Exact Mass: 1019.3241
Exact Mass Matches: 1019.3241
Found 26 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 1019.3241,
within given mass tolerance error 0.0002 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error
4.0E-5 dalton.
3-Oxohexadecanoyl-CoA
3-Oxohexadecanoyl-CoA has a role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acid. It is involved in the pathway, fatty acid elongation in mitochondria. In this pathway Acetyl-CoA is acted upon by the enzyme, acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase to produce 3-Oxohexadecanoyl-CoA. Since coenzyme A is chemically a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. It assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. When it is not attached to an acyl group it is usually referred to as CoASH or HSCoA. [HMDB] 3-Oxohexadecanoyl-CoA has a role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acid. It is involved in the pathway, fatty acid elongation in mitochondria. In this pathway Acetyl-CoA is acted upon by the enzyme, acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase to produce 3-Oxohexadecanoyl-CoA. Since coenzyme A is chemically a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. It assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. When it is not attached to an acyl group it is usually referred to as CoASH or HSCoA.
(S)-3-hydroxypalmitoleoyl-CoA
(S)-3-hydroxypalmitoleoyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA to (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA.(S)-3-hydroxypalmitoleoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]; (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (KEGG) [HMDB] (S)-3-hydroxypalmitoleoyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA to (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA.(S)-3-hydroxypalmitoleoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]; (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (KEGG).
3-oxo-octanoyl-CoA
3-oxo-octanoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain 3-oxoacyl CoAs. Long-chain 3-oxoacyl CoAs are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A derivative, which is 3-oxo acylated long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 3-oxo-octanoyl-CoA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic. 3-oxo-octanoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
(10Z)-7-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA
(10z)-7-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (10Z)-7-hydroxyhexadec-10-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (10z)-7-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (10z)-7-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (10z)-7-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (10Z)-7-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (10Z)-7-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (10Z)-7-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into (10Z)-7-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (10Z)-7-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine is converted back to (10Z)-7-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (10Z)-7-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (10Z)-7-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (10Z)-7-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition...
(3Z)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA
(3z)-9-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (3Z)-9-hydroxyhexadec-3-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (3z)-9-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (3z)-9-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (3z)-9-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (3Z)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (3Z)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (3Z)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into (3Z)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (3Z)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine is converted back to (3Z)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (3Z)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (3Z)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (3Z)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water acros...
(6E)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA
(6e)-9-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (6E)-9-hydroxyhexadec-6-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (6e)-9-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (6e)-9-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (6e)-9-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (6E)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (6E)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (6E)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into (6E)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (6E)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine is converted back to (6E)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (6E)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (6E)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (6E)-9-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water acros...
(10Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA
(10z)-12-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (10Z)-12-hydroxyhexadec-10-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (10z)-12-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (10z)-12-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (10z)-12-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (10Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (10Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (10Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into (10Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (10Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine is converted back to (10Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (10Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (10Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (10Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyze...
(9Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA
(9z)-12-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (9Z)-12-hydroxyhexadec-9-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (9z)-12-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (9z)-12-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (9z)-12-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (9Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (9Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (9Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into (9Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (9Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine is converted back to (9Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (9Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (9Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (9Z)-12-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition ...
(2E)-4-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA
(2e)-4-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2E)-4-hydroxyhexadec-2-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2e)-4-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2e)-4-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2e)-4-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2E)-4-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2E)-4-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2E)-4-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into (2E)-4-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2E)-4-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine is converted back to (2E)-4-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2E)-4-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2E)-4-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2E)-4-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water acros...
(8Z)-10-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA
(8z)-10-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (8Z)-10-hydroxyhexadec-8-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (8z)-10-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (8z)-10-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (8z)-10-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (8Z)-10-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (8Z)-10-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (8Z)-10-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA into (8Z)-10-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (8Z)-10-Hydroxyhexadecenoylcarnitine is converted back to (8Z)-10-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (8Z)-10-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (8Z)-10-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (8Z)-10-Hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition ...
(3S,7Z)-3-hydroxyhexadecenoyl-CoA
An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (3S,7Z)-3-hydroxyhexadecenoic acid.
