvant capable of stimulating potent antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses that contribute to protection against malaria, Francisella tularensis and regression of experimental tumors (PMID: 15193398). Tomatine is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane (steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton) found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg). Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine. A toxic dose of tomatine for an adult human would appear to require the consumption of at least 500 g of tomato leaves in one sitting (“Toxic Plants of North America” (Iowa State University Press, 2001)). Tomatine is known to have fungicidal and antimicrobial properties and is likely produced by tomato plants as a defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects (PMID: 19514731). Some microbes produce an enzyme called tomatinase which can degrade tomatine, rendering it ineffective as an antimicrobial (PMID: 18835993).Tomatine has historically been used as a reagent in analytical chemistry for precipitating cholesterol from solution (PMID: 4362143). When lab animals ingest tomatine, essentially all of it passes through the animal unabsorbed. Tomatine apparently binds to cholesterol in the digestive tract, and the largely insoluble combination is excreted — ridding the body of both the alkaloid and cholesterol. Experiments with hamsters have shown that both tomatine-rich green tomatoes and purified tomatine can substantially lower the levels of undesirable LDL cholesterol while maintaining norma D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid, found in the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Tomatine elicits neurotoxicity in RIP1 kinase and caspase-independent manner. Tomatine promotes the upregulation of nuclear apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) in neuroblastoma cells. Tomatine also inhibits 20S proteasome activity[1]. Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid, found in the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Tomatine elicits neurotoxicity in RIP1 kinase and caspase-independent manner. Tomatine promotes the upregulation of nuclear apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) in neuroblastoma cells. Tomatine also inhibits 20S proteasome activity[1].
Mangiferol
Mangiferol, also known as alpizarin or chinomin, is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthones. Xanthones are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a xanthene moiety conjugated to a ketone group at carbon 9. Xanthene is a tricyclic compound made up of two benzene rings linearly fused to each other through a pyran ring. Mangiferol is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Mangiferol can be found in mango, which makes mangiferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Mangiferin is a Nrf2 activator. Mangiferin suppresses nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50. Mangiferin exhibits antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperuricemic, antiviral, anticancer and antiinflammatory activities[1][2][3]. Mangiferin is a Nrf2 activator. Mangiferin suppresses nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50. Mangiferin exhibits antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperuricemic, antiviral, anticancer and antiinflammatory activities[1][2][3].
lupanine
C15H24N2O (248.18885339999997)
CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 56 INTERNAL_ID 56; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 42 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 35 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 27 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 20 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 12 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 5 alpha-Isolupanine is a natural product found in Listia bainesii, Thermopsis chinensis, and other organisms with data available.
Matrine
C15H24N2O (248.18885339999997)
Matrine is an alkaloid. Matrine is a natural product found in Daphniphyllum oldhamii, Sophora viciifolia, and other organisms with data available. Matrine is an alkaloid found in plants from the Sophora genus. It has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer effects, and action as a kappa opioid receptor and μ-receptor agonist. Tetracyclic bis-quinolizidine alkaloids found in the family LEGUMINOSAE, mainly in the genus SOPHORA. See also: Matrine; salicylic acid (component of). Annotation level-1 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.230 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.224 Sophoridine is a natural product found in Sophora viciifolia, Leontice leontopetalum, and other organisms with data available. Tetracyclic bis-quinolizidine alkaloids found in the family LEGUMINOSAE, mainly in the genus SOPHORA. INTERNAL_ID 2268; CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1) CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2268 Matrine (Matridin-15-one) is an alkaloid found in plants from the Sophora genus that can act as a kappa opioid receptor and u-receptor agonist. Matrine has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis effects. Matrine is potential in the research of disease like human non-small cell lung cancer, hepatoma, papillary thyroid cancer and acute kidney injury (AKI)[1][2][3][4][5]. Matrine (Matridin-15-one) is an alkaloid found in plants from the Sophora genus that can act as a kappa opioid receptor and u-receptor agonist. Matrine has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis effects. Matrine is potential in the research of disease like human non-small cell lung cancer, hepatoma, papillary thyroid cancer and acute kidney injury (AKI)[1][2][3][4][5]. Matrine (Matridin-15-one) is an alkaloid found in plants from the Sophora genus that can act as a kappa opioid receptor and u-receptor agonist. Matrine has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis effects. Matrine is potential in the research of disease like human non-small cell lung cancer, hepatoma, papillary thyroid cancer and acute kidney injury (AKI)[1][2][3][4][5]. Sophoridine is a quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from Leguminous plant Sophora flavescens. Sophoridine induces apoptosis. Sophoridine has the potential to be a novel, potent and selective antitumor agent candidate for pancreatic cancer with well-tolerated toxicity[1]. Sophoridine is a quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from Leguminous plant Sophora flavescens. Sophoridine induces apoptosis. Sophoridine has the potential to be a novel, potent and selective antitumor agent candidate for pancreatic cancer with well-tolerated toxicity[1].
(+)-lariciresinol
(+)-Lariciresinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 7,9-epoxylignans. These are lignans that contain the 7,9-epoxylignan skeleton, which consists of a tetrahydrofuran that carries a phenyl group, a methyl group, and a benzyl group at positons 2, 3 and 4, respectively. (+)-Lariciresinol has been detected in several different foods, such as parsnips, white mustards, narrowleaf cattails, turnips, and common sages. This could make (+)-Lariciresinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Lariciresinol is also found in sesame seeds, Brassica vegetables, in the bark and wood of white fir (Abies alba). (+)-lariciresinol is a member of the class of compounds known as 7,9-epoxylignans. 7,9-epoxylignans are lignans that contain the 7,9-epoxylignan skeleton, which consists of a tetrahydrofuran that carries a phenyl group, a methyl group, and a benzyl group at the 2-, 3-, 4-position, respectively (+)-lariciresinol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (+)-lariciresinol can be found in a number of food items such as pili nut, lemon balm, root vegetables, and parsley, which makes (+)-lariciresinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
11,12-DiHETrE
11,12-DiHETrE is a Cytochrome P450 (P450) eicosanoid. Arachidonic acid may be oxygenated by cytochrome P450 in several ways. Epoxidation of the double bonds leads to the regio- and enantioselective formation of four epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are hydrolyzed by epoxide hydrolase to vicinal diols (DHETs). 11,12-DiHETrE excretion is increased in healthy pregnant women compared with nonpregnant female volunteers, and increased even further in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). The physiological significance of arachidonic acid epoxides has been debated and it is unknown whether they play a role in pregnancy and parturition. Vasodilative effects, inhibition of cyclooxygenase, or inhibition of platelet aggregation by EETs have been observed only at micromolar concentrations. On the other hand, effects on the stimulus-secretion coupling during hormone release have been found in the nanomolar and picomolar range. (PMID: 9440131, 2198572) [HMDB] 11,12-DiHETrE is a Cytochrome P450 (P450) eicosanoid. Arachidonic acid may be oxygenated by cytochrome P450 in several ways. Epoxidation of the double bonds leads to the regio- and enantioselective formation of four epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are hydrolyzed by epoxide hydrolase to vicinal diols (DHETs). 11,12-DiHETrE excretion is increased in healthy pregnant women compared with nonpregnant female volunteers, and increased even further in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). The physiological significance of arachidonic acid epoxides has been debated and it is unknown whether they play a role in pregnancy and parturition. Vasodilative effects, inhibition of cyclooxygenase, or inhibition of platelet aggregation by EETs have been observed only at micromolar concentrations. On the other hand, effects on the stimulus-secretion coupling during hormone release have been found in the nanomolar and picomolar range. (PMID: 9440131, 2198572).
gamma-Carotene
gamma-Carotene is a cyclic carotene obtained by the cyclization of lycopene. It is found in human serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds, and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer-preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). Gamma-carotene, also known as γ-carotene, is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Gamma-carotene can be found in a number of food items such as corn, yellow bell pepper, fig, and papaya, which makes gamma-carotene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Torulene
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE is 10 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde is occasionally found as a volatile component of urine. Benzaldehyde is an aromatic aldehyde used in cosmetics as a denaturant, a flavoring agent, and as a fragrance. Currently used in only seven cosmetic products, its highest reported concentration of use was 0.5\\\% in perfumes. Benzaldehyde is a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) food additive in the United States and is accepted as a flavoring substance in the European Union. Because Benzaldehyde rapidly metabolizes to Benzoic Acid in the skin, the available dermal irritation and sensitization data demonstrating no adverse reactions to Benzoic Acid were considered supportive of the safety of Benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde is absorbed through skin and by the lungs, distributes to all well-perfused organs, but does not accumulate in any specific tissue type. After being metabolized to benzoic acid, conjugates are formed with glycine or glucuronic acid, and excreted in the urine. Several studies have suggested that Benzaldehyde can have carcinostatic or antitumor properties. Overall, at the concentrations used in cosmetics, Benzaldehyde was not considered a carcinogenic risk to humans. Although there are limited irritation and sensitization data available for Benzaldehyde, the available dermal irritation and sensitization data and ultraviolet (UV) absorption and phototoxicity data demonstrating no adverse reactions to Benzoic Acid support the safety of Benzaldehyde as currently used in cosmetic products. (PMID:16835129, Int J Toxicol. 2006;25 Suppl 1:11-27.). Benzaldehyde, a volatile organic compound, is naturally present in a variety of plants, particularly in certain fruits, nuts, and flowers. It plays a significant role in the aromatic profiles of these plants. For instance, benzaldehyde is a primary component of bitter almond oil, which was one of its earliest known natural sources. Besides bitter almonds, it is also found in fruits like cherries, peaches, and plums, as well as in flowers such as jasmine. In the food industry, benzaldehyde is occasionally used as a food additive to impart specific flavors. This prevalence in plants highlights that benzaldehyde is not only an industrial chemical but also a naturally occurring compound in the plant kingdom. Its presence in these natural sources underscores its significance in both nature and industry. Found in plants, especies in almond kernelsand is) also present in strawberry jam, leek, crispbread, cheese, black tea and several essential oils. Parent and derivs. (e.g. glyceryl acetal) are used as flavourings
Pterin
Pterin is a chemical compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring; Pterin is a heterocyclic compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring (a pteridine ring system); the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. Several tautomers of pterin exist and are shown below. As a group, pterins are compounds that are derivatives of 2-amino-4-oxopteridine, with additional functional groups attached to the pyrazine ring.; the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. Several tautomers of pterin exist and are shown below. Pterin belongs to the pteridine family of heterocycles. -- Wikipedia. Pterin is found in soy bean. Pterin is a chemical compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring; the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. Several tautomers of pterin exist and are shown below. Pterin belongs to the pteridine family of heterocycles. -- Wikipedia.
Camphene
Camphene, also known as 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane or 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylenenorbornane, is a member of the class of compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. Bicyclic monoterpenoids are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other. Monoterpenoids are terpenes that contain 10 carbon atoms and are comprised of two isoprene units. The biosynthesis of monoterpenes is known to occur mainly through the methyl-erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway in plastids (PMID:7640522 ). Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of cyclic monoterpenes. GPP undergoes several cyclization reactions to yield a diverse number of cyclic arrangements. Camphene is nearly insoluble in water but very soluble in common organic solvents. It volatilizes readily at room temperature and has a pungent smell. It exists as a flammable, white solid that has a minty, citrus, eucalyptus odor. It is produced industrially by catalytic isomerization of the more common alpha-pinene. Camphene is used in the preparation of fragrances and in food additives for flavouring. In the mid-19th century it was used as a fuel for lamps, but this was limited by its explosiveness. Camphene exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to plants to humans. Camphene can be found in a number of food items such as dill, carrots, caraway, hyssop, lemon, orange, nutmeg seed, parsley, sage, thyme, turmeric and fennel, which makes camphene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. It is a minor constituent of many essential oils such as turpentine, cypress oil, camphor oil, citronella oil, neroli, ginger oil, and valerian. Camphene is one of several monoterpenes that are found in cannabis plants (PMID:6991645 ). Camphene, also known as 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane or 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylenenorbornane, is a member of the class of compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. Bicyclic monoterpenoids are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other. Camphene is a camphor, fir needle, and herbal tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as cardamom, yellow bell pepper, common thyme, and coriander, which makes camphene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Camphene can be found primarily in feces and saliva. Camphene exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Camphene is a bicyclic monoterpene. It is nearly insoluble in water, but very soluble in common organic solvents. It volatilizes readily at room temperature and has a pungent smell. It is a minor constituent of many essential oils such as turpentine, cypress oil, camphor oil, citronella oil, neroli, ginger oil, and valerian. It is produced industrially by catalytic isomerization of the more common alpha-pinene. Camphene is used in the preparation of fragrances and as a food additive for flavoring. Its mid-19th century use as a fuel for lamps was limited by its explosiveness .
Heptadecane
Heptadecane, also known as CH3-[CH2]15-CH3, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkanes. These are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Heptadecane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, heptadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Heptadecane is an organic compound, an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C17H36. The most compact and branched isomer would be tetra-tert-butylmethane, but its existence is believed to be impossible due to steric hindrance. The name may refer to any of 24894 theoretically possible structural isomers, or to a mixture thereof. Heptadecane is an alkane tasting compound. heptadecane has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as lemon balms, coconuts, orange bell peppers, allspices, and pepper (c. annuum). This could make heptadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. In the IUPAC nomenclature, the name of this compound is simply heptadecane, since the other isomers are viewed and named as alkyl-substituted versions of smaller alkanes. The unbranched isomer is normal or n-heptadecane, CH3(CH2)15CH3. Indeed, it is believed to be the smallest "impossible" alkane. Heptadecane, also known as ch3-[ch2]15-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, heptadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Heptadecane is an alkane tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as papaya, orange bell pepper, pepper (spice), and red bell pepper, which makes heptadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Heptadecane can be found primarily in saliva. The unbranched isomer is normal or n-heptadecane, CH3(CH2)15CH3. In the IUPAC nomenclature, the name of this compound is simply heptadecane, since the other isomers are viewed and named as alkyl-substituted versions of smaller alkanes .
Heptanal
Heptanal, also known as enanthal or N-heptaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain aldehydes. These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms. Thus, heptanal is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. It is a colourless liquid with a strong fruity odor, which is used as precursor to components in perfumes and lubricants. Heptanal is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Heptanal exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Heptanal is an aldehydic, citrus, and fat tasting compound. heptanal is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods, such as corns, tea, and sweet oranges and in a lower concentration in lemons, wild carrots, and carrots. heptanal has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as horned melons, common beets, dills, red bell peppers, and malus (crab apple). This could make heptanal a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. The formation of heptanal in the fractional distillation of castor oil was already described in 1878. The large-scale production is based on the pyrolytic cleavage of ricinoleic acid ester (Arkema method) and on the hydroformylation of 1-hexene with rhodium 2-ethylhexanoate as a catalyst upon addition of some 2-ethylhexanoic acid (Oxea method):Heptanal naturally occurs in the essential oils of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), clary sage (Salvia sclarea), lemon (Citrus x limon), bitter orange (Citrus x aurantium), rose (Rosa) and hyacinth (Hyacinthus). Heptanal is a potentially toxic compound. Heptanal has been found to be associated with several diseases such as ulcerative colitis, crohns disease, uremia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also heptanal has been linked to the inborn metabolic disorders including celiac disease. The compound has a flash point of 39.5 °C. The explosion range is between 1.1\\% by volume as the lower explosion limit (LEL) and 5.2\\% by volume as the upper explosion limit. Heptanal or heptanaldehyde is an alkyl aldehyde. Full hydrogenation provides the branched primary alcohol 2-pentylnonan-1-ol, also accessible from the Guerbet reaction from heptanol. A by-product of the given reaction is the unpleasant rancid smelling (Z)-2-pentyl-2-nonenal. Heptanal forms flammable vapor-air mixtures. Heptanal is a flammable, slightly volatile colorless liquid of pervasive fruity to oily-greasy odor, which is miscible with alcohols and practically insoluble in water. Heptanal reacts with benzaldehyde in a Knoevenagel reaction under basic catalysis with high yield and selectivity (> 90\\%) to alpha-pentylcinnamaldehyde (also called jasmine aldehyde because of the typical jasmine odor), which is mostly used in many fragrances as a cis/trans isomer mixture. Found in essential oils of ylang-ylang, clary sage, California orange, bitter orange and others. Flavouring agent
LysoPE(18:0/0:0)
LysoPE(18:0/0:0) or LPE(18:0/0:0) is a lysophospholipid. The term lysophospholipid (LPL) refers to any phospholipid that is missing one of its two O-acyl chains. Thus, LPLs have a free alcohol in either the sn-1 or sn-2 position. The prefix lyso- comes from the fact that lysophospholipids were originally found to be hemolytic however it is now used to refer generally to phospholipids missing an acyl chain. LPLs are usually the result of phospholipase A-type enzymatic activity on regular phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidic acid, although they can also be generated by the acylation of glycerophospholipids or the phosphorylation of monoacylglycerols. Some LPLs serve important signaling functions such as lysophosphatidic acid. Lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs) can function as plant growth regulators with several diverse uses. (LPEs) are approved for outdoor agricultural use to accelerate ripening and improve the quality of fresh produce. They are also approved for indoor use to preserve stored crops and commercial cut flowers. As a breakdown product of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), LPE is present in cells of all organisms. [HMDB] LysoPE(18:0/0:0) or LPE(18:0/0:0) is a lysophospholipid. The term lysophospholipid (LPL) refers to any phospholipid that is missing one of its two O-acyl chains. Thus, LPLs have a free alcohol in either the sn-1 or sn-2 position. The prefix lyso- comes from the fact that lysophospholipids were originally found to be hemolytic however it is now used to refer generally to phospholipids missing an acyl chain. LPLs are usually the result of phospholipase A-type enzymatic activity on regular phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidic acid, although they can also be generated by the acylation of glycerophospholipids or the phosphorylation of monoacylglycerols. Some LPLs serve important signaling functions such as lysophosphatidic acid. Lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs) can function as plant growth regulators with several diverse uses. (LPEs) are approved for outdoor agricultural use to accelerate ripening and improve the quality of fresh produce. They are also approved for indoor use to preserve stored crops and commercial cut flowers. As a breakdown product of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), LPE is present in cells of all organisms.
2-Heptanone
2-Heptanone, also known as butylacetone or heptan-2-one, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ketones. These are organic compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms R2C=O (neither R may be a hydrogen atom). Ketones that have one or more alpha-hydrogen atoms undergo keto-enol tautomerization, the tautomer being an enol. Thus, 2-heptanone is considered to be an oxygenated hydrocarbon lipid molecule. 2-Heptanone is a ketone with the molecular formula C7H14O. 2-Heptanone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. 2-Heptanone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 2-Heptanone is a sweet, cinnamon, and coconut tasting compound. 2-Heptanone is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as corns, cow milk, and peppermints. 2-Heptanone has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as tarragons, blackberries, tortilla chips, ceylon cinnamons, and evergreen blackberries. 2-Heptanone is one of the metabolites of n-heptane found in the urine of employees exposed to heptane in shoe and tire factories. 2-Heptanone, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as ulcerative colitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, crohns disease, and hepatic encephalopathy; 2-heptanone has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. It is a colorless to white liquid with a banana-like, fruity odor. Present in apple, morello cherry, feijoa fruit, grapes, quince, clove bud, cheeses, wines, black tea, raw shrimp, Ceylon cinnamon, rancid coconut oil and other foodstuffsand is also a minor constituent of plant oils. Flavour ingredient
Dattelic acid
Isolated from Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) and from unripe dates (tentative ident.). Dattelic acid is found in many foods, some of which are green vegetables, fruits, date, and blackcurrant. Dattelic acid is found in blackcurrant. Dattelic acid is isolated from Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) and from unripe dates (tentative ident.). 5-O-Caffeoylshikimic acid can be used in the study for NSCLC[1][2]. 5-O-Caffeoylshikimic acid can be used in the study for NSCLC[1][2].
Longifolene
Longifolene is a member of the class of compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. Sesquiterpenoids are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. Longifolene is a sweet, fir needle, and medical tasting compound found in corn, mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine), rosemary, and star anise, which makes longifolene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Longifolene is the common (or trivial) chemical name of a naturally occurring, oily Liquid hydrocarbon found primarily in the high-boiling fraction of certain pine resins. The name is derived from that of a pine species from which the compound was isolated, Pinus longifolia (obsolete name for Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) Chemically, longifolene is a tricyclic sesquiterpene. This molecule is chiral, and the enantiomer commonly found in pines and other higher plants exhibits a positive optical rotation of +42.73¬∞. The other enantiomer (optical rotation ‚àí42.73¬∞) is found in small amounts in certain fungi and liverworts . Longifolene is a member of the class of compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. Sesquiterpenoids are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. Longifolene is a sweet, fir needle, and medical tasting compound found in corn, mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine), rosemary, and star anise, which makes longifolene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Longifolene is the common (or trivial) chemical name of a naturally occurring, oily liquid hydrocarbon found primarily in the high-boiling fraction of certain pine resins. The name is derived from that of a pine species from which the compound was isolated, Pinus longifolia (obsolete name for Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) Chemically, longifolene is a tricyclic sesquiterpene. This molecule is chiral, and the enantiomer commonly found in pines and other higher plants exhibits a positive optical rotation of +42.73°. The other enantiomer (optical rotation −42.73°) is found in small amounts in certain fungi and liverworts . (+)-Longifolene is a sesquiterpenoid and a metabolite in rabbits. (+)-Longifolen is converted to primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols in rabbits, among which the primary alcohol is predominant[1]. (+)-Longifolene is a sesquiterpenoid and a metabolite in rabbits. (+)-Longifolen is converted to primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols in rabbits, among which the primary alcohol is predominant[1]. (+)-Longifolene is a sesquiterpenoid and a metabolite in rabbits. (+)-Longifolen is converted to primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols in rabbits, among which the primary alcohol is predominant[1].
2-Methylcitric acid
Methylcitric acid (MCA) is elevated in body fluids of patients with propionic acidaemia (PA; OMIM 232000, 232050), methylmalonic aciduria (MMA; OMIM 251000, 251120) and multiple carboxylase deficiency (OMIM 253260, 253270), which are inherited disorders. MCA is formed by condensation of accumulated propionyl- CoA and oxalacetate by the enzyme si-citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7). MCA molecule has two stereogenic centers so that it can occur in the form of four stereoisomers. Only two stereoisomers of MCA, (2S, 3S) and (2R, 3S), were found in human urine (PMID: 17295121). Methylcitric acid (MCA) is elevated in body fluids of patients with propionic acidaemia (PA; OMIM 232000, 232050), methylmalonic aciduria (MMA; OMIM 251000, 251120) and multiple carboxylase deficiency (OMIM 253260, 253270). MCA is formed by condensation of accumulated propionyl- CoA and oxalacetate by the enzyme si-citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7). MCA molecule has two stereogenic centers so that it can occur in the form of four stereoisomers. Only two stereoisomers of MCA, (2S, 3S) and (2R, 3S), were found in human urine. (PMID: 17295121) [HMDB] 2-Methylcitric acid (Methylcitric acid) is an endogenous metabolite in the 2-methylcitric acid cycle. 2-Methylcitric acid accumulates in methylmalonic and propionic acidemias and acts as a marker metabolite. 2-Methylcitric acid markedly inhibits ADP-stimulated and uncoupled respiration in mitochondria supported by glutamate[1]. 2-Methylcitric acid (Methylcitric acid) is an endogenous metabolite in the 2-methylcitric acid cycle. 2-Methylcitric acid accumulates in methylmalonic and propionic acidemias and acts as a marker metabolite. 2-Methylcitric acid markedly inhibits ADP-stimulated and uncoupled respiration in mitochondria supported by glutamate[1]. 2-Methylcitric acid (Methylcitric acid) is an endogenous metabolite in the 2-methylcitric acid cycle. 2-Methylcitric acid accumulates in methylmalonic and propionic acidemias and acts as a marker metabolite. 2-Methylcitric acid markedly inhibits ADP-stimulated and uncoupled respiration in mitochondria supported by glutamate[1].
Proanthocyanidin A2
Isolated from cassia bark (Cinnamomum aromaticum). Proanthocyanidin A2 is found in many foods, some of which are herbs and spices, cinnamon, avocado, and lingonberry. Proanthocyanidin A2 is found in apple. Proanthocyanidin A2 is isolated from cassia bark (Cinnamomum aromaticum). Procyanidin A1 (Proanthocyanidin A1) is a procyanidin dimer, which inhibits degranulation downstream of protein kinase C activation or Ca2+ influx from an internal store in RBL-213 cells. Procyanidin A1 has antiallergic effects[1]. Procyanidin A1 (Proanthocyanidin A1) is a procyanidin dimer, which inhibits degranulation downstream of protein kinase C activation or Ca2+ influx from an internal store in RBL-213 cells. Procyanidin A1 has antiallergic effects[1]. Procyanidin A2 is a flavonoid found in grapes, with anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation activity[1][2]. Procyanidin A2 is a flavonoid found in grapes, with anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation activity[1][2].
Terpinolene
Terpinolene (TPO), also known as alpha-terpinolene or isoterpinene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as menthane monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids with a structure based on the o-, m-, or p-menthane backbone. P-menthane consists of the cyclohexane ring with a methyl group and a (2-methyl)-propyl group at the 1 and 4 ring position, respectively. The o- and m- menthanes are much rarer, and presumably arise by alkyl migration of p-menthanes. Thus, terpinolene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Terpinolene is a very hydrophobic monoterpenoid, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Monoterpenoids are terpenes that contain 10 carbon atoms and are comprised of two isoprene units. The biosynthesis of monoterpenes in plants is known to occur mainly through the methyl-erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids (PMID:7640522 ). Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of cyclic monoterpenes. GPP undergoes several cyclization reactions to yield a diverse number of cyclic arrangements. Terpinolene is one of the constituents of turpentine and an isomer of terpinene. It appears colourless to pale yellow liquid. Alpha-terpinolene has been identified as an abundant monoterpene in the essential oil of Cannabis sativa plants (PMID:6991645 ). There are more than 140 known terpenes in cannabis and the combination of these terepenoids produces the skunky, fruity odor characteristic of C. savita. Although common in cannabis cultivars, terpinolene is typically found in relatively low amounts. On the other hand, the concentration of terpinolene can be has high as 30\\% of the essential oil. It is thought that terpinolene offers a mildly sedative effect and can reduce anxiety (PMID:28826544 ). In particular, terpinolene is a central nervous system depressant that has been shown to induce drowsiness (PMID:23339024 ). Terpinolene has been demonstrated to prevent LDL oxidation and is of potential interest in the treatment of atherogenesis and coronary artery disease (PMID:28826544 ). Terpinolene exhibits antifungal and larvicidal properties (PMID:28826544 ). Terpinolene is also an effective anti-microbial agent, particularly against E coli and Staphylococcus bacteria (PMID:16402540 ). Terpinolene is also employed as a fragrence ingredient in lotions, insect repellents (similar to other terpenes), perfumes, and soaps. Terpinolene is also a constituent of many other essential oils e. g. Citrus, Mentha, Juniperus, Myristica species. Parsnip oil (Pastinaca sativa) in particular, is a major source (40-70\\%). Terpinolene is a sweet, citrus, and fresh tasting compound. It produces a floral, woody or herbal aroma reminiscent of pine needles. In addition to being found in various plant essential oils, terpinolene is found in a few different foods and spices, such as allspice, apples, sage, rosemary, parsnips, nutmegs, and wild carrots and in a lower concentration in sweet bay, star anises, turmerics, apricots, cumins, evergreen blackberries, red bell peppers, and caraway. Constituent of many essential oils e.g. Citrus, Mentha, Juniperus, Myristica subspecies Parsnip oil (Pastinaca sativa) is a major source (40-70\\%). Flavouring ingredient. Terpinolene is found in many foods, some of which are coriander, ceylon cinnamon, pine nut, and caraway.
Tridecane
Tridecane appears as an oily straw yellow clear liquid with a hydrocarbon odor. Flash point 190-196 °F. Specific gravity 0.76. Boiling point 456 °F. Repeated or prolonged skin contact may irritate or redden skin, progressing to dermatitis. Exposure to high concentrations of vapor may result in headache and stupor. Tridecane is a straight chain alkane containing 13 carbon atoms. It forms a component of the essential oils isolated from plants such as Abelmoschus esculentus. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. Tridecane is a natural product found in Dryopteris assimilis, Thyanta perditor, and other organisms with data available. Tridecane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)11CH3. Tridecane is found in allspice and it is also isolated from lime oil. It is a light, combustible colourless liquid that is used in the manufacture of paraffin products, the paper processing industry, in jet fuel research and in the rubber industry; furthermore, tridecane is used as a solvent and distillation chaser. n-tridecane is also one of the major chemicals secreted by some insects as a defense against predators. Tridecane has 802 constitutional isomers A straight chain alkane containing 13 carbon atoms. It forms a component of the essential oils isolated from plants such as Abelmoschus esculentus. Isolated from lime oil Tridecane is a short chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing 13 carbon atoms. Tridecane is an volatile oil component isolated from essential oil of Piper aduncum L. Tridecane is a stress compound released by the brown marmorated stink bugs stress compound[1][2]. Tridecane is a short chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing 13 carbon atoms. Tridecane is an volatile oil component isolated from essential oil of Piper aduncum L. Tridecane is a stress compound released by the brown marmorated stink bugs stress compound[1][2].
Yersiniabactin
C21H27N3O4S3 (481.1163622000001)
A member of the class of thiazolidines that is (4S)-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a (1S)-1-hydroxy-1-{(4R)-2-[(4R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-1,3-thiazolidin-4-yl}-2-methylpropan-2-yl group. A siderophore found in the gram-negative bacterium species, Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pestis. D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents > D007502 - Iron Chelating Agents
ecdysone
A 6-oxo steroid that is 5beta-cholest-7-en-6-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 14, 22 and 25 respectively (the 2beta, 3beta, 22R stereoisomer). It is a steroid prohormone of the major insect moulting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones Ecdysone, also known as molting hormone, belongs to pentahydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives class of compounds. Those are bile acids, alcohols or derivatives bearing five hydroxyl groups. Thus, ecdysone is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Ecdysone is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ecdysone can be synthesized from 5beta-cholestane. Ecdysone is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, (25R)-11alpha,20,26-trihydroxyecdysone, (24R)-11alpha,20,24-trihydroxyecdysone, and ecdysone 25-O-D-glucopyranoside. Ecdysone can be found in spinach, which makes ecdysone a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Ecdysone is a steroidal prohormone of the major insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone, which is secreted from the prothoracic glands. Insect molting hormones (ecdysone and its homologues) are generally called ecdysteroids. Ecdysteroids act as moulting hormones of arthropods but also occur in other related phyla where they can play different roles. In Drosophila melanogaster, an increase in ecdysone concentration induces the expression of genes coding for proteins that the larva requires, and it causes chromosome puffs (sites of high expression) to form in polytene chromosomes. Recent findings in Chris Q. Doe lab have found a novel role of this hormone in regulating temporal gene transitions within neural stem cells. Ecdysone and other ecdysteroids also appear in many plants mostly as a protection agent (toxins or antifeedants) against herbivorous insects. These phytoecdysteroids have been reputed to have medicinal value and are part of herbal adaptogenic remedies like Cordyceps, yet an ecdysteroid precursor in plants has been shown to have cytotoxic properties. A pesticide sold with the name MIMIC has ecdysteroid activity, although its chemical structure has little resemblance to the ecdysteroids . Ecdysone (α-Ecdysone), a major steroid hormone in insects and herbs, triggers mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation and induces cellular apoptosis. Ecdysone plays essential roles in coordinating developmental transitions and homeostatic sleep regulation through its active metabolite 20-hydroxyecdysone (Crustecdysone; 20E; HY-N6979)[1][2].
Oxaluric acid
Oxalureate, also known as monooxalylurea or oxaluric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as N-carbamoyl-alpha amino acids. N-carbamoyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an carbamoyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. Oxalureate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Oxalureate can be found in cocoa bean, which makes oxalureate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Oxalureate may be a unique E.coli metabolite.
Dopaquinone
Dopaquinone, also known as o-dopaquinone or L-dopaquinone, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha-amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Dopaquinone is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-Dopaquinone is a metabolite of L-DOPA and a precursor of melanin. Melanin is synthesized from tyrosine by hydroxylation to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and subsequent oxidation to dopaquinone. Both reactions are catalyzed by the enzyme tyrosinase, which is the rate-limiting step. Dopaquinone has an ortho-quinone ring, which is known to be neurotoxic and highly reactive with many other compounds (PMID: 413870). Dopaquinone typically combines with cysteine to form pheomelanin (a pigment-polymer). Alternatively, dopaquinone can be converted to leucodopachrome and eventually to eumelanin (also a pigment-polymer). Dopaquinone can be found in skin and feces. Within the cell, dopaquinone is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Dopaquinone is involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include transient tyrosinemia, hawkinsinuria, tyrosinemia type I, and alkaptonuria. Chronically high levels of dopaquinone are associated with Parkinsons disease (PD). Many Parkinsons patients are treated with L-DOPA. However, long-term treatment with L-DOPA may actually worsen symptoms or result in neurotic and psychotic symptoms. These may be due to dopachrome and dopaquinone accumulating in the brain of L-DOPA treated patients (PMID: 19131041, PMID: 12373519). Dopaquinone is a substrate of enzyme monophenol monooxygenase [EC 1.14.18.1] in tyrosine metabolism pathway (KEGG). [HMDB]
Uroporphyrinogen III
Uroporphyrinogens are porphyrinogen variants in which each pyrrole ring has one acetate side chain and one propionate side chain; it is formed by condensation 4 four molecules of porphobilinogen. 4 isomers are possible but only 2 commoly are found, types I and III. Uroporphyrinogen III is a functional intermediate in heme biosynthesis while Uroporphyrinogen I is produced in an abortive side reaction. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid
4-Hydroxy-2-ketoglutaric acid is a substrate for Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A. [HMDB] 4-Hydroxy-2-ketoglutaric acid is a substrate for Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A.
S-Acetyldihydrolipoamide
S-Acetyldihydrolipoamide is a thio-acetylated form of dihydrolipoamide. The molecule is commonly conjugated to lysine residues. The structure shown is the free form of the molecule. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The reaction is 2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)-TPP + lipoamide => S-acetyldihydrolipoamide + TPP [Homo sapiens], occuring in mitochondrial matrix. (reactome.org). S-Acetyldihydrolipoamide is an intermediate in alanine, aspartate and pyruvate metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (KEGG:C01136). It is converted from 2-hydroxyethyl-THPP and lipoamide via the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC:1.2.4.1). It is then converted to acetyl-CoA via the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 component (dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase) (EC:2.3.1.12). S-Acetyldihydrolipoamide is a thio-acetylated form of dihydrolipoamide. The molecule is commonly conjugated to lysine residues. The structure shown is the free form of the molecule.
S-Adenosylmethioninamine
C14H23N6O3S+ (355.15522680000004)
S-Adenosylmethioninamine is a biological sulfonium compound known as the major biological methyl donor. It is also a donor of methylene groups, amino groups, ribosyl groups and aminopropyl groups (PMID 15130560). S-Adenosylmethioninamine is a prodcut of enzyme adenosylmethionine decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.50] in methionine metabolism pathway (KEGG). [HMDB] S-Adenosylmethioninamine is a biological sulfonium compound known as the major biological methyl donor. It is also a donor of methylene groups, amino groups, ribosyl groups and aminopropyl groups (PMID 15130560). S-Adenosylmethioninamine is a prodcut of enzyme adenosylmethionine decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.50] in methionine metabolism pathway (KEGG).
7-Dehydrocholesterol
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), also known as provitamin D3 or 5,7-cholestadien-3-b-ol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholesterols and derivatives. Cholesterols and derivatives are compounds containing a 3-hydroxylated cholestane core. Thus, 7-dehydrocholesterol is also classified as a sterol. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is known as a zoosterol, meaning that it is a sterol isolated from animals (to distinguish those sterols isolated from plants which are called phytosterols). 7-DHC functions in the serum as a cholesterol precursor and is photochemically converted to vitamin D3 in the skin. Therefore 7-DHC functions as provitamin-D3. The presence of 7-DHC in human skin enables humans and other mammals to manufacture vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) from ultraviolet rays in the sun light, via an intermediate isomer pre-vitamin D3. 7-DHC absorbs UV light most effectively at wavelengths between 290 and 320 nm and, thus, the production of vitamin D3 will occur primarily at those wavelengths (PMID: 9625080). The two most important factors that govern the generation of pre-vitamin D3 are the quantity (intensity) and quality (appropriate wavelength) of the UVB irradiation reaching the 7-dehydrocholesterol deep in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum (PMID: 9625080). 7-DHC is also found in the milk of several mammalian species, including cows (PMID: 10999630; PMID: 225459). It was discovered by Nobel-laureate organic chemist Adolf Windaus. 7-DHC can be produced by animals and plants via different pathways (PMID: 23717318). It is not produced by fungi in significant amounts. 7-DHC is made by some algae and can also be produced by some bacteria. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is a zoosterol (a sterol produced by animals rather than plants). It is a provitamin-D. The presence of this compound in skin enables humans to manufacture vitamin D3 from ultra-violet rays in the sun light, via an intermediate isomer provitamin D3. It is also found in breast milk. [HMDB] D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins 7-Dehydrocholesterol is biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and vitamin D3. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and vitamin D3.
Anisole
Anisole is a flavouring agent Anisole is a precursor to perfumes, insect pheromones, and pharmaceuticals. For example, synthetic anethole is prepared from anisole. Anisole undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction more quickly than does benzene, which in turn reacts more quickly than nitrobenzene. The methoxy group is an ortho/para directing group, which means that electrophilic substitution preferentially occurs at these three sites. The enhanced nucleophilicity of anisole vs benzene reflects the influence of the methoxy group, which renders the ring more electron-rich. The methoxy group strongly affects the pi cloud of the ring, moreso than the inductive effect of the electronegative oxygen. Flavouring agent
Toluene
Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as toluenes. Toluenes are compounds containing a benzene ring which bears a methane group. Toluene is a drug which is used for the removal of ascarids (toxocara canis and toxascaris leonina) and hookworms (ancylostoma caninum and uncinaria stenocephala) and as an aid in removing tapeworms (taenia pisiformis, dipylidium caninum, and echinococcus granulosus) from dogs and cats. Toluene is possibly neutral. Toluene exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Toluene is a sweet and paint tasting compound. Toluene is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as black walnuts, rosemaries, and corianders and in a lower concentration in milk (cow) and kohlrabis. Toluene has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as prickly pears, citrus, yellow bell peppers, apples, and garden tomato (var.). This could make toluene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Toluene is a potentially toxic compound. Toluene, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment, autism, and asthma; toluene has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Isolated from distilled tolu balsam (Myroxylon balsamum). Minor constituent of lime oil (Citrus aurantifolia) D012997 - Solvents
Nopalinic acid
Nopalinic acid is found in fats and oils. Nopalinic acid is isolated from Helianthus annuus (sunflower
Hygromycin B
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic active against prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
L-Dopachrome
Dopachrome is a cyclization product of L-DOPA and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of melanin. Dopaquinone has an ortho-quinone ring, which is known to be neurotoxic and highly reactive with many other compounds (PMID: 413870). Dopachrome spontaneously gives rise to 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) or it can be enzymatically metabolized by dopachrome tautomerase to give 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). DHI and its oxidation products are also toxic to cells. Many Parkinsons patients are treated with L-DOPA. However, long-term treatment with L-DOPA may actually worsen symptoms or may result in neurotic and psychotic symptoms. These may be due to dopachrome and dopaquinone accumulating in the brain of L-DOPA treated patients (PMID: 19131041, PMID: 12373519). The non-decarboxylative tautomerization of L-dopachrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid in the melanin biosynthetic pathway is catalyzed by Tyrosinase-related protein-2, a melanocyte-specific enzyme. (PMID 11095412) [HMDB]
Desmosterol
Desmosterol is an intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol. Desmosterolosis is a rare autosomal recessive inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis that is caused by defective activity of desmosterol reductase which results in an accumulation of demosterol (DHCR24, EC 1.3.1.72), combines a severe osteosclerotic skeletal dysplasia and includes 2-3 toe syndactyly with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS; the biochemical block in SLOS results in decreased cholesterol levels and increased 7-dehydrocholesterol levels). Desmosterolosis is caused by mutation of the 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase gene (DHCR24). Many of the malformations in SLOS and desmosterolosis are consistent with impaired hedgehog function. The hedgehog proteins include Sonic hedgehog (SHH), which plays a major role in midline patterning and limb development. Desmosterolosis, caused by defective activity of desmosterol reductase, combines a severe osteosclerotic skeletal dysplasia. 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7, EC 1.3.1.21) reduces the C7-C8 double bond in the sterol B ring to form cholesterol or desmosterol depending upon the precursor. Desmosterol can be converted to cholesterol by DHCR24. Therefore, SLOS and Desmosterolosis patients invariably have elevated levels of cholesterol precursors 7-dehydrocholesterol (and its spontaneous isomer 8-dehydrocholesterol) and absent desmosterol. (PMID: 14631207, 16207203). Desmosterol is found in many foods, some of which are fig, sago palm, mexican groundcherry, and pepper (c. frutescens). Desmosterol is an intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol. Desmosterolosis is a rare autosomal recessive inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis that is caused by defective activity of desmosterol reductase which results in an accumulation of demosterol (DHCR24, EC 1.3.1.72), combines a severe osteosclerotic skeletal dysplasia and includes 2-3 toe syndactyly with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS; the biochemical block in SLOS results in decreased cholesterol levels and increased 7-dehydrocholesterol levels). Desmosterolosis is caused by mutation of the 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase gene (DHCR24). Many of the malformations in SLOS and desmosterolosis are consistent with impaired hedgehog function. The hedgehog proteins include Sonic hedgehog (SHH), which plays a major role in midline patterning and limb development. Desmosterolosis, caused by defective activity of desmosterol reductase, combines a severe osteosclerotic skeletal dysplasia. 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7, EC 1.3.1.21) reduces the C7-C8 double bond in the sterol B ring to form cholesterol or desmosterol depending upon the precursor. Desmosterol can be converted to cholesterol by DHCR24. Therefore, SLOS and Desmosterolosis patients invariably have elevated levels of cholesterol precursors 7-dehydrocholesterol (and its spontaneous isomer 8-dehydrocholesterol) and absent desmosterol. (PMID: 14631207, 16207203). Desmosterol is a molecule similar to cholesterol. Desmosterol is the immediate precursor of cholesterol in the Bloch pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. Desmosterol, as an endogenous metabolite, used to study cholesterol metabolism[1]. Desmosterol is a molecule similar to cholesterol. Desmosterol is the immediate precursor of cholesterol in the Bloch pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. Desmosterol, as an endogenous metabolite, used to study cholesterol metabolism[1].
Discadenine
A 6-isopentenylaminopurine having a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl group attached at the 3-position.
Gentamicin A
C18H36N4O10 (468.24313159999997)
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D005839 - Gentamicins
Pentadecanal
Isolated from essential oil of Cinnamomum micranthum and from lemon oil (Citrus limon). Pentadecanal is found in many foods, some of which are lemon, herbs and spices, citrus, and coriander. Pentadecanal is found in citrus. Pentadecanal is isolated from essential oil of Cinnamomum micranthum and from lemon oil (Citrus limon
2-Pentanone
2-Pentanone, also known as ethyl acetone or fema 2842, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ketones. These are organic compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms R2C=O (neither R may be a hydrogen atom). Ketones that have one or more alpha-hydrogen atoms undergo keto-enol tautomerization, the tautomer being an enol. 2-Pentanone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, 2-pentanone is considered to be an oxygenated hydrocarbon lipid molecule. 2-Pentanone is a sweet, alcohol, and banana tasting compound. 2-Pentanone is found, on average, in the highest concentration within milk (cow). 2-Pentanone has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as fats and oils, corns, apples, evergreen blackberries, and fruits. This could make 2-pentanone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Pentanone, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as ulcerative colitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and crohns disease; 2-pentanone has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Isolated from soya oil (Glycine max), pineapple and a few other plant sources
Xanthommatin
An ommochrome that consists of a pyrido[3,2-a]phenoxazine ring system bearing hydroxy, carboxy, oxo and 3-amino-3-carboxypropanoyl substituents at positions 1, 3, 5 and 11 respectively. The parent of the class of xanthommatins.
Dehydrocoformycin
A coformycin derivative in which the hydroxy group on the diazepine ring of coformycin is replaced by an oxo group.
Xanthopterin-B2
A member of the class of pteridines that is 7,8-dihydropteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione carrying a lactoyl group at position 6.
Hexanal
Hexanal is an alkyl aldehyde found in human biofluids. Human milk samples collected from women contains hexanal. Among mediators of oxidative stress, highly reactive secondary aldehydic lipid peroxidation products can initiate the processes of spontaneous mutagenesis and carcinogenesis and can also act as a growth-regulating factors and signaling molecules. In specimens obtained from adult patients with brain astrocytomas, lower levels of n-hexanal are associated with poorer patient prognosis. Hexanal has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID:22626821). Hexanal is a volatile compound that has been associated with the development of undesirable flavours. The content of hexanal, which is a major breakdown product of linoleic acid (LA, n - 6 PUFA) oxidation, has been used to follow the course of lipid oxidation and off-flavour development in foods, and have been proposed as one potential marker of milk quality. A "cardboard-like" off-flavour is frequently associated with dehydrated milk products. This effect is highly correlated with the headspace concentration of hexanal. (Food Chemistry. Volume 107, Issue 1, 1 March 2008, Pages 558-569, PMID:17934948, 17487452). Constituent of many foodstuffs. A production of aerobic enzymatic transformations of plant constits. It is used in fruit flavours and in perfumery D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Demethylmacrocin
A macrolide antibiotic that is tylonolide having mono- and diglycosyl moieties attached to two of its hydroxy groups..
6-Methylsalicylic acid
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen ortho to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by a methyl group. D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D012459 - Salicylates
Phosphoribosyl-AMP
Phosphoribosyl-AMP belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Phosphoribosyl-AMP is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Phosphoribosyl-AMP is a nucleic acid component and is an intermediate in histidine biosynthesis. It is converted from phosphoribosyl-ATP via the enzyme phosphoribosyl-ATP diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.31). It is then converted to phosphoribosylformiminoAICAR-phosphate via the enzyme phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.19). Phosphoribosyl-AMP is a nucleic acid component, a purine-related compound. It is an intermediate in histidine biosynthesis. It is converted from Phosphoribosyl-ATP via the enzyme phosphoribosyl-ATP diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.31). It is then converted to phosphoribosylformiminoAICAR-phosphate via the enzyme phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.19). [HMDB]
13-Hydroxydocosanoic acid
A C22 hydroxy fatty acid with the hydroxy group at the 13-position and intermediate in the synthesis of sophorosyloxydocosanoate; a yeast glycolipid with potential medical and chemical engineering applications.
3-Demethylubiquinone-9
This compound belongs to the family of Ubiquinones. These are coenzyme Q derivatives containing a 5, 6-dimethoxy-3-methyl(1,4-benzoquinone) moiety to which an isoprenyl group is attached at ring position 2(or 6).
S-Inosyl-L-homocysteine
L-homocysteine substituted at sulfur by a 5-deoxyinosin-5-yl group.
S-Ribosylhomocysteine
C9H17NO6S (267.07765420000004)
S-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribos-5-yl)-L-homocysteine is an S-(5-deoxy-D-ribos-5-yl)-L-homocysteine in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is functionally related to a L-homocysteine.
Octaprenyl diphosphate
C40H68O7P2 (722.4440038000001)
Octaprenyl diphosphate, also known as farnesylfarnesylgeraniol or OPP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetraterpenoids. These are terpenoid molecules containing 10 consecutively linked isoprene units. Octaprenyl diphosphate is the precursor for the side chain of the isoprenoid quinones ubiquinone and menaquinone. It is a substrate of the enzyme trans-octaprenyltranstransferase (EC 2.5.1.11) in the steroid biosynthesis pathway. Octaprenyl diphosphate is the precursor for the side chain of the isoprenoid quinones ubiquinone and menaquinone. It is a substrate of enzyme trans-octaprenyltranstransferase [EC 2.5.1.11] in biosynthesis of steroids pathway (KEGG). [HMDB]. Octaprenyl diphosphate is found in many foods, some of which are macadamia nut (m. tetraphylla), brazil nut, maitake, and dill.
4-O-(Indole-3-acetyl)-D-glucopyranose
4-o-(indole-3-acetyl)-d-glucopyranose, also known as indole-3-acetyl-beta-1-D-glucose or B-D-glucopyranose, 1-(1h-indole-3-acetic acid), belongs to indole-3-acetic acid derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing an acetic acid (or a derivative) linked to the C3 carbon atom of an indole. 4-o-(indole-3-acetyl)-d-glucopyranose is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-o-(indole-3-acetyl)-d-glucopyranose can be found in corn, which makes 4-o-(indole-3-acetyl)-d-glucopyranose a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators > D007210 - Indoleacetic Acids
(7R)-7-(5-Carboxy-5-oxopentanoyl)aminocephalosporinate
C16H18N2O9S (414.07329780000003)
This compound belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha Amino Acids and Derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at his terminal nitrogen atom.
6-Hydroxyprotopine
C20H19NO6 (369.12123140000006)
A dibenzazecine alkaloid that is protopine bearing a hydroxy substituent at the 6-position.
3-Hexaprenyl-4,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
3-Hexaprenyl-4,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of Ubiquinone. It is a substrate for Hexaprenyldihydroxybenzoate methyltransferase (mitochondrial). [HMDB] 3-Hexaprenyl-4,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of Ubiquinone. It is a substrate for Hexaprenyldihydroxybenzoate methyltransferase (mitochondrial).
Dihydromacarpine
C22H19NO6 (393.12123140000006)
A benzophenanthridine alkaloid that is dihydrosanguinarine bearing two methoxy substituents.
Cholest-5-ene
Cholestenes are derivatives of cholestanes which have a double bond. One of the most significant cholestenes is cholecalciferol. If there are two double bonds, the molecule is known as a "cholestadienes". Examples include fusidic acid, lanosterol, and stigmasterol.--Wikipedia. Cholestenes are derivatives of cholestanes which have a double bond. One of the most significant cholestenes is cholecalciferol.
Indole-5,6-quinone
Indole-5,6-quinone is involved in the tyrosine metabolism pathway. More specifically, indole-5,6-quinone is an intermediate in the production of melanin. Indole-5,6-quinone is produced from 5,6-dihydroxyindole by tyrosinase [EC:1.14.18.1]. [HMDB] Indole-5,6-quinone is involved in the tyrosine metabolism pathway. More specifically, indole-5,6-quinone is an intermediate in the production of melanin. Indole-5,6-quinone is produced from 5,6-dihydroxyindole by tyrosinase [EC:1.14.18.1].
Selenocysteine
Selenocysteine is an amino acid that is present in several enzymes (for example glutathione peroxidases, tetraiodothyronine 5 deiodinases, thioredoxin reductases, formate dehydrogenases, glycine reductases and some hydrogenases). Selenocysteine has a structure similar to cysteine, but with an atom of selenium taking the place of the usual sulfur. Proteins that include a selenocysteine residue are called selenoproteins (Wikipedia). Selenocysteine is a naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid (Pubchem). Formed by seleniferous plants, e.g. onion, cabbage
3-Seleninoalanine
C3H7NO4Se (200.95402719999998)
Selenohomocystine
A diselenide resulting from the dehydrogenation reaction between two units of 2-amino-4-selanylbutanoic acid.
Leucomethylene blue
C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent
15(S)-HPETE
15(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HPETE) is the corresponding hydroperoxide of 15(S)-HETE and undergoes homolytic decomposition to the DNA-reactive bifunctional electrophile 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal, a precursor of heptanone-etheno-2-deoxyguanosine. Reactive oxygen species convert the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid into (15-HPETE); vitamin C mediates 15(S)-HPETE decomposition. 15(S)-HPETE initiates apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. 15(S)-HPETE is a lipoxygenase metabolite that affects the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) involved in the adhesion of leukocytes and/or the accumulation of leukocytes in the vascular endothelium, these being the initial events in endothelial cell injury. 15(S)-HPETE induces a loss of cardiomyocytes membrane integrity. 15-(S)HPETE is a hydroperoxide that enhances the activity of the enzymes lipoxygenase [EC 1.13.11.12] and Na+, K+-ATPase [EC 3.6.3.9] of brain microvessels. Lipoxygenase(s) and Na+-K+-ATPase of brain microvessels may play a significant role in the occurrence of ischemic brain edema. (PMID: 15964853, 15723435, 8655602, 8595608, 2662983). D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014662 - Vasoconstrictor Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016859 - Lipoxygenase Inhibitors D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides
4-hydroxy-4-methylglutamate
A glutamic acid derivative that is L-glutamic acid with a methyl and a hydroxy group replacing the two hydrogens at position 4.
5-Pyridoxolactone
5-Pyridoxolactone is a normal human metabolite of vitamin B6 metabolism. (PMIDs 9211301, 14995036) [HMDB] 5-Pyridoxolactone is a normal human metabolite of vitamin B6 metabolism. (PMIDs 9211301, 14995036).
O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine
O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine is involved in the vitamin B6 metabolism system. O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine is a precursor for pyridoxine. O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine can be converted to 4-hydroxy-L-threonine and 2-Amino-3-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutyrate by threonine synthase [EC:4.2.3.1] and 4-hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.262], respectively. [HMDB] O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine is involved in the vitamin B6 metabolism system. O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine is a precursor for pyridoxine. O-Phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine can be converted to 4-hydroxy-L-threonine and 2-Amino-3-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutyrate by threonine synthase [EC:4.2.3.1] and 4-hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.262], respectively.
gamma-Glutamyl-beta-aminopropiononitrile
This compound belongs to the family of Alpha Amino Acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon).
Macarpine
A benzophenanthridine alkaloid that is sanguinarine bearing two methoxy substituents.
Cuscohygrine
C13H24N2O (224.18885339999997)
Cuscohygrine is found in fruits. Cuscohygrine is an alkaloid from the root of Cyphomandra betacea (tree tomato) Cuscohygrine is a pyrrolidine alkaloid found in coca. It can be extracted from plants of the family Solanaceae as well, including Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Datura inoxia and Datura stramonium (jimson weed). Cuscohygrine usually comes with other, more potent alkaloids like atropine or cocaine. Cuscohygrine is an oil, which can be distilled without decomposition only in vacuum. It is easily soluble in water and forms an optically inactive crystalline hydrate C13H24N2O-3H2O, which melts at 40-41°C Alkaloid from the root of Cyphomandra betacea (tree tomato)
Ethylbenzene
Ethyl benzene, also known as ethylbenzol or alpha-methyltoluene, belongs to benzene and substituted derivatives class of compounds. Those are aromatic compounds containing one monocyclic ring system consisting of benzene. Ethyl benzene can be found in black walnut and safflower, which makes ethyl benzene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ethyl benzene can be found primarily in blood and feces. Ethyl benzene exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Ethyl benzene is formally rated as possibly a carcinogenic (IARC 2B) potentially toxic compound. Ethyl benzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2CH3. It is a highly flammable, colorless liquid with an odor similar to that of gasoline. This monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is important in the petrochemical industry as an intermediate in the production of styrene, the precursor to polystyrene, a common plastic material. In 2012, more than 99\\% of ethylbenzene produced was consumed in the production of styrene. Ethyl benzene is also used to make other chemicals, in fuel, and as a solvent in inks, rubber adhesives, varnishes, and paints. Ethyl benzene exposure can be determined by testing for the breakdown products in urine . Following oral exposure, a gastric lavage is recommended. Protect airway by placement in Trendelenburg and left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first. Following inhalation, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Following eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. In case of dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary (T36) (T3DB). Ethylbenzene belongs to the family of Substituted Benzenes. These are aromatic compounds containing a benzene substituted at one or more positions.
7-O-Methylluteone
A hydroxyisoflavone that is luteone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group.
3-Hydroxyquinine
C20H24N2O3 (340.17868339999995)
3-Hydroxyquinine is a major metabolite of quinine. The formation of 3-hydroxyquinine is catalysed by cytochrome P450 3A4. [HMDB] 3-Hydroxyquinine is a major metabolite of quinine. The formation of 3-hydroxyquinine is catalysed by cytochrome P450 3A4.
phlorisobutyrophenone
Phlorisobutyrophenone, also known as 2-methyl-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone or 1-isobutanoyl-2,4,6-trihydroxybenzene, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkyl-phenylketones. Alkyl-phenylketones are aromatic compounds containing a ketone substituted by one alkyl group, and a phenyl group. Phlorisobutyrophenone is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Phlorisobutyrophenone can be found in a number of food items such as chickpea, common cabbage, angelica, and swamp cabbage, which makes phlorisobutyrophenone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Ginkgolide J
C20H24O10 (424.13694039999996)
Isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo). Ginkgolide J is found in ginkgo nuts and fats and oils. Ginkgolide J is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide J is isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo Ginkgolide J is a main constituent of the non-flavone fraction of Ginkgo biloba with an IC50 range of 12-54 μM, has neuroprotective and anti neuronal apoptotic ability[1][2]. Ginkgolide J is a main constituent of the non-flavone fraction of Ginkgo biloba with an IC50 range of 12-54 μM, has neuroprotective and anti neuronal apoptotic ability[1][2].
Levomethadyl Acetate
Levomethadyl Acetate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action. It is used mainly in the treatment of narcotic dependence. [PubChem]Opiate receptors (Mu, Kappa, Delta) are coupled with G-protein receptors and function as both positive and negative regulators of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. Binding of the opiate stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline is inhibited. Opioids also inhibit the release of vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin and glucagon. Levomethadyl acetate effectively opens calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels (OP1 receptor agonist), resulting in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BC - Drugs used in opioid dependence D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Neolinustatin
Isolated from flaxseed meal. Neolinustatin is found in many foods, some of which are yardlong bean, european cranberry, hyssop, and macadamia nut. Neolinustatin is found in cereals and cereal products. Neolinustatin is isolated from flaxseed meal.
Sarmentosin
Sarmentosin is found in fruits. Sarmentosin is isolated from Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant
Hentriacontane
Hentriacontane is found in black elderberry. Hentriacontane, also called untriacontane, is a solid, long-chain alkane hydrocarbon with the structural formula CH3(CH2)29CH3. It is found in a variety of plants, including peas (pisum sativum), gum arabic (acacia senegal) and others, and also comprises about 8-9\\% of beeswax. It has 10,660,307,791 constitutional isomers Hentriacontane, also called untriacontane, is a solid, long-chain alkane hydrocarbon with the structural formula CH3(CH2)29CH3. It is found in a variety of plants, including peas (pisum sativum), gum arabic (acacia senegal) and others, and also comprises about 8-9\\% of beeswax. It has 10,660,307,791 constitutional isomers.
Pentadecane
Pentadecane, also known as ch3-[ch2]13-ch3, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkanes. Alkanes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. Thus, pentadecane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. Pentadecane is an alkane and waxy tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as dill, papaya, yellow bell pepper, and pepper (c. annuum), which makes pentadecane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Pentadecane can be found primarily in saliva. Pentadecane is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Pentadecane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C15H32 . Pentadecane belongs to the family of Acyclic Alkanes. These are acyclic hydrocarbons consisting only of n carbon atoms and m hydrogen atoms where m=2*n + 2
Acremoauxin A
C16H21NO6 (323.13688060000004)
An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of one of the primary hydroxy groups of D-arabinitol with the carboxy group of (2R)-2-(indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
Bullatanocin
12,15-cis-Sylvaticin is found in alcoholic beverages. 12,15-cis-Sylvaticin is isolated from Rollinia mucosa (biriba).
tingenone
D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
Barbinine
A diterpene alkaloid that is a phytotoxin produced by several Delphinium species.
Sophoranone
A dihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4 and prenyl groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively.
Quassimarin
Quassimarin is a constituent of Quassia amara (Surinam quassia). Constituent of Quassia amara (Surinam quassia)
Salannin
Salannin is a limonoid with insecticidal activity isolated from Azadirachta indica. It has a role as an insect growth regulator, an antifeedant and a plant metabolite. It is an acetate ester, a member of furans, a limonoid, an organic heteropentacyclic compound and a methyl ester. It is functionally related to a tiglic acid. Salannin is a natural product found in Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach, and other organisms with data available. A limonoid with insecticidal activity isolated from Azadirachta indica.
Fucosterol
Characteristic sterol of seaweeds; isolated from bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus. Fucosterol is found in lemon grass and coconut. Fucosterol is found in coconut. Characteristic sterol of seaweeds; isolated from bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosu Fucosterol is a sterol isolated from algae, seaweed or diatoms.?Fucosterol exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, blood cholesterol reducing, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities[1][2]. Fucosterol regulates adipogenesis via inhibition of?PPARα?and?C/EBPα?expression and can be used for anti-obesity agents development research[1]. Fucosterol is a sterol isolated from algae, seaweed or diatoms.?Fucosterol exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, blood cholesterol reducing, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities[1][2]. Fucosterol regulates adipogenesis via inhibition of?PPARα?and?C/EBPα?expression and can be used for anti-obesity agents development research[1].
Adynerin
Adynerin is a natural steroid found in the herbs of Nerium oleander.
Bryotoxin A
A bufadienolide glycoside that is 3,5,11,14-tetrahydroxy-12,19-dioxobufa-20,22-dienolide attached to a 3-O-acetyl-4,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002018 - Bufanolides
Diginatin
Scillaren A
D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002301 - Cardiac Glycosides D020011 - Protective Agents > D002316 - Cardiotonic Agents > D002018 - Bufanolides
Ziziphin
Ziziphin is found in fruits. Ziziphin is a constituent of leaves of Zizyphus jujuba (Chinese date) Constituent of leaves of Zizyphus jujuba (Chinese date). Ziziphin is found in fruits.
Geissospermine
C40H48N4O3 (632.3726217999999)
A indole alkaloid comprising two indole-derived polycyclic moieties joined by a cyclic ether linkage.
tinyatoxin
A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C36H38O8. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).
Thienodolin
C11H7ClN2OS (249.99676019999998)
An indole alkaloid that is a thienoindole ring with carboxamide group and chlorine substituents at positions 2 and 6 respectively.
Vobasine
C21H24N2O3 (352.17868339999995)
An indole alkaloid that is vobasan in which the bridgehead methyl group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group and an additional oxo substituent is present in the 3-position.
Mammeisin
Mammeisin is found in fruits. Mammeisin is a constituent of Mammea americana (mamey) Constituent of Mammea americana (mamey). Mammeisin is found in fruits.
alatolide
A germacrane sesquiterpenoid laactone obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of isobutyric acid with the secondary hydroxy group of trihydroxygermaeranolide.
Alangicine
An isoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2-didehydroemetan bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 6 and 9 as well as three methoxy substituents at positions 7, 10 and 11.
Alangimarine
A member of the class of isoquinolinonaphthyridines that is 5,6-dihydroisoquinolino[2,1-b][2,7]naphthyridin-8-one bearing additional hydroxy, methoxy and vinyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 12 respectively.
Botrydial
A cytotoxic fungal metabolite isolated from plant tissues infected by phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea.
(-)-alpha-Curcumene
1-[(2R)-hex-5-en-2-yl]-4-methylbenzene is a member of the class of compounds known as aromatic monoterpenoids. Aromatic monoterpenoids are monoterpenoids containing at least one aromatic ring. (-)-alpha-Curcumene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. These are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units.
Germacrene
Germacrene, also known as (e,e)-germacra-1(10),4,7(11)-triene, is a member of the class of compounds known as germacrane sesquiterpenoids. Germacrane sesquiterpenoids are sesquiterpenoids having the germacrane skeleton, with a structure characterized by a cyclodecane ring substituted with an isopropyl and two methyl groups. Thus, germacrene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Germacrene can be found in turmeric, which makes germacrene a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Germacrenes are a class of volatile organic hydrocarbons, specifically, sesquiterpenes. Germacrenes are typically produced in a number of plant species for their antimicrobial and insecticidal properties, though they also play a role as insect pheromones. Two prominent molecules are germacrene A and germacrene D .
Juvenile hormone III
Juvenile hormone III is a member of the juvenile hormone family of compounds that is the methyl ester of (2E,6E)-9-[(2R)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]-3,7-dimethylnona-2,6-dienoic acid. Juvenile hormone III is found in most insect species. It is an epoxide, an enoate ester, a fatty acid methyl ester and a juvenile hormone.
Dracorubin
A proanthocyanidin isolated from Dracaena draco.
trichodermin
A tetracyclic spiroepoxide which acts as an antifungal and protein synthesis inhibitor. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014255 - Trichothecenes D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins
Catalpol
Catalpol is an organic molecular entity. It has a role as a metabolite. Catalpol is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Plantago atrata, and other organisms with data available. See also: Rehmannia glutinosa Root (part of). Catalpol (Catalpinoside), an iridoid glycoside found in Rehmannia glutinosa. Catalpol has neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-spasmodic, anti-oxidant effects and anti-HBV effects[1][2][3]. Catalpol (Catalpinoside), an iridoid glycoside found in Rehmannia glutinosa. Catalpol has neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-spasmodic, anti-oxidant effects and anti-HBV effects[1][2][3].