NCBI Taxonomy: 2983527

Sucrose

C12H22O11 (342.1162062)

Sucrose is a nonreducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. Sucrose is derived by crushing and extracting sugarcane with water or by extracting sugar beet with water, evaporating, and purifying with lime, carbon, and various liquids. Sucrose is also obtainable from sorghum. Sucrose occurs in low percentages in honey and maple syrup. Sucrose is used as a sweetener in foods and soft drinks, in the manufacture of syrups, in invert sugar, confectionery, preserves and jams, demulcent, pharmaceutical products, and caramel. Sucrose is also a chemical intermediate for detergents, emulsifying agents, and other sucrose derivatives. Sucrose is widespread in the seeds, leaves, fruits, flowers, and roots of plants, where it functions as an energy store for metabolism and as a carbon source for biosynthesis. The annual world production of sucrose is in excess of 90 million tons mainly from the juice of sugar cane (20\\\%) and sugar beet (17\\\%). In addition to its use as a sweetener, sucrose is used in food products as a preservative, antioxidant, moisture control agent, stabilizer, and thickening agent. BioTransformer predicts that sucrose is a product of 6-O-sinapoyl sucrose metabolism via a hydrolysis-of-carboxylic-acid-ester-pattern1 reaction occurring in human gut microbiota and catalyzed by the liver carboxylesterase 1 (P23141) enzyme (PMID: 30612223). Sucrose appears as white odorless crystalline or powdery solid. Denser than water. Sucrose is a glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. It has a role as an osmolyte, a sweetening agent, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. A nonreducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from sugarcane, sugar beet (beta vulgaris), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. Sucrose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Sucrose is a natural product found in Haplophyllum ramosissimum, Cyperus esculentus, and other organisms with data available. Sucrose is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener. See also: Anise; ferrous disulfide; sucrose (component of); Phosphoric acid; sucrose (component of); Sucrose caramel (related) ... View More ... In chemistry, sugar loosely refers to a number of carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or oligosaccharides. In food, sugar refers to a class of edible crystalline carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose characterized by a sweet flavor. Other sugars are used in industrial food preparation, but are usually known by more specific names - glucose, fructose or fruit sugar, high fructose corn syrup, etc. Sugars is found in many foods, some of which are ucuhuba, butternut squash, common walnut, and miso. A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar. It has the molecular formula C 12H 22O 11. For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined from either sugarcane or sugar beet. Sugar mills – typically located in tropical regions near where sugarcane is grown – crush the cane and produce raw sugar which is shipped to other factories for refining into pure sucrose. Sugar beet factories are located in temperate climates where the beet is grown, and process the beets directly into refined sugar. The sugar-refining process involves washing the raw sugar crystals before dissolving them into a sugar syrup which is filtered and then passed over carbon to remove any residual colour. The sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under a vacuum and crystallized as the final purification process to produce crystals of pure sucrose that are clear, odorless, and sweet. Sugar is often an added ingredient in food production and recipes. About 185 million tonnes of sugar were produced worldwide in 2017.[6] Sucrose is particularly dangerous as a risk factor for tooth decay because Streptococcus mutans bacteria convert it into a sticky, extracellular, dextran-based polysaccharide that allows them to cohere, forming plaque. Sucrose is the only sugar that bacteria can use to form this sticky polysaccharide.[7] Sucrose. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=8030-20-4 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 57-50-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Nicotinic acid

C6H5NO2 (123.032027)

Nicotinic acid is an odorless white crystalline powder with a feebly acid taste. pH (saturated aqueous solution) 2.7. pH (1.3\\\\\% solution) 3-3.5. (NTP, 1992) Nicotinic acid is a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. It has a role as an antidote, an antilipemic drug, a vasodilator agent, a metabolite, an EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a human urinary metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a vitamin B3, a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid and a pyridine alkaloid. It is a conjugate acid of a nicotinate. Niacin is a B vitamin used to treat vitamin deficiencies as well as hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarctions. Nicotinic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Niacin is a Nicotinic Acid. Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid and vitamin B3, is a water soluble, essential B vitamin that, when given in high doses, is effective in lowering low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and raising high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which makes this agent of unique value in the therapy of dyslipidemia. Niacin can cause mild-to-moderate serum aminotransferase elevations and high doses and certain formulations of niacin have been linked to clinically apparent, acute liver injury which can be severe as well as fatal. Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C. Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide. Severe lack of niacin causes the deficiency disease pellagra, whereas a mild deficiency slows down the metabolism decreasing cold tolerance. The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. It is found in various animal and plant tissues and has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan (see below), but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B6; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin. Bacteria in the gut may also perform the conversion but are inefficient. A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide. Severe lack of niacin causes the deficiency disease pellagra, whereas a mild deficiency slows down the metabolism decreasing cold tolerance. The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. It is found in various animal and plant tissues and has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan, but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B6; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin. Bacteria in the gut may also perform the conversion but are inefficient. Nicotinic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-67-6 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 59-67-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Niacin (Vitamin B3) is an orally active water-soluble B3 vitamin that is an essential nutrient for humans. Niacin (Vitamin B3) plays a key role in energy metabolism, cell signaling cascades regulating gene expression and apoptosis. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is also used in the study of cardiovascular diseases[1][2]. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is an orally active water-soluble B3 vitamin that is an essential nutrient for humans. Niacin (Vitamin B3) plays a key role in energy metabolism, cell signaling cascades regulating gene expression and apoptosis. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is also used in the study of cardiovascular diseases[1][2].

Lovastatin

C24H36O5 (404.2562606)

Lovastatin is a fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). It has a role as an Aspergillus metabolite, a prodrug, an anticholesteremic drug and an antineoplastic agent. It is a polyketide, a statin (naturally occurring), a member of hexahydronaphthalenes, a delta-lactone and a fatty acid ester. It is functionally related to a (S)-2-methylbutyric acid and a mevastatin. Lovastatin, also known as the brand name product Mevacor, is a lipid-lowering drug and fungal metabolite derived synthetically from a fermentation product of Aspergillus terreus. Originally named Mevinolin, lovastatin belongs to the statin class of medications, which are used to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and manage abnormal lipid levels by inhibiting the endogenous production of cholesterol in the liver. More specifically, statin medications competitively inhibit the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) Reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid and is the third step in a sequence of metabolic reactions involved in the production of several compounds involved in lipid metabolism and transport including cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (sometimes referred to as "bad cholesterol"), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Prescribing of statin medications is considered standard practice following any cardiovascular events and for people with a moderate to high risk of development of CVD, such as those with Type 2 Diabetes. The clear evidence of the benefit of statin use coupled with very minimal side effects or long term effects has resulted in this class becoming one of the most widely prescribed medications in North America. Lovastatin and other drugs from the statin class of medications including [atorvastatin], [pravastatin], [rosuvastatin], [fluvastatin], and [simvastatin] are considered first-line options for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Increasing use of the statin class of drugs is largely due to the fact that cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes heart attack, atherosclerosis, angina, peripheral artery disease, and stroke, has become a leading cause of death in high-income countries and a major cause of morbidity around the world. Elevated cholesterol levels, and in particular, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, are an important risk factor for the development of CVD. Use of statins to target and reduce LDL levels has been shown in a number of landmark studies to significantly reduce the risk of development of CVD and all-cause mortality. Statins are considered a cost-effective treatment option for CVD due to their evidence of reducing all-cause mortality including fatal and non-fatal CVD as well as the need for surgical revascularization or angioplasty following a heart attack. Evidence has shown that even for low-risk individuals (with <10\\\\% risk of a major vascular event occurring within 5 years) statins cause a 20\\\\%-22\\\\% relative reduction in major cardiovascular events (heart attack, stroke, coronary revascularization, and coronary death) for every 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL without any significant side effects or risks. While all statin medications are considered equally effective from a clinical standpoint, [rosuvastatin] is considered the most potent; doses of 10 to 40mg [rosuvastatin] per day were found in clinical studies to result in a 45.8\\\\% to 54.6\\\\% decrease in LDL cholesterol levels, while lovastatin has been found to have an average decrease in LDL-C of 25-40\\\\%. Potency is thought to correlate to tissue permeability as the more lipophilic statins such as lovastatin are thought to enter endothelial cells by passive diffusion, as opposed to hydrophilic statins such as [pravastatin] and [rosuvastatin] which are taken up into hepatocytes through OATP1B1 (org... Lovastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent that belongs to the class of medications called statins. It was the second agent of this class discovered. It was discovered by Alfred Alberts and his team at Merck in 1978 after screening only 18 compounds over 2 weeks. The agent, also known as mevinolin, was isolated from the fungi Aspergillus terreus. Research on this compound was suddenly shut down in 1980 and the drug was not approved until 1987. Interesting, Akira Endo at Sankyo Co. (Japan) patented lovastatin isolated from Monascus ruber four months before Merck. Lovastatin was found to be 2 times more potent than its predecessor, mevastatin, the first discovered statin. Like mevastatin, lovastatin is structurally similar to hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), a substituent of HMG-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), a substrate of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway via the mevalonic acid pathway. Lovastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with a binding affinity 20,000 times greater than HMG-CoA. Lovastatin differs structurally from mevastatin by a single methyl group at the 6 position. Lovastatin is a prodrug that is activated by in vivo hydrolysis of the lactone ring. It, along with mevastatin, has served as one of the lead compounds for the development of the synthetic compounds used today. A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). C - Cardiovascular system > C10 - Lipid modifying agents > C10A - Lipid modifying agents, plain > C10AA - Hmg coa reductase inhibitors D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019161 - Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1655 - HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3139 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2212 Lovastatin is a cell-permeable HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used to lower cholesterol. Lovastatin is a cell-permeable HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used to lower cholesterol.

Benzoic acid

C7H6O2 (122.0367776)

Benzoic acid appears as a white crystalline solid. Slightly soluble in water. The primary hazard is the potential for environmental damage if released. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment. Used to make other chemicals, as a food preservative, and for other uses. Benzoic acid is a compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent. It has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative, an EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, an algal metabolite and a drug allergen. It is a conjugate acid of a benzoate. A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. As the sodium salt form, sodium benzoate is used as a treatment for urea cycle disorders due to its ability to bind amino acids. This leads to excretion of these amino acids and a decrease in ammonia levels. Recent research shows that sodium benzoate may be beneficial as an add-on therapy (1 gram/day) in schizophrenia. Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores dropped by 21\\\\\% compared to placebo. Benzoic acid is a Nitrogen Binding Agent. The mechanism of action of benzoic acid is as an Ammonium Ion Binding Activity. Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is a colourless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. Benzoic acid occurs naturally free and bound as benzoic acid esters in many plant and animal species. Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05\\\\\%). Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free benzoic acid per kg fruit. Benzoic acid is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It often is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. Benzoic acid is a byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism in bacteria. It is also produced when gut bacteria process polyphenols (from ingested fruits or beverages). A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. See also: Salicylic Acid (active moiety of); Benzoyl Peroxide (active moiety of); Sodium Benzoate (active moiety of) ... View More ... Widespread in plants especies in essential oils and fruits, mostly in esterified formand is also present in butter, cooked meats, pork fat, white wine, black and green tea, mushroom and Bourbon vanilla. It is used in foodstuffs as antimicrobial and flavouring agent and as preservative. In practical food preservation, the Na salt of benzoic acid is the most widely used form (see MDQ71-S). The antimicrobial activity comprises a wide range of microorganisms, particularly yeasts and moulds. Undissociated benzoic acid is more effective than dissociated, thus the preservative action is more efficient in acidic foodstuffs. Typical usage levels are 500-2000 ppm. Benzoic acid is found in many foods, some of which are animal foods, common grape, lovage, and fruits. Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is a colourless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. Benzoic acid occurs naturally free and bound as benzoic acid esters in many plant and animal species. Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05\\\\\%). Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free benzoic acid per kg fruit. Benzoic acid is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It often is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. Benzoic acid is a byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism in bacteria. It is also produced when gut bacteria process polyphenols (from ingested fruits or beverages). It can be found in Serratia (PMID:23061754). Benzoic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=65-85-0 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 65-85-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Benzoic acid is an aromatic alcohol existing naturally in many plants and is a common additive to food, drinks, cosmetics and other products. It acts as preservatives through inhibiting both bacteria and fungi. Benzoic acid is an aromatic alcohol existing naturally in many plants and is a common additive to food, drinks, cosmetics and other products. It acts as preservatives through inhibiting both bacteria and fungi.

L-Glutamic acid

C5H9NO4 (147.0531554)

Glutamic acid (Glu), also known as L-glutamic acid or as glutamate, the name of its anion, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-glutamic acid is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Glutamic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an acidic, charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans it is a non-essential amino acid and can be synthesized via alanine or aspartic acid via alpha-ketoglutarate and the action of various transaminases. Glutamate also plays an important role in the bodys disposal of excess or waste nitrogen. Glutamate undergoes deamination, an oxidative reaction catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase leading to alpha-ketoglutarate. In many respects glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid). Glutamate was discovered in 1866 when it was extracted from wheat gluten (from where it got its name. Glutamate has an important role as a food additive and food flavoring agent. In 1908, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of kombu broth (a Japanese soup) as glutamic acid. These crystals, when tasted, reproduced a salty, savory flavor detected in many foods, most especially in seaweed. Professor Ikeda termed this flavor umami. He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate. L-glutamic acid is an optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a ferroptosis inducer and a neurotransmitter. It is a glutamine family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a glutamic acid and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate acid of a L-glutamate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-glutamic acid. A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: * Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. * Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization. A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. See also: Monosodium Glutamate (active moiety of); Glatiramer Acetate (monomer of); Glatiramer (monomer of) ... View More ... obtained from acid hydrolysis of proteins. Since 1965 the industrial source of glutamic acid for MSG production has been bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate sources such as molasses and corn starch hydrolysate in the presence of a nitrogen source such as ammonium salts or urea. Annual production approx. 350000t worldwide in 1988. Seasoning additive in food manuf. (as Na, K and NH4 salts). Dietary supplement, nutrient Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E;[4] the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can synthesize enough for its use. It is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons. Its molecular formula is C 5H 9NO 4. Glutamic acid exists in two optically isomeric forms; the dextrorotatory l-form is usually obtained by hydrolysis of gluten or from the waste waters of beet-sugar manufacture or by fermentation.[5][full citation needed] Its molecular structure could be idealized as HOOC−CH(NH 2)−(CH 2)2−COOH, with two carboxyl groups −COOH and one amino group −NH 2. However, in the solid state and mildly acidic water solutions, the molecule assumes an electrically neutral zwitterion structure −OOC−CH(NH+ 3)−(CH 2)2−COOH. It is encoded by the codons GAA or GAG. The acid can lose one proton from its second carboxyl group to form the conjugate base, the singly-negative anion glutamate −OOC−CH(NH+ 3)−(CH 2)2−COO−. This form of the compound is prevalent in neutral solutions. The glutamate neurotransmitter plays the principal role in neural activation.[6] This anion creates the savory umami flavor of foods and is found in glutamate flavorings such as MSG. In Europe, it is classified as food additive E620. In highly alkaline solutions the doubly negative anion −OOC−CH(NH 2)−(CH 2)2−COO− prevails. The radical corresponding to glutamate is called glutamyl. The one-letter symbol E for glutamate was assigned in alphabetical sequence to D for aspartate, being larger by one methylene –CH2– group.[7] DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

DL-Mannitol

C6H14O6 (182.0790344)

D-mannitol appears as odorless white crystalline powder or free-flowing granules. Sweet taste. (NTP, 1992) D-mannitol is the D-enantiomer of mannitol. It has a role as an osmotic diuretic, a sweetening agent, an antiglaucoma drug, a metabolite, an allergen, a hapten, a food bulking agent, a food anticaking agent, a food humectant, a food stabiliser, a food thickening agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a member of compatible osmolytes. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is metabolically inert in humans and occurs naturally, as a sugar or sugar alcohol, in fruits and vegetables. Mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, into interstitial fluid and plasma. As a result, cerebral edema, elevated intracranial pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid volume and pressure may be reduced. Mannitol may also be used for the promotion of diuresis before irreversible renal failure becomes established; the promotion of urinary excretion of toxic substances; as an Antiglaucoma agent; and as a renal function diagnostic aid. On October 30, 2020, mannitol was approved by the FDA as add-on maintenance therapy for the control of pulmonary symptoms associated with cystic fibrosis in adult patients and is currently marketed for this indication under the name BRONCHITOL® by Chiesi USA Inc. Mannitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Mannitol is an Osmotic Diuretic. The mechanism of action of mannitol is as an Osmotic Activity. The physiologic effect of mannitol is by means of Increased Diuresis. Mannitol is a natural product found in Pavetta indica, Scoparia dulcis, and other organisms with data available. Mannitol is a naturally occurring alcohol found in fruits and vegetables and used as an osmotic diuretic. Mannitol is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, thereby causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate. An increase in osmolarity limits tubular reabsorption of water and inhibits the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes, thereby promoting diuresis. In addition, mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolarity, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma. D-mannitol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. See also: Mannitol; sorbitol (component of); Mannitol; menthol (component of). Mannitol, or hexan-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (C6H8(OH)6), is an alcohol and a sugar (sugar alcohol), or a polyol, it is a stereoisomer of sorbitol and is similar to the C5 xylitol. The structure of mannitol is made of a straight chain of six carbon atoms, each of which is substituted with a hydroxyl group. Mannitol is one of the most abundant energy and carbon storage molecules in nature, it is produced by a wide range of organisms such as bacteria, fungi and plants (PMID: 19578847). In medicine, mannitol is used as a diuretic and renal diagnostic aid. Mannitol has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. Mannitol has a tendency to lose a hydrogen ion in aqueous solutions, which causes the solution to become acidic. For this, it is not uncommon to add a weak base, such as sodium bicarbonate, to the solution to adjust its pH. Mannitol is a non-permeating molecule i.e., it cannot cross biological membranes. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator. Mannitol is found to be associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. Mannitol is also a microbial metabolite found in Aspergillus, Candida, Clostridium, Gluconobacter, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pseudomonas, Rhodobacteraceae, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Torulaspora and Zymomonas (PMID: 15240312; PMID: 29480337). Mannitol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=85085-15-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 69-65-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. DL-Mannitol is obtained by combining D-mannitol with a sample of Lmannitol obtained by reduction of L-mannono-1, Clactone[1]. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with weak renal vasodilatory activity.

Succinic acid

C4H6O4 (118.0266076)

Succinic acid appears as white crystals or shiny white odorless crystalline powder. pH of 0.1 molar solution: 2.7. Very acid taste. (NTP, 1992) Succinic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a radiation protective agent, an anti-ulcer drug, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite. It is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a C4-dicarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a succinate(1-). A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851) Succinic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. The anion, succinate, is a component of the citric acid cycle capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain. Succinic acid is created as a byproduct of the fermentation of sugar. It lends to fermented beverages such as wine and beer a common taste that is a combination of saltiness, bitterness and acidity. Succinate is commonly used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. Succinate plays a role in the citric acid cycle, an energy-yielding process and is metabolized by succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) plays an important role in the mitochondria, being both part of the respiratory chain and the Krebs cycle. SDH with a covalently attached FAD prosthetic group, binds enzyme substrates (succinate and fumarate) and physiological regulators (oxaloacetate and ATP). Oxidizing succinate links SDH to the fast-cycling Krebs cycle portion where it participates in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA throughout the whole Krebs cycle. Succinate can readily be imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the n-butylmalonate- (or phenylsuccinate-) sensitive dicarboxylate carrier in exchange with inorganic phosphate or another organic acid, e.g. malate. (A3509) Mutations in the four genes encoding the subunits of succinate dehydrogenase are associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations (i.e.: Huntingtons disease. (A3510). Succinate also acts as an oncometabolite. Succinate inhibits 2-oxoglutarate-dependent histone and DNA demethylase enzymes, resulting in epigenetic silencing that affects neuroendocrine differentiation. A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851) Succinic acid (succinate) is a dicarboxylic acid. It is an important component of the citric acid or TCA cycle and is capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain. Succinate is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to mammals. In eukaryotes, succinate is generated in the mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Succinate can readily be imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the n-butylmalonate- (or phenylsuccinate-) sensitive dicarboxylate carrier in exchange with inorganic phosphate or another organic acid, e. g. malate (PMID 16143825). Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space. Succinate has multiple biological roles including roles as a metabolic intermediate and roles as a cell signalling molecule. Succinate can alter gene expression patterns, thereby modulating the epigenetic landscape or it can exhibit hormone-like signaling functions (PMID: 26971832). As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function. Succinate can be broken down or metabolized into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), which is part of the electron transport chain involved in making ATP. Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, can happen in a number of genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome. Succinate has been found to be associated with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Succinic acid has recently been identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite. High levels of this organic acid can be found in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors. Its oncogenic action appears to due to its ability to inhibit prolyl hydroxylase-containing enzymes. In many tumours, oxygen availability becomes limited (hypoxia) very quickly due to rapid cell proliferation and limited blood vessel growth. The major regulator of the response to hypoxia is the HIF transcription factor (HIF-alpha). Under normal oxygen levels, protein levels of HIF-alpha are very low due to constant degradation, mediated by a series of post-translational modification events catalyzed by the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes PHD1, 2 and 3, (also known as EglN2, 1 and 3) that hydroxylate HIF-alpha and lead to its degradation. All three of the PHD enzymes are inhibited by succinate. In humans, urinary succinic acid is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis (PMID: 22292465). Succinic acid is also found in Actinobacillus, Anaerobiospirillum, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium and Basfia (PMID: 22292465; PMID: 18191255; PMID: 26360870). Succinic acid is widely distributed in higher plants and produced by microorganisms. It is found in cheeses and fresh meats. Succinic acid is a flavouring enhancer, pH control agent [DFC]. Succinic acid is also found in yellow wax bean, swamp cabbage, peanut, and abalone. An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID S004 Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2]. Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2].

Palmitic acid

C16H32O2 (256.2402172)

Palmitic acid, also known as palmitate or hexadecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, palmitic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Palmitic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Palmitic acid can be found in a number of food items such as sacred lotus, spinach, shallot, and corn salad, which makes palmitic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Palmitic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including feces, sweat, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Palmitic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, palmitic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include alendronate action pathway, rosuvastatin action pathway, simvastatin action pathway, and cerivastatin action pathway. Palmitic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hypercholesterolemia, familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency (I). Moreover, palmitic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Palmitic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D is 16:0. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and dairy products. Palmitate is the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4) . Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation (DrugBank). Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30\\\% (molar) of human depot fat (PMID: 13756126), and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk (PMID: 352132). Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate. Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid (Wikipedia). Palmitic acid is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent. Hexadecanoic acid is a straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. It has a role as an EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a hexadecanoate. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. Palmitic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Palmitic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone. Palmitic acid is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants, a saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. It occurs in the form of esters (glycerides) in oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin and is usually obtained from palm oil, which is widely distributed in plants. Palmitic acid is used in determination of water hardness and is an active ingredient of *Levovist*TM, used in echo enhancement in sonographic Doppler B-mode imaging and as an ultrasound contrast medium. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. Palmitic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-10-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 57-10-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Ergosterol

C28H44O (396.3391974)

Ergosterol is a phytosterol consisting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6-, 7,8- and 22,23-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. It has a role as a fungal metabolite and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, an ergostanoid, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid and a member of phytosterols. A steroid of interest both because its biosynthesis in FUNGI is a target of ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, notably AZOLES, and because when it is present in SKIN of animals, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS break a bond to result in ERGOCALCIFEROL. Ergosterol is a natural product found in Gladiolus italicus, Ramaria formosa, and other organisms with data available. ergosterol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A steroid occurring in FUNGI. Irradiation with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS results in formation of ERGOCALCIFEROL (vitamin D2). See also: Reishi (part of). Ergosterol, also known as provitamin D2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ergosterols and derivatives. These are steroids containing ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol or a derivative thereof, which is based on the 3beta-hydroxylated ergostane skeleton. Thus, ergosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Ergosterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Ergosterol is the biological precursor to vitamin D2. It is turned into viosterol by ultraviolet light, and is then converted into ergocalciferol, which is a form of vitamin D. Ergosterol is a component of fungal cell membranes, serving the same function that cholesterol serves in animal cells. Ergosterol is not found in mammalian cell membranes. A phytosterol consisting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6-, 7,8- and 22,23-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. Ergosterol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-87-4 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 57-87-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects. Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects.

L-Ornithine

C5H12N2O2 (132.0898732)

Ornithine, also known as (S)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid or ornithine, (L)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Ornithine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ornithine can be found in a number of food items such as pine nut, lingonberry, turnip, and cassava, which makes ornithine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Ornithine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. Ornithine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ornithine is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include arginine and proline metabolism, glycine and serine metabolism, spermidine and spermine biosynthesis, and urea cycle. Ornithine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency), prolidase deficiency (PD), citrullinemia type I, and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase deficiency (AGAT deficiency). Moreover, ornithine is found to be associated with cystinuria, alzheimers disease, leukemia, and uremia. Ornithine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Ornithine is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance. it has been claimed that ornithine improves athletic performance, has anabolic effects, has wound-healing effects, and is immuno-enhancing. Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. Ornithine is abnormally accumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. The radical is ornithyl . L-Ornithine is metabolised to L-arginine. L-arginine stimulates the pituitary release of growth hormone. Burns or other injuries affect the state of L-arginine in tissues throughout the body. As De novo synthesis of L-arginine during these conditions is usually not sufficient for normal immune function, nor for normal protein synthesis, L-ornithine may have immunomodulatory and wound-healing activities under these conditions (by virtue of its metabolism to L-arginine) (DrugBank). Chronically high levels of ornithine are associated with at least 9 inborn errors of metabolism including: Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Deficiency, Hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy, Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, Hyperprolinemia Type II, Lysinuric Protein Intolerance, Ornithine Aminotransferase Deficiency, Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency and Prolinemia Type II (T3DB). Ornithine or L-ornithine, also known as (S)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-ornithine is soluble (in water) and a moderately basic compound. Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. It is considered to be a non-essential amino acid. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. L-Ornithine is one of the products of the action of the enzyme arginase on L-arginine, creating urea. Therefore, ornithine is a central part of the urea cycle, which allows for the disposal of excess nitrogen. Outside the human body, L-ornithine is abundant in a number of food items such as wild rice, brazil nuts, common oregano, and common grapes. L-ornithine can be found throughout most human tissues; and in most biofluids, some of which include blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sweat, saliva, and feces. L-ornithine exists in all living species, from bacteria to plants to humans. L-Ornithine is also a precursor of citrulline and arginine. In order for ornithine that is produced in the cytosol to be converted to citrulline, it must first cross the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix where it is carbamylated by the enzyme known as ornithine transcarbamylase. This transfer is mediated by the mitochondrial ornithine transporter (SLC25A15; AF112968; ORNT1). Mutations in the mitochondrial ornithine transporter result in hyperammonemia, hyperornithinemia, homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome, a disorder of the urea cycle (PMID: 16256388). The pathophysiology of the disease may involve diminished ornithine transport into mitochondria, resulting in ornithine accumulation in the cytoplasm and reduced ability to clear carbamoyl phosphate and ammonia loads (OMIM 838970). In humans, L-ornithine is involved in a number of other metabolic disorders, some of which include, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency), argininemia, and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT deficiency). Ornithine is abnormally accumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Moreover, Ornithine is found to be associated with cystinuria, hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I, and lysinuric protein intolerance, which are inborn errors of metabolism. It has been claimed that ornithine improves athletic performance, has anabolic effects, has wound-healing effects, and is immuno-enhancing. L-Ornithine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=70-26-8 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 70-26-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2]. L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2].

Stearic acid

C18H36O2 (284.2715156)

Stearic acid, also known as stearate or N-octadecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, stearic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Stearic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Stearic acid can be synthesized from octadecane. Stearic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, 3-oxooctadecanoic acid, (9S,10S)-10-hydroxy-9-(phosphonooxy)octadecanoic acid, and 16-methyloctadecanoic acid. Stearic acid can be found in a number of food items such as green bell pepper, common oregano, ucuhuba, and babassu palm, which makes stearic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Stearic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and sweat, as well as throughout most human tissues. Stearic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, stearic acid is involved in the plasmalogen synthesis. Stearic acid is also involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain saturated fatty acids, which is a metabolic disorder. Moreover, stearic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Stearic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Stearic acid ( STEER-ik, stee-ARR-ik) is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain and has the IUPAC name octadecanoic acid. It is a waxy solid and its chemical formula is C17H35CO2H. Its name comes from the Greek word στέαρ "stéar", which means tallow. The salts and esters of stearic acid are called stearates. As its ester, stearic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in nature following palmitic acid. The triglyceride derived from three molecules of stearic acid is called stearin . Stearic acid, also known as octadecanoic acid or C18:0, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Stearic acid (its ester is called stearate) is a saturated fatty acid that has 18 carbons and is therefore a very hydrophobic molecule that is practically insoluble in water. It exists as a waxy solid. In terms of its biosynthesis, stearic acid is produced from carbohydrates via the fatty acid synthesis machinery wherein acetyl-CoA contributes two-carbon building blocks, up to the 16-carbon palmitate, via the enzyme complex fatty acid synthase (FA synthase), at which point a fatty acid elongase is needed to further lengthen it. After synthesis, there are a variety of reactions it may undergo, including desaturation to oleate via stearoyl-CoA desaturase (PMID: 16477801). Stearic acid is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is one of the useful types of saturated fatty acids that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. For example, it is a component of cocoa butter and shea butter. It is used as a food additive, in cleaning and personal care products, and in lubricants. Its name comes from the Greek word stear, which means ‚Äòtallow‚Äô or ‚Äòhard fat‚Äô. Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils. Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils.

Pyroglutamic acid

C5H7NO3 (129.0425912)

Pyroglutamic acid (5-oxoproline) is a cyclized derivative of L-glutamic acid. It is an uncommon amino acid derivative in which the free amino group of glutamic acid cyclizes to form a lactam. It is formed nonenzymatically from glutamate, glutamine, and gamma-glutamylated peptides, but it can also be produced by the action of gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase on an L-amino acid. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of glutamine or glutathione metabolism. This compound is found in substantial amounts in brain tissue and other tissues in bound form, especially skin. It is also present in plant tissues. It is sold, over the counter, as a "smart drug" for improving blood circulation in the brain. Pyroglutamate in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese. When present in sufficiently high levels, pyroglutamic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of pyroglutamic acid are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism including 5-oxoprolinuria, 5-oxoprolinase deficiency, glutathione synthetase deficiency, hawkinsinuria, and propionic acidemia. Pyroglutamic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. It has been shown that pyroglutamic acid releases GABA from the cerebral cortex and displays anti-anxiety effects in a simple approach-avoidance conflict situation in the rat. In clinical pharmacology experiments, pyroglutamic acid significantly shortens the plasma half-life of ethanol during acute intoxication. Found in vegetables, fruits and molasses. A cyclized derivative of L-glutamic acid. It is an uncommon amino acid derivative in which the free amino group of glutamic acid cyclizes to form a lactam. Pyroglutamate in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent

Oleic acid

C18H34O2 (282.2558664)

Oleic acid (or 9Z)-Octadecenoic acid) is an unsaturated C-18 or an omega-9 fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is an odorless, colorless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. The name derives from the Latin word oleum, which means oil. Oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in human adipose tissue, and the second most abundant in human tissues overall, following palmitic acid. Oleic acid is a component of the normal human diet, being a part of animal fats and vegetable oils. Triglycerides of oleic acid represent the majority of olive oil (about 70\\\\%). Oleic acid triglycerides also make up 59–75\\\\% of pecan oil, 61\\\\% of canola oil, 36–67\\\\% of peanut oil, 60\\\\% of macadamia oil, 20–80\\\\% of sunflower oil, 15–20\\\\% of grape seed oil, sea buckthorn oil, 40\\\\% of sesame oil, and 14\\\\% of poppyseed oil. High oleic variants of plant sources such as sunflower (~80\\\\%) and canola oil (70\\\\%) also have been developed. consumption has been associated with decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and possibly with increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, however, the ability of oleic acid to raise HDL is still debated. Oleic acid may be responsible for the hypotensive (blood pressure reducing) effects of olive oil that is considered a health benefit. Oleic acid is used in manufacturing of surfactants, soaps, plasticizers. It is also used as an emulsifying agent in foods and pharmaceuticals. Oleic acid is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. Major constituent of plant oils e.g. olive oil (ca. 80\\\\%), almond oil (ca. 80\\\\%) and many others, mainly as glyceride. Constituent of tall oiland is also present in apple, melon, raspberry oil, tomato, banana, roasted peanuts, black tea, rice bran, cardamon, plum brandy, peated malt, dairy products and various animal fats. Component of citrus fruit coatings. Emulsifying agent in foods CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 290 COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2]. Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2].

Glucose

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

Glucose, also known as D-glucose or dextrose, is a member of the class of compounds known as hexoses. Hexoses are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moiety. Glucose contains an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In aqueous solution, both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is predominant. Glucose is a neutral, hydrophilic molecule that readily dissolves in water. It exists as a white crystalline powder. Glucose is the primary source of energy for almost all living organisms. As such, it is the most abundant monosaccharide and the most widely used aldohexose in living organisms. When not circulating freely in blood (in animals) or resin (in plants), glucose is stored as a polymer. In plants it is mainly stored as starch and amylopectin and in animals as glycogen. Glucose is produced by plants through the photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide where it is used as an energy and a carbon source Glucose is particularly abundant in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. Foods that are particularly rich in glucose are honey, agave, molasses, apples (2g/100g), grapes (8g/100g), oranges (8.5g/100g), jackfruit, dried apricots, dates (32 g/100g), bananas (5.8 g/100g), grape juice, sweet corn, Glucose is about 75\\\\% as sweet as sucrose and about 50\\\\% as sweet as fructose. Sweetness is detected through the binding of sugars to the T1R3 and T1R2 proteins, to form a G-protein coupled receptor that is the sweetness receptor in mammals. Glucose was first isolated from raisins in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas Marggraf. It was discovered in grapes by Johann Tobias Lowitz in 1792 and recognized as different from cane sugar (sucrose). Industrially, glucose is mainly used for the production of fructose and in the production of glucose-containing foods. In foods, it is used as a sweetener, humectant, to increase the volume and to create a softer mouthfeel. Various sources of glucose, such as grape juice (for wine) or malt (for beer), are used for fermentation to ethanol during the production of alcoholic beverages. Glucose is found in many plants as glucosides. A glucoside is a glycoside that is derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolyzed by purely chemical means or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. Glucose can be obtained by the hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as milk sugar (lactose), cane sugar (sucrose), maltose, cellulose, and glycogen. Glucose is a building block of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose (cane or beet sugar), of oligosaccharides such as raffinose and of polysaccharides such as starch and amylopectin, glycogen or cellulose. For most animals, while glucose is normally obtained from the diet, it can also be generated via gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate, glycerol (which is a part of the triacylglycerol molecule), alanine and glutamine. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CA - Tests for diabetes V - Various > V06 - General nutrients > V06D - Other nutrients > V06DC - Carbohydrates COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 226 KEIO_ID G002 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite. alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite.

Octanol

C8H18O (130.1357578)

1-Octanol, also known as octan-1-ol, is the organic compound with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)7OH. It is a fatty alcohol. Many other isomers are also known generically as octanols. Octanol is mainly produced industrially by the oligomerization of ethylene using triethylaluminium followed by oxidation of the alkylaluminium products. This route is known as the Ziegler alcohol synthesis. Octanol also occurs naturally in the form of esters in some essential oils. Octanol and water are immiscible. The distribution of a compound between water and octanol is used to calculate the partition coefficient (logP) of that molecule. Water/octanol partitioning is a good approximation of the partitioning between the cytosol and lipid membranes of living systems. Octanol is a colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. It is also one of many compounds derived from tobacco and tobacco smoke and shown to increase the permeability of the membranes of human lung fibroblasts (PMID 7466833). Occurs in the form of esters in some essential oils. Flavouring agent. 1-Octanol is found in many foods, some of which are common wheat, lime, tea, and corn. D012997 - Solvents 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2]. 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2].

Rhamnose

C6H12O5 (164.06847019999998)

Rhamnose (Rham) is a naturally occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose. Rhamnose occurs in nature in its L-form as L-rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose). This is unusual, since most of the naturally occurring sugars are in D-form. Rhamnose is commonly bound to other sugars in nature. It is a common glycone component of glycosides from many plants. Rhamnose is also a component of the outer cell membrane of certain bacteria. L-rhamnose is metabolized to L-Lactaldehyde, which is a branching point in the metabolic pathway of L-fucose and L-rhamnose utilization. It exists in two anomeric forms, alpha-L-rhamnose and beta-L-rhamnose. Rhamnose has been found in Klebsiella, Pseudomonas (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00369505) (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejlt.200300816). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].

Benzaldehyde

C7H6O (106.0418626)

Benzaldehyde is occasionally found as a volatile component of urine. Benzaldehyde is an aromatic aldehyde used in cosmetics as a denaturant, a flavoring agent, and as a fragrance. Currently used in only seven cosmetic products, its highest reported concentration of use was 0.5\\\% in perfumes. Benzaldehyde is a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) food additive in the United States and is accepted as a flavoring substance in the European Union. Because Benzaldehyde rapidly metabolizes to Benzoic Acid in the skin, the available dermal irritation and sensitization data demonstrating no adverse reactions to Benzoic Acid were considered supportive of the safety of Benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde is absorbed through skin and by the lungs, distributes to all well-perfused organs, but does not accumulate in any specific tissue type. After being metabolized to benzoic acid, conjugates are formed with glycine or glucuronic acid, and excreted in the urine. Several studies have suggested that Benzaldehyde can have carcinostatic or antitumor properties. Overall, at the concentrations used in cosmetics, Benzaldehyde was not considered a carcinogenic risk to humans. Although there are limited irritation and sensitization data available for Benzaldehyde, the available dermal irritation and sensitization data and ultraviolet (UV) absorption and phototoxicity data demonstrating no adverse reactions to Benzoic Acid support the safety of Benzaldehyde as currently used in cosmetic products. (PMID:16835129, Int J Toxicol. 2006;25 Suppl 1:11-27.). Benzaldehyde, a volatile organic compound, is naturally present in a variety of plants, particularly in certain fruits, nuts, and flowers. It plays a significant role in the aromatic profiles of these plants. For instance, benzaldehyde is a primary component of bitter almond oil, which was one of its earliest known natural sources. Besides bitter almonds, it is also found in fruits like cherries, peaches, and plums, as well as in flowers such as jasmine. In the food industry, benzaldehyde is occasionally used as a food additive to impart specific flavors. This prevalence in plants highlights that benzaldehyde is not only an industrial chemical but also a naturally occurring compound in the plant kingdom. Its presence in these natural sources underscores its significance in both nature and industry. Found in plants, especies in almond kernelsand is) also present in strawberry jam, leek, crispbread, cheese, black tea and several essential oils. Parent and derivs. (e.g. glyceryl acetal) are used as flavourings

Coenzyme Q9

C54H82O4 (794.6212772)

Coenzyme Q9 (CoQ9) is a normal constituent of human plasma. CoQ9 in human plasma may originate as a product of incomplete CoQ10 biosynthesis or from the diet. The estimated dietary CoQ9 intake is 0 to 1.3 umol/day, primarily from cereals and fats, but this is unreliable because many food items contain levels below the detection limit. Plasma CoQ9 increases after supplementation with CoQ10, and CoQ9 and CoQ10 are significantly correlated. (PMID: 17405953). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Coenzyme Q9 (Ubiquinone Q9), the major form of ubiquinone in rodents, is an amphipathic molecular component of the electron transport chain that functions as an endogenous antioxidant. Coenzyme Q9 attenuates the diabetes-induced decreases in antioxidant defense mechanisms. Coenzyme Q9 improves left ventricular performance and reduces myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis[1][2]. Coenzyme Q9 (Ubiquinone Q9), the major form of ubiquinone in rodents, is an amphipathic molecular component of the electron transport chain that functions as an endogenous antioxidant. Coenzyme Q9 attenuates the diabetes-induced decreases in antioxidant defense mechanisms. Coenzyme Q9 improves left ventricular performance and reduces myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis[1][2].

Lichesterol

C28H44O (396.3391974)

Glucose

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

D-Galactose (CAS: 59-23-4) is an aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. D-Galactose is an energy-providing nutrient and also a necessary basic substrate for the biosynthesis of many macromolecules in the body. Metabolic pathways for D-galactose are important not only for the provision of these pathways but also for the prevention of D-galactose metabolite accumulation. The main source of D-galactose is lactose in the milk of mammals, but it can also be found in some fruits and vegetables. Utilization of D-galactose in all living cells is initiated by the phosphorylation of the hexose by the enzyme galactokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.6) (GALK) to form D-galactose-1-phosphate. In the presence of D-galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (E.C. 2.7.7.12) (GALT) D-galactose-1-phosphate is exchanged with glucose-1-phosphate in UDP-glucose to form UDP-galactose. Glucose-1-phosphate will then enter the glycolytic pathway for energy production. Deficiency of the enzyme GALT in galactosemic patients leads to the accumulation of D-galactose-1-phosphate. Classic galactosemia, a term that denotes the presence of D-galactose in the blood, is the rare inborn error of D-galactose metabolism, diagnosed by the deficiency of the second enzyme of the D-galactose assimilation pathway, GALT, which, in turn, is caused by mutations at the GALT gene (PMID: 15256214, 11020650, 10408771). Galactose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of milk. Alpha-D-Pyranose-form of the compound Galactose [CCD]. alpha-D-Galactose is found in many foods, some of which are kelp, fig, spelt, and rape. Galactose. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-23-4 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 59-23-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Sorbitol

C6H14O6 (182.0790344)

Sorbitol is a polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. Ascorbic acid fermentation; in solution form for moisture-conditioning of cosmetic creams and lotions, toothpaste, tobacco, gelatin; bodying agent for paper, textiles, and liquid pharmaceuticals; softener for candy; sugar crystallization inhibitor; surfactants; urethane resins and rigid foams; plasticizer, stabilizer for vinyl resins; food additive (sweetener, humectant, emulsifier, thickener, anticaking agent); dietary supplement. (Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary) Biological Source: Occurs widely in plants ranging from algae to the higher orders. Fruits of the plant family Rosaceae, which include apples, pears, cherries, apricots, contain appreciable amounts. Rich sources are the fruits of the Sorbus and Crataegus species Use/Importance: Used for manufacturing of sorbose, propylene glycol, ascorbic acid, resins, plasticizers and as antifreeze mixtures with glycerol or glycol. Tablet diluent, sweetening agent and humectant, other food uses. Sorbitol is used in photometric determination of Ru(VI) and Ru(VIII); in acid-base titration of borate (Dictionary of Organic Compounds). Occurs widely in plants ranging from algae to the higher orders. Fruits of the plant family Rosaceae, which include apples, pears, cherries, apricots, contain appreciable amounts. Rich sources are the fruits of the Sorbus and Crataegus subspecies Sweetening agent and humectant and many other food uses. D-Glucitol is found in many foods, some of which are common salsify, other bread, wild rice, and common chokecherry. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AG - Enemas B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CC - Tests for bile duct patency Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a six-carbon sugar alcohol and can used as a sugar substitute. D-Sorbitol can be used as a stabilizing excipient and/or isotonicity agent, sweetener, humectant, thickener and dietary supplement[1]. D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a six-carbon sugar alcohol and can used as a sugar substitute. D-Sorbitol can be used as a stabilizing excipient and/or isotonicity agent, sweetener, humectant, thickener and dietary supplement[1].

D-Alanine

C3H7NO2 (89.0476762)

Alanine is a nonessential amino acid made in the body from the conversion of the carbohydrate pyruvate or the breakdown of DNA and the dipeptides carnosine and anserine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and is one of the most important amino acids released by muscle, functioning as a major energy source. Plasma alanine is often decreased when the BCAA (Branched Chain Amino Acids) are deficient. This finding may relate to muscle metabolism. Alanine is highly concentrated in meat products and other high-protein foods like wheat germ and cottage cheese. Alanine is an important participant as well as regulator in glucose metabolism. Alanine levels parallel blood sugar levels in both diabetes and hypoglycemia, and alanine reduces both severe hypoglycemia and the ketosis of diabetes. It is an important amino acid for lymphocyte reproduction and immunity. Alanine therapy has helped dissolve kidney stones in experimental animals. Normal alanine metabolism, like that of other amino acids, is highly dependent upon enzymes that contain vitamin B6. Alanine, like GABA, taurine and glycine, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Alanine can be found in some Gram-positive bacteria (PMID:24752840). Amino acids are one of the most important molecules in living organisms, and most of them have a chiral carbon at a -position. In the higher animals, a large part of the naturally occurring amino acids is the L-form, and the stereoisomers (D-amino acids) had been believed to be rare. However, several D-amino acids have been found in mammals including humans, and their distributions, functions and origins have gradually been clarified. The D-alanine (D-Ala) amounts have also been reported to change in the case of diseases. Proteins of the frontal lobe white and gray matter of human brains, both normal and Alzheimer subjects, contain D-alanine at concentrations between 0.50 and 1.28 mumol/g of wet tissue, 50-70-times lower than the concentration of L-alanine. D-Alanine have been detected in the sera of both normal subjects and patients with renal dysfunction, and their concentrations were higher in the patients than in the normal subjects. (PMID: 16141519, 1450921, 8535409, 1426150, 1933416) [HMDB] KEIO_ID A011 D-Alanine is a weak GlyR (inhibitory glycine receptor) and PMBA agonist, with an EC50 of 9 mM for GlyR. D-Alanine is a weak GlyR (inhibitory glycine receptor) and PMBA agonist, with an EC50 of 9 mM for GlyR.

L-Rhamnose

C6H12O5 (164.06847019999998)

Any rhamnose having L-configuration. L-rhamnose occurs naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 234 Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].

Methyl linoleate

C19H34O2 (294.2558664)

Methyl linoleate is a fatty acid methyl ester of linoleic acid. It has been isolated from Neolitsea daibuensis. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a linoleic acid. Methyl linoleate is a natural product found in Tussilago farfara, Azadirachta indica, and other organisms with data available. Methyl linoleate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as lineolic acids and derivatives. These are derivatives of lineolic acid. Lineolic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 18 carbon long fatty acid, with two CC double bonds at the 9- and 12-positions. A fatty acid methyl ester of linoleic acid. It has been isolated from Neolitsea daibuensis. Methyl linoleate, a major active constituent of Sageretia thea?fruit (HFSF), is a major anti-melanogenic compound. Methyl linoleate downregulates microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)?and tyrosinase-related proteins[1]. Methyl linoleate, a major active constituent of Sageretia thea?fruit (HFSF), is a major anti-melanogenic compound. Methyl linoleate downregulates microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)?and tyrosinase-related proteins[1].

Ergosterol peroxide

C28H44O3 (428.3290274)

Ergosterol peroxide is found in fruits. Ergosterol peroxide is obtained from leaves of Ananas comosus (pineapple obtained from leaves of Ananas comosus (pineapple). Ergosterol peroxide is found in pineapple and fruits.

2-Octanone

C8H16O (128.1201086)

2-Octanone, also known as octan-2-one or fema 2802, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ketones. These are organic compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms R2C=O (neither R may be a hydrogen atom). Ketones that have one or more alpha-hydrogen atoms undergo keto-enol tautomerization, the tautomer being an enol. Thus, 2-octanone is considered to be an oxygenated hydrocarbon lipid molecule. 2-Octanone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. 2-Octanone is a bitter, earthy, and gasoline tasting compound. 2-Octanone has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as tortilla chips, cloves, tea, corns, and pomes. This could make 2-octanone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A methyl ketone that is octane substituted by an oxo group at position 2. Trace constituent of plant oilsand is also present in apple, apricot, banana, papaya, wheat bread, other breads, cheddar cheese, Swiss cheese, coffee, black tea, roasted filbert, plum brandy and cooked shrimp. Flavouring ingredient. 2-Octanone is found in many foods, some of which are carrot, crustaceans, alcoholic beverages, and pomes.

Oudemansin A

C17H22O4 (290.1518012)

Oudemansin A is found in mushrooms. Oudemansin A is a metabolite of Oudemansiella mucida (porcelain fungus). Metabolite of Oudemansiella mucida (porcelain fungus). Oudemansin A is found in mushrooms.

Linoelaidic acid

C18H32O2 (280.2402172)

Linoelaidic acid is an isomer of linoleic acid, or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a derivative of a fatty acid linoleic acid. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid [18:2(n-6)], have been studied extensively due to their ability to modulate cancer, atherosclerosis, obesity, immune function and diabetes in a variety of experimental models. CLAs ability to modulate human obesity remains controversial because data from clinical trials using mixed isomers are conflicting. (PMID 10759137). Trans fatty acids are characteristically produced during industrial hydrogenation of plant oils. Linoelaidic acid is an isomer of linoleic acid, or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a derivative of a fatty acid linoleic acid. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid [18:2(n-6)], have been studied extensively due to their ability to modulate cancer, atherosclerosis, obesity, immune function and diabetes in a variety of experimental models. CLAs ability to modulate human obesity remains controversial because data from clinical trials using mixed isomers are conflicting. (PMID 10759137) Linolelaidic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=506-21-8 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 506-21-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Linolelaidic acid (Linoelaidic acid), an omega-6 trans fatty acid, acts as a source of energy. Linolelaidic acid is an essential nutrient, adding in enteral, parenteral, and infant formulas. Linolelaidic acid can be used for heart diseases research[1]. Linolelaidic acid (Linoelaidic acid), an omega-6 trans fatty acid, acts as a source of energy. Linolelaidic acid is an essential nutrient, adding in enteral, parenteral, and infant formulas. Linolelaidic acid can be used for heart diseases research[1].

(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxyhexanal

C6H12O5 (164.06847019999998)

3h-Sucrose

C12H22O11 (342.11620619999997)

Sweetening agent and food source assimilated by most organismsand is also used in food products as a preservative, antioxidant, moisture control agent, stabiliser and thickening agent. Widespread in seeds, leaves, fruits, flowers and roots of plants, where it functions as an energy store for metabolism and as a carbon source for biosynth. Annual world production is in excess of 90 x 106 tons mainly from the juice of sugar cane and sugar beet which contain respectively ca. 20\\% and ca. 17\\% of the sugar. Sucrose is found in many foods, some of which are rowanberry, brassicas, calabash, and hedge mustard.

D-Quinovose

C6H12O5 (164.06847019999998)

Ubiquinone Q9;CoQ9;Ubiquinone 9

C54H82O4 (794.6212772)

Dehydroergosterol

C28H42O (394.3235482)

Ethyl linoleate

C20H36O2 (308.2715156)

indol-2-one

C8H5NO (131.037112)

Cerevisterol

C28H46O3 (430.34467659999996)

An ergostanoid that is (22E)-ergosta-7,22-diene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5 and 6 (the 3beta,5alpha,6beta stereoisomer). It has been isolated from the fungus, Xylaria species. Cerevisterol is a steroid isolated from the fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei[1]. Cerevisterol is a steroid isolated from the fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei[1].

Strobilurin F

C21H26O5 (358.17801460000004)

Pterulone

C13H11ClO2 (234.0447536)

Palmitic Acid

C16H32O2 (256.2402172)

COVID info from WikiPathways D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Malic acid

C4H6O5 (134.0215226)

(S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid in naturally occurring form, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits and is used as a food additive. (S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid in naturally occurring form, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits and is used as a food additive. Malic acid (Hydroxybutanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that is naturally found in fruits such as apples and pears. It plays a role in many sour or tart foods. Malic acid (Hydroxybutanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that is naturally found in fruits such as apples and pears. It plays a role in many sour or tart foods.

sitosterol

C29H50O (414.386145)

A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68437 - Unsaturated Phytosterol D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\\%) is a plant sterol. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\\%) interfere with multiple cell signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation[1]. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\%) is a plant sterol. Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98\%) interfere with multiple cell signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation[1].

Fungisterol

C28H48O (400.37049579999996)

An ergostanoid that is 5alpha-ergost-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.

Ethyl 9,12-octadecadienoate

C20H36O2 (308.2715156)

Glucose

C6H12O6 (180.0633852)

B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CA - Tests for diabetes V - Various > V06 - General nutrients > V06D - Other nutrients > V06DC - Carbohydrates COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite. alpha-D-glucose is an endogenous metabolite.

Rhamnose

C6H12O5 (164.06847019999998)

Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].

2,6,10-Trimethyldodeca-6,11-diene-2,3,10-triol

C15H28O3 (256.2038338)

Ergosterol peroxide

C28H44O3 (428.3290274)

13-HODE

C18H32O3 (296.2351322)

A HODE that consists of 9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid carrying a 13-hydroxy substituent.

Sorbitol

C6H14O6 (182.0790344)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AG - Enemas B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents > V04C - Other diagnostic agents > V04CC - Tests for bile duct patency D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002400 - Cathartics CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 229 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a six-carbon sugar alcohol and can used as a sugar substitute. D-Sorbitol can be used as a stabilizing excipient and/or isotonicity agent, sweetener, humectant, thickener and dietary supplement[1]. D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a six-carbon sugar alcohol and can used as a sugar substitute. D-Sorbitol can be used as a stabilizing excipient and/or isotonicity agent, sweetener, humectant, thickener and dietary supplement[1].

Ergosterol

C28H44O (396.3391974)

Indicator of fungal contamination, especies in cereals. Occurs in yeast and fungi. The main fungal steroidand is also found in small amts. in higher plant prods., e.g. palm oil [DFC]. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong. Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects. Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Lovastatin

C24H36O5 (404.2562606)

C - Cardiovascular system > C10 - Lipid modifying agents > C10A - Lipid modifying agents, plain > C10AA - Hmg coa reductase inhibitors D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019161 - Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1655 - HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2212 D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.415 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.416 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.421 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 1.419 Lovastatin is a cell-permeable HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used to lower cholesterol. Lovastatin is a cell-permeable HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used to lower cholesterol.

L-Ornithine

C5H12N2O2 (132.0898732)

L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2]. L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is mainly used in urea cycle removing excess nitrogen in vivo. L-Ornithine shows nephroprotective[1][2].

D-Alanine

C3H7NO2 (89.0476762)

The D-enantiomer of alanine. D-Alanine is a weak GlyR (inhibitory glycine receptor) and PMBA agonist, with an EC50 of 9 mM for GlyR. D-Alanine is a weak GlyR (inhibitory glycine receptor) and PMBA agonist, with an EC50 of 9 mM for GlyR.

Sucrose

C12H22O11 (342.11620619999997)

D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

L-glutamic acid

C5H9NO4 (147.0531554)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N_STSL_0113_Glutamic acid_8000fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_66; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

Succinic acid

C4H6O4 (118.0266076)

Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2]. Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2].

alpha-L-Rhamnose

C6H12O5 (164.06847019999998)

Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].

stearic acid

C18H36O2 (284.2715156)

Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils. Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils.

Oleic acid

C18H34O2 (282.2558664)

An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry. Oleic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=112-80-1 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 112-80-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Elaidic acid is the major trans fat found in hydrogenated vegetable oils and can be used as a pharmaceutical solvent. Elaidic acid is the major trans fat found in hydrogenated vegetable oils and can be used as a pharmaceutical solvent. Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2]. Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2].

Benzoic Acid

C7H6O2 (122.0367776)

Benzoic acid is an aromatic alcohol existing naturally in many plants and is a common additive to food, drinks, cosmetics and other products. It acts as preservatives through inhibiting both bacteria and fungi. Benzoic acid is an aromatic alcohol existing naturally in many plants and is a common additive to food, drinks, cosmetics and other products. It acts as preservatives through inhibiting both bacteria and fungi.

Pyroglutamic acid

C5H7NO3 (129.0425912)

benzaldehyde

C7H6O (106.0418626)

An arenecarbaldehyde that consists of benzene bearing a single formyl substituent; the simplest aromatic aldehyde and parent of the class of benzaldehydes.

3-OCTANOL

C8H18O (130.1357578)

Present in Japanese peppermint oil and many other essential oils. (S)-3-Octanol is found in herbs and spices.

Octanol

C8H18O (130.1357578)

D012997 - Solvents 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2]. 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like properties[2].

niacin

C6H5NO2 (123.032027)

2-{[3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol

C12H22O11 (342.11620619999997)

Hexadecanoic acid

C16H32O2 (256.2402172)

Octadecanoic acid

C18H36O2 (284.2715156)

A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.

Ethyl palmitate

C18H36O2 (284.2715156)

Ethyl palmitate, a fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE), shows a marked preference for the synthesis of ethyl palmitate and ethyl oleate over other FAEEs in human subjects after ethanol consumption. Ethyl palmitate is used as a hair- and skin-conditioning agent[1]. Ethyl palmitate, a fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE), shows a marked preference for the synthesis of ethyl palmitate and ethyl oleate over other FAEEs in human subjects after ethanol consumption. Ethyl palmitate is used as a hair- and skin-conditioning agent[1].

1-OCTEN-3-OL

C8H16O (128.1201086)

Oct-1-en-3-ol, a fatty acid fragrant, is a self-stimulating oxylipin messenger. Oct-1-en-3-ol serves as a signaling molecule in plant cellular responses, plant-herbivore interactions, and plant-plant interactions. Oct-1-en-3-ol causes dopamine neuron degeneration through disruption of dopamine handling[1][2]. Oct-1-en-3-ol, a fatty acid fragrant, is a self-stimulating oxylipin messenger. Oct-1-en-3-ol serves as a signaling molecule in plant cellular responses, plant-herbivore interactions, and plant-plant interactions. Oct-1-en-3-ol causes dopamine neuron degeneration through disruption of dopamine handling[1][2].

Grape Seed Oil

C18H32O2 (280.2402172)

An octadecadienoic acid containing two E (trans) double bonds at positions 9 and 12. Linolelaidic acid (Linoelaidic acid), an omega-6 trans fatty acid, acts as a source of energy. Linolelaidic acid is an essential nutrient, adding in enteral, parenteral, and infant formulas. Linolelaidic acid can be used for heart diseases research[1]. Linolelaidic acid (Linoelaidic acid), an omega-6 trans fatty acid, acts as a source of energy. Linolelaidic acid is an essential nutrient, adding in enteral, parenteral, and infant formulas. Linolelaidic acid can be used for heart diseases research[1].

Octan-1-ol

C8H18O (130.1357578)

An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.

Mucidin

C16H18O3 (258.1255878)

An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E,3Z,5E)-2-(methoxymethylene)-3-methyl-6-phenylhexa-3,5-dienoic acid. D010575 - Pesticides > D005659 - Fungicides, Industrial > D000073739 - Strobilurins D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents

Octan-2-one

C8H16O (128.1201086)

3-Octanone

C8H16O (128.1201086)

A dialkyl ketone that is octane in which the two methylene protons at position 3 have been replaced by an oxo group.

Coenzyme Q9

C54H82O4 (794.6212772)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants Coenzyme Q9 (Ubiquinone Q9), the major form of ubiquinone in rodents, is an amphipathic molecular component of the electron transport chain that functions as an endogenous antioxidant. Coenzyme Q9 attenuates the diabetes-induced decreases in antioxidant defense mechanisms. Coenzyme Q9 improves left ventricular performance and reduces myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis[1][2]. Coenzyme Q9 (Ubiquinone Q9), the major form of ubiquinone in rodents, is an amphipathic molecular component of the electron transport chain that functions as an endogenous antioxidant. Coenzyme Q9 attenuates the diabetes-induced decreases in antioxidant defense mechanisms. Coenzyme Q9 improves left ventricular performance and reduces myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis[1][2].

Methyl linoleate

C19H34O2 (294.2558664)

D009676 - Noxae > D016877 - Oxidants > D010545 - Peroxides Mixture with CNB89-S (*FEMA 3411*) is used as a flavouring ingredient. Methyl linoleate is found in many foods, some of which are white mustard, cloves, soft-necked garlic, and flaxseed. Methyl linoleate, a major active constituent of Sageretia thea?fruit (HFSF), is a major anti-melanogenic compound. Methyl linoleate downregulates microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)?and tyrosinase-related proteins[1]. Methyl linoleate, a major active constituent of Sageretia thea?fruit (HFSF), is a major anti-melanogenic compound. Methyl linoleate downregulates microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)?and tyrosinase-related proteins[1].

5α-Ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol

C28H46O (398.3548466)

A 3beta-sterol consisting of an ergostane skeleton with double bonds at 7- and 22-positions.

D-Sorbitol

C6H14O6 (182.0790344)

(2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid

C3H7NO2 (89.0476762)

2-Hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-1-one

C10H12O3 (180.0786402)

linoleic

C18H32O2 (280.2402172)

Linolelaidic acid (Linoelaidic acid), an omega-6 trans fatty acid, acts as a source of energy. Linolelaidic acid is an essential nutrient, adding in enteral, parenteral, and infant formulas. Linolelaidic acid can be used for heart diseases research[1]. Linolelaidic acid (Linoelaidic acid), an omega-6 trans fatty acid, acts as a source of energy. Linolelaidic acid is an essential nutrient, adding in enteral, parenteral, and infant formulas. Linolelaidic acid can be used for heart diseases research[1].

L-Rha

C6H12O5 (164.06847019999998)

Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2]. Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies[1]. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption[2].

ubiquinone-9

C54H82O4 (794.6212772)

Coenzyme Q9 (CoQ9) is a normal constituent of human plasma. CoQ9 in human plasma may originate as a product of incomplete CoQ10 biosynthesis or from the diet. The estimated dietary CoQ9 intake is 0 to 1.3 umol/day, primarily from cereals and fats, but this is unreliable because many food items contain levels below the detection limit. Plasma CoQ9 increases after supplementation with CoQ10, and CoQ9 and CoQ10 are significantly correlated. (PMID: 17405953). Ubiquinone 9 is found in safflower. Coenzyme Q9 (Ubiquinone Q9), the major form of ubiquinone in rodents, is an amphipathic molecular component of the electron transport chain that functions as an endogenous antioxidant. Coenzyme Q9 attenuates the diabetes-induced decreases in antioxidant defense mechanisms. Coenzyme Q9 improves left ventricular performance and reduces myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis[1][2]. Coenzyme Q9 (Ubiquinone Q9), the major form of ubiquinone in rodents, is an amphipathic molecular component of the electron transport chain that functions as an endogenous antioxidant. Coenzyme Q9 attenuates the diabetes-induced decreases in antioxidant defense mechanisms. Coenzyme Q9 improves left ventricular performance and reduces myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis[1][2].

Oudemansin A

C17H22O4 (290.1518012)

2-Octanone

C8H16O (128.1201086)

A methyl ketone that is octane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.

indol-2-one

C8H5NO (131.037112)

Dehydroergosterol

C28H42O (394.3235482)

A phytosterol consiting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6-, 7,8- 9,11- and 22,23-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.

octan-3-ol

C8H18O (130.1357578)

A secondary alcohol that is octane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.

Oct-1-en-3-ol

C8H16O (128.1201086)

An alkenyl alcohol with a structure based on a C8 unbranched chain with the hydroxy group at C-2 and unsaturation at C-1-C-2. It is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi.

(3r)-3-hydroxy-2-[(1s,2r)-2-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]-6-methylhept-1-en-4-one

C15H24O3 (252.1725354)

5,7,7-trimethyl-1-methylidene-2h,4h,5h,6h,8h-indeno[5,4-b]furan-3a,4,8,8b-tetrol

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

2-(2-{2-[(2-{2-[n,3-dimethyl-2-(n-methyl-1-phenylformamido)butanamido]-n,3-dimethylbutanamido}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-n,3-dimethylbutanamido}-n,3-dimethylpentanamido)-3-methylbutanoic acid

C43H72N6O8 (800.5411352000001)

(2s,3s)-n-[(3s,6s,9s,12s,15s,18s,19r)-15-benzyl-5,14-dihydroxy-3,12-diisopropyl-6,7,9,10,16,19-hexamethyl-2,8,11,17-tetraoxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,13-dien-18-yl]-2-[(2s)-n,3-dimethyl-2-(n-methyl-1-phenylformamido)butanamido]-3-methylpentanimidic acid

C52H78N8O10 (974.5840608)

4-[(2-amino-4,5-dimethylphenyl)imino]-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidin-5-one

C12H12N4O3 (260.0909362)

(2s,3s)-2-[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-[(2s,3s)-n,3-dimethyl-2-[(2s)-n-methyl-2-(n-methyl-1-phenylformamido)propanamido]pentanamido]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-n,3-dimethylbutanamido]-n,3-dimethylpentanimidic acid

C37H62N6O6 (686.4730592000001)

1-[1-(2-{[(3r)-2-amino-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino}-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]-n-[1-(2-{[(2r)-2-hydroxy-1-[(1-{[(2r)-2-hydroxy-1-{[(2s)-2-hydroxy-1-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-sulfanylethyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]pyrrolidine-2-carboximidic acid

C41H68N12O15S (1000.4647578)

2-[(1r,2r,5s,6r)-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-2-yl]-6-methylhept-1-ene-3,4-dione

C15H22O4 (266.1518012)

15-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-6,11-dihydroxy-9,16-dimethyl-3-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.0²,⁴.0⁴,⁹.0¹²,¹⁶]octadecan-10-one

C28H44O4 (444.3239424)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-5a,7-dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-5-one

C28H44O3 (428.3290274)

methyl (2s)-2-(carbamoylformamido)-3-phenylpropanoate

C12H14N2O4 (250.0953524)

1-[(2r,3as,6r,7s,7ar)-6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-methylidene-hexahydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-3-methylbutan-1-one

C15H24O4 (268.1674504)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-5a,7-dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-5-yl acetate

C30H48O4 (472.3552408)

(6r)-6-[(3r)-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-4-oxohept-1-en-2-yl]-3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one

C15H22O3 (250.1568862)

3-hydroxy-2-[(2r)-2-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]-6-methylhept-1-en-4-one

C15H24O3 (252.1725354)

n-[(3s,6s,9s,12s,15s,18s,19r)-15-benzyl-11,14-dihydroxy-3,9,12-triisopropyl-4,7,16,19-tetramethyl-6-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,17-tetraoxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-10,13-dien-18-yl]-n-methylbenzamide

C45H66N6O8 (818.4941876000001)

(1r,2s,4r,6s,9s,11s,12r,15r,16r)-15-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-6,11-dihydroxy-9,16-dimethyl-3-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.0²,⁴.0⁴,⁹.0¹²,¹⁶]octadecan-10-one

C28H44O4 (444.3239424)

(6r)-3-methyl-6-(6-methyl-4-oxohept-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one

C15H22O2 (234.1619712)

(3ar,4s,5r,8s,8br)-5,7,7-trimethyl-1-methylidene-2h,4h,5h,6h,8h-indeno[5,4-b]furan-3a,4,8,8b-tetrol

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-n-{1-[(6-amino-1-{2-[(2-hydroxy-1-{[2-hydroxy-1-({2-hydroxy-1-[(2-hydroxy-1-{[1-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-2-methylpropyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]propyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl}-1-oxohexan-2-yl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pentyl}butanediimidic acid

C44H79N13O15 (1029.5818304000002)

methyl 2-(carbamoylformamido)-3-phenylpropanoate

C12H14N2O4 (250.0953524)

(2s,3s)-2-[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-[(2s,3s)-n,3-dimethyl-2-[(2s)-n-methyl-2-[(2e)-n-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-enamido]propanamido]pentanamido]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-n,3-dimethylbutanamido]-n,3-dimethylpentanimidic acid

C39H64N6O6 (712.4887084)

(3ar,5s,7r,8bs)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-5,7-dimethyl-1-methylidene-2h,4h,5h,6h,8h-indeno[5,4-b]furan-3a,8b-diol

C15H22O4 (266.1518012)

(6s)-3-methyl-6-(6-methyl-4-oxohept-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one

C15H22O2 (234.1619712)

(3s,3as,6r,6ar,12ar)-6-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1h,2h,3h,3ah,4h,5h,6ah,7h,12h-cyclopenta[e]anthracene-8,11-dione

C21H28O5 (360.1936638)

17-methyl-9,12-dioxo-15-oxapentacyclo[12.6.0.0¹,⁶.0²,¹⁸.0⁸,¹³]icosa-8(13),10-diene-5-carboxylic acid

C21H24O5 (356.1623654)

(1r,4s,5r,6s,9r,10r,13s,14r,15s)-4,5,13,14-tetrahydroxy-4,9,13-trimethyl-18-methylidene-7,16-dioxatricyclo[13.3.0.0⁶,¹⁰]octadecane-8,17-dione

C20H30O8 (398.194058)

(2r,6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-5',5',6-trimethyl-3'-oxo-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydrospiro[1-benzofuran-2,2'-oxolan]-3-ylmethyl acetate

C17H24O7 (340.1521954)

8-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9,13-dimethyl-18,19-dioxapentacyclo[10.5.2.0¹,¹³.0⁴,¹².0⁵,⁹]nonadec-3-ene-2,16-diol

C28H44O4 (444.3239424)

1-(5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl)-5a,7-dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-5-one

C28H46O3 (430.34467659999996)

2-{2-[(2-{n,3-dimethyl-2-[n-methyl-2-(n-methyl-1-phenylformamido)propanamido]pentanamido}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-n,3-dimethylbutanamido}-n,3-dimethylpentanimidic acid

C37H62N6O6 (686.4730592000001)

(3ar,6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydro-3ah-1-benzofuran-3-carbaldehyde

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

(6s)-6-[(3r)-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-4-oxohept-1-en-2-yl]-3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one

C15H22O3 (250.1568862)

1-[(2r,3r,3ar,6s,7r,7as)-2,6,7-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-hexahydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-3-methylbutan-1-one

C15H26O5 (286.1780146)

(1r,7s,10s,14r,15r)-15-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-1,7-dihydroxy-10,14-dimethyl-18-oxatetracyclo[12.3.1.0²,¹¹.0⁵,¹⁰]octadeca-2(11),4-dien-3-one

C28H42O4 (442.30829320000004)

2-[(1s,2s,5r,6s)-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-2-yl]-6-methylhept-1-ene-3,4-dione

C15H22O4 (266.1518012)

n-[15-benzyl-11,14-dihydroxy-3,9,12-triisopropyl-4,7,16,19-tetramethyl-6-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,17-tetraoxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-10,13-dien-18-yl]-n-methylbenzamide

C45H66N6O8 (818.4941876000001)

(1r,3ar,5r,5ar,7s,9ar,9bs,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-5a,7-dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-5-yl acetate

C30H48O4 (472.3552408)

3-methyl-6-(6-methyl-4-oxohept-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one

C15H22O2 (234.1619712)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,4h,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-4,5,5a,7-tetrol

C28H46O4 (446.3395916)

methyl (2z,3s,4s,5e)-4-hydroxy-2-(methoxymethylidene)-3-methyl-6-phenylhex-5-enoate

C16H20O4 (276.13615200000004)

6-(3-hydroxy-6-methyl-4-oxohept-1-en-2-yl)-3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one

C15H22O3 (250.1568862)

(2s,6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-3,5',5',6-tetramethyl-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydrospiro[1-benzofuran-2,2'-oxolan]-3'-one

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol

C28H42O (394.3235482)

(3ar,6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-methylidene-tetrahydro-3ah-1-benzofuran-2-one

C10H14O4 (198.0892044)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-3a,7-dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,6h,7h,8h,9h,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-4-one

C28H42O3 (426.3133782)

(1r,4s,8s,15s,18r,21s,22s)-10,13-dihydroxy-5-methylidene-7,16-dioxahexacyclo[13.6.1.0¹,⁸.0⁴,²¹.0⁹,¹⁴.0¹⁸,²²]docosa-9,11,13-trien-17-one

C21H22O5 (354.1467162)

(2r)-n-[(2s,3r,4e,8e)-1,3-dihydroxy-9-methyloctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]-2-hydroxyhexadecanimidic acid

C35H67NO4 (565.5069822)

({[(5as,5bs,7s,7as,11as,11bs,13as)-11a-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-5b,8,8,13a-tetramethyl-3-oxo-1h,4h,5h,5ah,6h,7h,7ah,9h,10h,11h,11bh,12h,13h-chryseno[1,2-c]furan-7-yl]oxy}methoxy)acetic acid

C30H44O8 (532.3036024)

4-[(2-amino-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene)amino]-4-{[3-hydroxy-1-(2-{[1-({1-[(1-{[2-hydroxy-1-({2-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-2-sulfanylethyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butanoic acid

C41H67N13O17S (1045.4498372)

methyl (2e,3e,5z)-6-(3-{[(2s)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]methoxy}-4-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxy]phenyl)-2-(methoxymethylidene)-3-methylhexa-3,5-dienoate

C26H34O6 (442.2355264)

1-[(6s,7s)-6,7-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-5,7-dihydro-4h-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-3-methylbutan-1-one

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

(8r)-8-hydroxy-5,7,7-trimethyl-3h,4h,6h,8h-indeno[5,6-c]pyran-1-one

C15H18O3 (246.1255878)

1-[6,7-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-5,7-dihydro-4h-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-3-methylbutan-1-one

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

n-[(3s,6s,9s,12s,15r,16s,19s,22s,26r,27as)-6-benzyl-9-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-12-isopropyl-2,3,8,11,15,18,21,22,26-nonamethyl-19-(2-methylpropyl)-1,7,10,13,17,20,23-heptaoxo-3h,6h,9h,12h,15h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-o]1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosan-16-yl]benzenecarboximidic acid

C54H80N8O10 (1000.5997100000001)

4,5,13,14-tetrahydroxy-4,9,13-trimethyl-18-methylidene-7,16-dioxatricyclo[13.3.0.0⁶,¹⁰]octadecane-8,17-dione

C20H30O8 (398.194058)

2-{2-[(2-{n,3-dimethyl-2-[n-methyl-2-(n-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-enamido)propanamido]pentanamido}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-n,3-dimethylbutanamido}-n,3-dimethylpentanimidic acid

C39H64N6O6 (712.4887084)

(1r,2s,5r,6s,14s,17s,18s)-10-{[(2r)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl]sulfanyl}-17-methyl-9,12-dioxo-15-oxapentacyclo[12.6.0.0¹,⁶.0²,¹⁸.0⁸,¹³]icosa-8(13),10-diene-5-carboxylic acid

C24H28O8S (476.1504808)

(2s,5s,6s,9r,10s,13r,14s)-23-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-oxa-20-thia-18-azahexacyclo[14.7.0.0²,⁹.0⁶,¹⁰.0⁹,¹⁴.0¹⁷,²¹]tricosa-1(23),16,18,21-tetraene-13-carboxylic acid

C22H25NO4S (399.15042100000005)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol

C28H44O (396.3391974)

(2r)-n-[(2s,3r,4e,8e)-1,3-dihydroxy-9-methyloctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]-2-hydroxyoctadecanimidic acid

C37H71NO4 (593.5382805999999)

n-(1-{[6-amino-1-(2-{[(2s)-2-hydroxy-1-{[(2r)-2-hydroxy-1-{[(2s)-2-hydroxy-1-{[(2r)-2-hydroxy-1-{[1-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-2-methylpropyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}pentyl)-2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]butanediimidic acid

C44H79N13O15 (1029.5818304000002)

1-[(2r,3as,6r,7s,7ar)-6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-methylidene-hexahydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-2-methylpropan-1-one

C14H22O4 (254.1518012)

n-[(3s,6s,9s,12s,15r,16s,19s,22s,26r,27as)-6-benzyl-4-hydroxy-9,12-diisopropyl-2,3,8,11,15,18,21,22,26-nonamethyl-19-(2-methylpropyl)-1,7,10,13,17,20,23-heptaoxo-3h,6h,9h,12h,15h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-o]1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosan-16-yl]benzenecarboximidic acid

C53H78N8O10 (986.5840608)

(1r,2s,4r,6s,9s,11s,12r,15r,16r)-15-[(2r,5s)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-6,11-dihydroxy-9,16-dimethyl-3-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.0²,⁴.0⁴,⁹.0¹²,¹⁶]octadecan-10-one

C28H46O4 (446.3395916)

10-(1-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3,7-dimethylcyclodeca-2,6-diene-1,5-diol

C15H26O3 (254.1881846)

methyl (2e,3e,5e)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(methoxymethylidene)-6-phenylhexa-3,5-dienoate

C16H18O4 (274.1205028)

(1r,3ar,5r,5ar,7s,9ar,9bs,11ar)-1-[(2r,5s)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-5,5a,7-triol

C28H48O3 (432.36032579999994)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol

C28H44O (396.3391974)

(1r,5r,8r,9r,12r,13r,16s)-8-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-16-hydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-18,19-dioxapentacyclo[10.5.2.0¹,¹³.0⁴,¹².0⁵,⁹]nonadec-3-en-2-one

C28H42O4 (442.30829320000004)

(1r,2s,5r,6s,14s,17s,18s)-18-hydroxy-17-methyl-9,12-dioxo-15-oxapentacyclo[12.6.0.0¹,⁶.0²,¹⁸.0⁸,¹³]icosa-8(13),10-diene-5-carboxylic acid

C21H24O6 (372.1572804)

10-({2-carboxy-2-[(1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]ethyl}sulfanyl)-17-methyl-9,12-dioxo-15-oxapentacyclo[12.6.0.0¹,⁶.0²,¹⁸.0⁸,¹³]icosa-8(13),10-diene-5-carboxylic acid

C26H31NO8S (517.1770286)

α-l-rhamnopyranose

C6H12O5 (164.06847019999998)

(1s,2s,5s,6r,9s,10r,15s)-5-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-6,10-dimethyl-16,17-dioxapentacyclo[13.2.2.0¹,⁹.0²,⁶.0¹⁰,¹⁵]nonadec-18-en-13-ol

C28H44O3 (428.3290274)

9-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-10,14-dimethyl-5,19,20-trioxahexacyclo[11.5.2.0¹,¹⁴.0⁴,⁶.0⁴,¹³.0⁶,¹⁰]icos-2-en-17-ol

C28H42O4 (442.30829320000004)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-5,5a,7-triol

C28H46O3 (430.34467659999996)

6,7-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-hexahydro-1-benzofuran-2-one

C10H16O4 (200.10485359999998)

14-methyl-3,12-dioxahexacyclo[16.3.1.0⁴,²¹.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹¹,²⁰.0¹⁵,¹⁹]docosa-5(10),7-diene-2,6,9-trione

C21H22O5 (354.1467162)

(2s,3r,3ar,6s,7r,7as)-2-[(1r)-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl]-3,6-dimethyl-hexahydro-2h-1-benzofuran-6,7-diol

C15H28O4 (272.19874880000003)

(1r,3ar,5ar,7s,9ar,9br,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-5a,7,9b-trihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-5-one

C28H44O4 (444.3239424)

23-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-oxa-20-thia-18-azahexacyclo[14.7.0.0²,⁹.0⁶,¹⁰.0⁹,¹⁴.0¹⁷,²¹]tricosa-1(23),16,18,21-tetraene-13-carboxylic acid

C22H25NO4S (399.15042100000005)

2-{5-hydroxy-5-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-2-yl}-6-methylhept-1-ene-3,4-dione

C15H22O4 (266.1518012)

1-[(2s,3ar,6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-methylidene-hexahydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-en-1-one

C15H22O4 (266.1518012)

7-(hydroxymethyl)-5,7-dimethyl-1-methylidene-2h,4h,5h,6h,8h-indeno[5,4-b]furan-3a,4,8b-triol

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

(3as,6r,7s,7ar)-6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydro-3ah-1-benzofuran-3-carbaldehyde

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

n-(1,3-dihydroxy-9-methyloctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl)octadeca-9,12-dienimidic acid

C37H67NO3 (573.5120671999999)

n-(15-benzyl-5,14-dihydroxy-3,12-diisopropyl-6,7,9,10,16,19-hexamethyl-2,8,11,17-tetraoxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaazacyclononadeca-4,13-dien-18-yl)-2-[n,3-dimethyl-2-(n-methyl-1-phenylformamido)butanamido]-3-methylpentanimidic acid

C52H78N8O10 (974.5840608)

6,7-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran-2-one

C10H14O4 (198.0892044)

{n'-[(2s)-1-methoxy-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]hydrazinecarbonyl}formic acid

C9H16N2O5 (232.1059166)

(2r)-n-[(2s,3r,4e,8e)-1,3-dihydroxy-9-methyloctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]-2-hydroxypentadecanimidic acid

C34H65NO4 (551.491333)

methyl (2e,3z,5e)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(methoxymethylidene)-6-phenylhexa-3,5-dienoate

C16H18O4 (274.1205028)

6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-3ah-spiro[1-benzofuran-3,2'-oxiran]-2-one

C10H14O5 (214.08411940000002)

1-(6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-methylidene-hexahydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)-3-methylbut-2-en-1-one

C15H22O4 (266.1518012)

6,7-dihydroxy-5',5',6-trimethyl-3'-oxo-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydrospiro[1-benzofuran-2,2'-oxolan]-3-ylmethyl acetate

C17H24O7 (340.1521954)

(1r,2e,5s,6e,10s)-10-[(2r)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3,7-dimethylcyclodeca-2,6-diene-1,5-diol

C15H26O3 (254.1881846)

4-{[(3r)-2-amino-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino}-4-{[(3r)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-{[1-({1-[(1-{[(2s)-2-hydroxy-1-({2-[2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-2-sulfanylethyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}butanoic acid

C41H67N13O17S (1045.4498372)

1,3-dioxine-2,4-dione

C4H2O4 (113.99530920000001)

(5e)-6-[(3e)-3-(chloromethylidene)-2h-1-benzoxepin-7-yl]hex-5-en-2-one

C17H17ClO2 (288.0917012)

methyl (2s)-2-(carbamoylformamido)-4-methylpentanoate

C9H16N2O4 (216.1110016)

3-methyl-1-(2,6,7-trihydroxy-6-methyl-3-methylidene-tetrahydro-3ah-1-benzofuran-2-yl)but-2-en-1-one

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

(3ar,4s,5r,7r,8bs)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-5,7-dimethyl-1-methylidene-2h,4h,5h,6h,8h-indeno[5,4-b]furan-3a,4,8b-triol

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

n-[6-benzyl-4-hydroxy-12-isopropyl-2,3,8,11,15,18,21,22,26-nonamethyl-19-(2-methylpropyl)-1,7,10,13,17,20,23-heptaoxo-9-(sec-butyl)-3h,6h,9h,12h,15h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-o]1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosan-16-yl]benzenecarboximidic acid

C54H80N8O10 (1000.5997100000001)

3-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl)-6-methylhept-1-en-4-one

C15H24O3 (252.1725354)

pleurotine

C21H22O5 (354.1467162)

(3as,6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-3ah-spiro[1-benzofuran-3,2'-oxiran]-2-one

C10H14O5 (214.08411940000002)

(2r,3ar,6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-5',5',6-trimethyl-3-methylidene-tetrahydro-3ah-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,2'-oxolan]-3'-one

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2-(2-methylpropanoyl)-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydro-3ah-1-benzofuran-3-carbaldehyde

C14H20O5 (268.13106700000003)

(1r,4r,5r,10r,13r,15s,18r)-5-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-4,10,18-trimethyl-12,19,20-trioxahexacyclo[9.7.1.1¹⁰,¹³.0¹,⁹.0⁴,⁸.0¹³,¹⁸]icos-8-en-15-ol

C29H44O4 (456.3239424)

[12-(chloromethylidene)-4,14-dioxatricyclo[7.5.0.0³,⁷]tetradeca-1(9),2,5,7,10-pentaen-5-yl]acetic acid

C15H11ClO4 (290.0345836)

5-methyl-7,16-dioxahexacyclo[13.6.1.0¹,⁸.0⁴,²¹.0⁹,¹⁴.0¹⁸,²²]docosa-9(14),11-diene-10,13,17-trione

C21H22O5 (354.1467162)

(2s,3s)-2-[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-[(2s)-2-[(2s)-n,3-dimethyl-2-(n-methyl-1-phenylformamido)butanamido]-n,3-dimethylbutanamido]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-n,3-dimethylbutanamido]-n,3-dimethylpentanimidic acid

C38H64N6O6 (700.4887084)

8-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-16-hydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-18,19-dioxapentacyclo[10.5.2.0¹,¹³.0⁴,¹².0⁵,⁹]nonadec-3-en-2-one

C28H42O4 (442.30829320000004)

1-(5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-5,5a,7-triol

C28H48O3 (432.36032579999994)

1-(1-{2-[(2-amino-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene)amino]-3-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propanoyl}pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)-n-[1-(2-{[2-hydroxy-1-({1-[(2-hydroxy-1-{[2-hydroxy-1-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-2-sulfanylethyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)propyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]pyrrolidine-2-carboximidic acid

C41H68N12O15S (1000.4647578)

(1r,4s,5r,5ar,7s,9ar,9bs,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,4h,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-4,5,5a,7-tetrol

C28H46O4 (446.3395916)

1-(6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-methylidene-hexahydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)-2-methylpropan-1-one

C14H22O4 (254.1518012)

[(5as,5bs,7s,7as,11as,11bs,13as)-7-hydroxy-5b,8,8,13a-tetramethyl-3-oxo-1h,4h,5h,5ah,6h,7h,7ah,9h,10h,11h,11bh,12h,13h-chryseno[1,2-c]furan-11a-yl]methyl acetate

C27H40O5 (444.28755900000004)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-5a,7,9b-trihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-5-one

C28H44O4 (444.3239424)

1-[(2s,3ar,6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-methylidene-hexahydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-3-methylbutan-1-one

C15H24O4 (268.1674504)

(1r,3ar,9as,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,8h,9h,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one

C28H40O (392.307899)

stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3β)-

C29H50O (414.386145)

(9z,12z)-n-[(2s,3r,4e,8e)-1,3-dihydroxy-9-methyloctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]octadeca-9,12-dienimidic acid

C37H67NO3 (573.5120671999999)

methyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(methoxymethylidene)-6-phenylhexa-3,5-dienoate

C16H18O4 (274.1205028)

(1r,3ar,7s,9as,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-3a,7-dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,6h,7h,8h,9h,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-4-one

C28H42O3 (426.3133782)

(1s,4r,5s,8r,15s,18r,21s,22s)-5-methyl-7,16-dioxahexacyclo[13.6.1.0¹,⁸.0⁴,²¹.0⁹,¹⁴.0¹⁸,²²]docosa-9(14),11-diene-10,13,17-trione

C21H22O5 (354.1467162)

6,7-dihydroxy-3,5',5',6-tetramethyl-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydrospiro[1-benzofuran-2,2'-oxolan]-3'-one

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

n-[6-benzyl-4-hydroxy-9,12-diisopropyl-2,3,8,11,15,18,21,22,26-nonamethyl-19-(2-methylpropyl)-1,7,10,13,17,20,23-heptaoxo-3h,6h,9h,12h,15h,16h,19h,22h,25h,26h,27h,27ah-pyrrolo[2,1-o]1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosan-16-yl]benzenecarboximidic acid

C53H78N8O10 (986.5840608)

1-[(2s,3ar,6s,7r,7as)-2,6,7-trihydroxy-6-methyl-3-methylidene-tetrahydro-3ah-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-en-1-one

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

10-[(2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)sulfanyl]-17-methyl-9,12-dioxo-15-oxapentacyclo[12.6.0.0¹,⁶.0²,¹⁸.0⁸,¹³]icosa-8(13),10-diene-5-carboxylic acid

C24H28O8S (476.1504808)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,8h,9h,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one

C28H40O (392.307899)

[(12e)-12-(chloromethylidene)-4,14-dioxatricyclo[7.5.0.0³,⁷]tetradeca-1(9),2,5,7,10-pentaen-5-yl]acetic acid

C15H11ClO4 (290.0345836)

1-(6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-methylidene-hexahydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)-3-methylbutan-1-one

C15H24O4 (268.1674504)

[(12z)-12-(chloromethylidene)-4,14-dioxatricyclo[7.5.0.0³,⁷]tetradeca-1(9),2,5,7,10-pentaen-5-yl]acetic acid

C15H11ClO4 (290.0345836)

1-[(3e)-3-(chloromethylidene)-2h-1-benzoxepin-7-yl]ethanone

C13H11ClO2 (234.0447536)

(2s)-2-[(2s,3s)-2-[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-[(2s)-2-[(2s)-n,3-dimethyl-2-(n-methyl-1-phenylformamido)butanamido]-n,3-dimethylbutanamido]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-n,3-dimethylbutanamido]-n,3-dimethylpentanamido]-3-methylbutanoic acid

C43H72N6O8 (800.5411352000001)

15-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-1,7-dihydroxy-10,14-dimethyl-18-oxatetracyclo[12.3.1.0²,¹¹.0⁵,¹⁰]octadeca-2(11),4-dien-3-one

C28H42O4 (442.30829320000004)

(2s,3s)-2-[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-1-hydroxy-2-[(2s,3s)-2-[(2s)-2-[(2e)-3-methanesulfinyl-n-methylprop-2-enamido]-n-methylpropanamido]-n,3-dimethylpentanamido]-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-n,3-dimethylbutanamido]-n,3-dimethylpentanimidic acid

C34H62N6O7S (698.4400462000001)

(2s,3ar,6s,7r,7as)-2-[(1r)-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl]-6-methyl-3-methylidene-hexahydro-1-benzofuran-6,7-diol

C15H26O4 (270.1830996)

(2s,3s)-2-[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-2-[(2s,3s)-n,3-dimethyl-2-[(2s)-n-methyl-2-[(2e)-n-methyl-3-(methylsulfanyl)prop-2-enamido]propanamido]pentanamido]-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-n,3-dimethylbutanamido]-n,3-dimethylpentanimidic acid

C34H62N6O6S (682.4451312000001)

(3s,6e,10s)-2,6,10-trimethyldodeca-6,11-diene-2,3,10-triol

C15H28O3 (256.2038338)

n-[(2s,3r,4e,8e)-1,3-dihydroxy-9-methyloctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]hexadecanimidic acid

C35H67NO3 (549.5120672)

(6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-hexahydro-1-benzofuran-2-one

C10H16O4 (200.10485359999998)

(2s,3ar,6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-5',5',6-trimethyl-3-methylidene-tetrahydro-3ah-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,2'-oxolan]-3'-one

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

7-(hydroxymethyl)-5,7-dimethyl-1-methylidene-2h,4h,5h,6h,8h-indeno[5,4-b]furan-3a,8b-diol

C15H22O4 (266.1518012)

(1r,2s,5r,6s,14s,17s,18s)-10-{[(2r)-2-carboxy-2-[(1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]ethyl]sulfanyl}-17-methyl-9,12-dioxo-15-oxapentacyclo[12.6.0.0¹,⁶.0²,¹⁸.0⁸,¹³]icosa-8(13),10-diene-5-carboxylic acid

C26H31NO8S (517.1770286)

6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-methylidene-tetrahydro-3ah-1-benzofuran-2-one

C10H14O4 (198.0892044)

5-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-4,10,18-trimethyl-12,19,20-trioxahexacyclo[9.7.1.1¹⁰,¹³.0¹,⁹.0⁴,⁸.0¹³,¹⁸]icos-8-en-15-ol

C29H44O4 (456.3239424)

(6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran-2-one

C10H14O4 (198.0892044)

2-(2-{[2-(n,3-dimethyl-2-{n-methyl-2-[n-methyl-3-(methylsulfanyl)prop-2-enamido]propanamido}pentanamido)-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-n,3-dimethylbutanamido)-n,3-dimethylpentanimidic acid

C34H62N6O6S (682.4451312000001)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,5ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol

C28H46O (398.3548466)

ergosta-5,7-dien-3β-ol

C28H46O (398.3548466)

(1s,4s,6s,9r,10r,13s,14s,17s)-9-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-10,14-dimethyl-5,19,20-trioxahexacyclo[11.5.2.0¹,¹⁴.0⁴,⁶.0⁴,¹³.0⁶,¹⁰]icos-2-en-17-ol

C28H42O4 (442.30829320000004)

5-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-6,10-dimethyl-16,17-dioxapentacyclo[13.2.2.0¹,⁹.0²,⁶.0¹⁰,¹⁵]nonadec-18-en-13-ol

C28H44O3 (428.3290274)

6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydro-3ah-1-benzofuran-3-carbaldehyde

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

{n'-[(2s)-1-methoxy-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]hydrazinecarbonyl}formic acid

C12H14N2O5 (266.0902674)

(2r)-n-[(2s,3r,4e,8e)-1,3-dihydroxy-9-methyloctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]-2-hydroxytetradecanimidic acid

C33H63NO4 (537.4756838000001)

(1r,2s,5r,8r,9r,12r,13r,16s)-8-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-9,13-dimethyl-18,19-dioxapentacyclo[10.5.2.0¹,¹³.0⁴,¹².0⁵,⁹]nonadec-3-ene-2,16-diol

C28H44O4 (444.3239424)

(1r,2r,5r,8r,9r,12r,13r,16s)-8-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-9,13-dimethyl-18,19-dioxapentacyclo[10.5.2.0¹,¹³.0⁴,¹².0⁵,⁹]nonadec-3-ene-2,16-diol

C28H44O4 (444.3239424)

1-(5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol

C28H46O (398.3548466)

(1r,3ar,5ar,7s,9ar,9bs,11ar)-1-[(2r,5s)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-5a,7-dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-5-one

C28H46O3 (430.34467659999996)

5-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2-one

C7H10O3 (142.062991)

15-(5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl)-6,11-dihydroxy-9,16-dimethyl-3-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.0²,⁴.0⁴,⁹.0¹²,¹⁶]octadecan-10-one

C28H46O4 (446.3395916)

6,7-dihydroxy-5',5',6-trimethyl-3-methylidene-tetrahydro-3ah-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,2'-oxolan]-3'-one

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

(2r,6s,7r,7as)-6,7-dihydroxy-3,5',5',6-tetramethyl-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydrospiro[1-benzofuran-2,2'-oxolan]-3'-one

C15H22O5 (282.1467162)

(6r)-6-[(3s)-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-4-oxohept-1-en-2-yl]-3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one

C15H22O3 (250.1568862)

(3as,6r,7s,7ar)-6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2-(2-methylpropanoyl)-4,5,7,7a-tetrahydro-3ah-1-benzofuran-3-carbaldehyde

C14H20O5 (268.13106700000003)

2-{2-[(2-{2-[n,3-dimethyl-2-(n-methyl-1-phenylformamido)butanamido]-n,3-dimethylbutanamido}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-n,3-dimethylbutanamido}-n,3-dimethylpentanimidic acid

C38H64N6O6 (700.4887084)

n-(1,3-dihydroxy-9-methyloctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl)hexadecanimidic acid

C35H67NO3 (549.5120672)

methyl 2-(carbamoylformamido)-4-methylpentanoate

C9H16N2O4 (216.1110016)

(1r,3ar,5ar,7s,9ar,9bs,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-5a,7-dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-5-one

C28H44O3 (428.3290274)

9-isopropyl-6-methylidene-3,12-dioxatetracyclo[5.5.0.0¹,¹¹.0²,⁴]dodecane-5,8-diol

C14H20O4 (252.136152)

2-{2-[(1-hydroxy-2-{2-[2-(3-methanesulfinyl-n-methylprop-2-enamido)-n-methylpropanamido]-n,3-dimethylpentanamido}-3-methylbutylidene)amino]-n,3-dimethylbutanamido}-n,3-dimethylpentanimidic acid

C34H62N6O7S (698.4400462000001)