Exact Mass: 445.284146

Exact Mass Matches: 445.284146

Found 94 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 445.284146, within given mass tolerance error 0.01 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error 0.001 dalton.

Dynorphin B (10-13)

(2S,3S)-2-{[(2R)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2R)-2,6-diamino-1-hydroxyhexylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylidene]amino}-3-hydroxybutanoate

C20H39N5O6 (445.2900194)

Dynorphin B (10-13) is fraction of Dynorphin B with only Lys-Val-Val-Thr peptide chain. Dynorphin B is an agonist of nuclear opioid receptors coupling nuclear protein Kinase C activation to the transcription of cardiogenic genes in GTR1 embryonic stem cells. Dynorphin B is a form of dynorphin.Dynorphins are a class of opioid peptides that arise from the precursor protein prodynorphin. When prodynorphin is cleaved during processing by proprotein convertase 2 (PC2), multiple active peptides are released: dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and a/b-neo-endorphin. Depolarization of a neuron containing prodynorphin stimulates PC2 processing, which occurs within synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Occasionally, prodynorphin is not fully processed, leading to the release of "big dynorphin."This 32-amino acid molecule consists of both dynorphin A and dynorphin B.Dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and big dynorphin all contain a high proportion of basic amino acid residues, in particular lysine and arginine (29.4\\%, 23.1\\%, and 31.2\\% basic residues, respectively), as well as many hydrophobic residues (41.2\\%, 30.8\\%, and 34.4\\% hydrophobic residues, respectively). Although dynorphins are found widely distributed in the CNS, they have the highest concentrations in the hypothalamus, medulla, pons, midbrain, and spinal cord. Dynorphins are stored in large (80-120 nm diameter) dense-core vesicles that are considerably larger than vesicles storing neurotransmitters. These large dense-core vesicles differ from small synaptic vesicles in that a more intense and prolonged stimulus is needed to cause the large vesicles to release their contents into the synaptic cleft. Dense-core vesicle storage is characteristic of opioid peptides storage. The first clues to the functionality of dynorphins came from Goldstein et al. in their work with opioid peptides. The group discovered an endogenous opioid peptide in the porcine pituitary that proved difficult to isolate. By sequencing the first 13 amino acids of the peptide, they created a synthetic version of the peptide with a similar potency to the natural peptide. Goldstein et al. applied the synthetic peptide to the guinea ileum longitudinal muscle and found it to be an extraordinarily potent opioid peptide. The peptide was called dynorphin (from the Greek dynamis=power) to describe its potency. Dynorphins exert their effects primarily through the κ-opioid receptor (KOR), a G-protein-coupled receptor. Two subtypes of KORs have been identified: K1 and K2. Although KOR is the primary receptor for all dynorphins, the peptides do have some affinity for the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), d-opioid receptor (DOR), N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor. Different dynorphins show different receptor selectivities and potencies at receptors. Big dynorphin and dynorphin A have the same selectivity for human KOR, but dynorphin A is more selective for KOR over MOR and DOR than is big dynorphin. Big dynorphin is more potent at KORs than is dynorphin A. Both big dynorphin and dynorphin A are more potent and more selective than dynorphin B (Wikipedia). Dynorphin B (10-13) is fraction of Dynorphin B with only Lys-Val-Val-Thr peptide chain.