Classification Term: 4210

Hydrogen sulfide

H2S (33.9877212)

Hydrogen sulfide, also known as h2s or acide sulfhydrique, is a member of the class of compounds known as other non-metal sulfides. Other non-metal sulfides are inorganic compounds containing a sulfur atom of an oxidation state of -2, in which the heaviest atom bonded to the oxygen belongs to the class of other non-metals. Hydrogen sulfide can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, agar, devilfish, and nutmeg, which makes hydrogen sulfide a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hydrogen sulfide can be found primarily in blood and feces, as well as throughout most human tissues. Hydrogen sulfide exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, hydrogen sulfide is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include cysteine metabolism and cystinosis, ocular nonnephropathic. Hydrogen sulfide is also involved in beta-mercaptolactate-cysteine disulfiduria, which is a metabolic disorder. Moreover, hydrogen sulfide is found to be associated with hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Hydrogen sulfide is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Hydrogen sulfide often results from the microbial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen gas, such as in swamps and sewers; this process is commonly known as anaerobic digestion. H 2S also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas, and in some sources of well water. The human body produces small amounts of H 2S and uses it as a signaling molecule . Treatment involves immediate inhalation of amyl nitrite, injections of sodium nitrite, inhalation of pure oxygen, administration of bronchodilators to overcome eventual bronchospasm, and in some cases hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO). HBO therapy has anecdotal support and remains controversial (L1139) (T3DB). Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. Because it is heavier than air it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces. Although very pungent at first, it quickly deadens the sense of smell, so potential victims may be unaware of its presence until it is too late. H2S arises from virtually anywhere where elemental sulfur comes into contact with organic material, especially at high temperatures. Hydrogen sulfide is a covalent hydride chemically related to water (H2O) since oxygen and sulfur occur in the same periodic table group. It often results when bacteria break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps, and sewers (alongside the process of anaerobic digestion). It also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas and some well waters. It is also important to note that Hydrogen sulfide is a central participant in the sulfur cycle, the biogeochemical cycle of sulfur on Earth. As mentioned above, sulfur-reducing and sulfate-reducing bacteria derive energy from oxidizing hydrogen or organic molecules in the absence of oxygen by reducing sulfur or sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. Other bacteria liberate hydrogen sulfide from sulfur-containing amino acids. Several groups of bacteria can use hydrogen sulfide as fuel, oxidizing it to elemental sulfur or to sulfate by using oxygen or nitrate as oxidant. The purple sulfur bacteria and the green sulfur bacteria use hydrogen sulfide as electron donor in photosynthesis, thereby producing elemental sulfur. (In fact, this mode of photosynthesis is older than the mode of cyanobacteria, algae and plants which uses water as electron donor and liberates oxygen). Hydrogen sulfide can be found in Alcaligenes, Chromobacteriumn, Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas (PMID: 13061742). D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D064426 - Gasotransmitters D004785 - Environmental Pollutants > D000393 - Air Pollutants

Carbon disulfide

CS2 (75.944144)

Obsolete fumigant against insects in stored grain and potatoes. Carbon disulfide is found in kohlrabi and shiitake. Carbon disulfide is found in kohlrabi. Obsolete fumigant against insects in stored grain and potatoes.

Sulfide

S (31.972072)

A sulfide or sulphide (UK) is an anion of sulfur in its lowest oxidation state of 2-. Sulfide is also a slightly archaic term for thioethers, a common type oforganosulfur compound that are well known for their bad odors. Sulfides are moderately strong reducing agents. They react with oxygen in the air in elevated temperatures to form higher-valence sulfur salts, such as sulfates and sulfur dioxide. (Wikipedia). Sulfur (Greek is theion) is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, tasteless, odorless, multivalent non-metal. Sulfur, in its native form, is a yellow crystalline solid. In nature, it can be found as the pure element or as sulfide and sulfate minerals. It is an essential element for life, and is widely used in biochemical processes. Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and also in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin. The amino acids cysteine and methionine contain sulfur, as do all polypeptides, proteins, and enzymes which contain these amino acids. This makes sulfur a necessary component of all living cells. Disulfide bonds between polypeptides are very important in protein assembly and structure. They are largely responsible for the mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers, and the element contributes to their pungent odor when burned. (Wikipedia). Homocysteine and taurine are also sulfur containing amino acids but are not coded for by DNA nor are they part of the primary structure of proteins. Some forms of bacteria use hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the place of water as the electron donor in a primitive photosynthesis-like process. Sulfur is absorbed by plants via the roots from soil as the sulfate ion and reduced to sulfide before it is incorporated into cysteine and other organic sulfur compounds (sulfur assimilation). Inorganic sulfur forms a part of iron-sulfur clusters, and sulfur is the bridging ligand in the CuA site of cytochrome c oxidase. Sulfur is an important component of coenzyme A. At room temperature, sulfur is a soft bright yellow solid. Although sulfur is blamed for the smell of rotten eggs elemental sulfur has only the faintest odor (the odor associated with rotten eggs is actually due to hydrogen sulfide and organic sulfur compounds). It burns with a blue flame that emits sulfur dioxide, notable for its peculiar suffocating odor. Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide and to a lesser extent in other organic solvents such as benzene. Through its major derivative, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), sulfur ranks as one of the more important industrial raw materials. It is of prime importance to every sector of the worlds economies. The Latin name of the element is sulfur with an F. Since it is an original Latin name and not a Classical Greek loan, the fricative phoneme is indeed denoted with f rather than ph. Its commercial uses are primarily in fertilizers, but it is also widely used in gunpowder, matches, insecticides and fungicides; A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed.) The burning of coal and petroleum by industry and power plants liberates huge amounts of sulfur dioxide (SO2) which reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce sulfuric acid. This sulfuric acid is a component of acid rain, which lowers the pH of soil and freshwater bodies, resulting in substantial damage to the natural environment and chemical weathering of statues and architecture. A sulfide is an anion of sulfur in its lowest oxidation state of 2-. [Wikipedia]

Selenium Sulfide

SSe (111.888593)

Selenium Sulfide is an antifungal agent as well as a cytostatic agent, slowing the growth of hyperproliferative cells in seborrhea. Selenium Sulfide is the active ingredient often used in shampoos for the treatment of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis and tinea capitis, a fungal infection that is primarily a disease of preadolescent children. D - Dermatologicals > D01 - Antifungals for dermatological use > D01A - Antifungals for topical use D003879 - Dermatologic Agents

Disulfur

S2 (63.944144)

Cyclic sulfur S8

S8 (255.776576)

Sulfur, also known as octasulphur or s8, is a member of the class of compounds known as other non-metal sulfides. Other non-metal sulfides are inorganic compounds containing a sulfur atom of an oxidation state of -2, in which the heaviest atom bonded to the oxygen belongs to the class of other non-metals. Sulfur can be found in soft-necked garlic, which makes sulfur a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Though sometimes found in pure, native form, sulfur usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China, and Egypt. In the Bible, sulfur is called brimstone. Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum. The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of sulfuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers, and other chemical processes. The element sulfur is used in matches, insecticides, and fungicides. Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic are due to organosulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide gives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes . Sulfur acts as a keratolytic agent and also it has antibacterial activity. It also kills fungi, scabies mites and other parasites. Precipitated sulfur and colloidal sulfur are used, in form of lotions, creams, powders, soaps, and bath additives, for the treatment of acne vulgaris, acne rosacea, and seborrhoeic dermatitis (DrugBank).