Classification Term: 199198

Folic acid

C19H19N7O6 (441.1397)

Folic acid appears as odorless orange-yellow needles or platelets. Darkens and chars from approximately 482 °F. Folic acid is an N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation. It has a role as a human metabolite, a nutrient and a mouse metabolite. It is a member of folic acids and a N-acyl-amino acid. It is functionally related to a pteroic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a folate(2-). Folic acid, also known as folate or Vitamin B9, is a member of the B vitamin family and an essential cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA and RNA synthesis. More specifically, folic acid is required by the body for the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and methionine before incorporation into DNA or protein. Folic acid is particularly important during phases of rapid cell division, such as infancy, pregnancy, and erythropoiesis, and plays a protective factor in the development of cancer. As humans are unable to synthesize folic acid endogenously, diet and supplementation is necessary to prevent deficiencies. For example, folic acid is present in green vegetables, beans, avocado, and some fruits. In order to function within the body, folic acid must first be reduced by the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) into the cofactors dihydrofolate (DHF) and tetrahydrofolate (THF). This important pathway, which is required for de novo synthesis of nucleic acids and amino acids, is disrupted by anti-metabolite therapies such as [DB00563] as they function as DHFR inhibitors to prevent DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells, and therefore prevent the formation of DHF and THF. When used in high doses such as for cancer therapy, or in low doses such as for Rheumatoid Arthritis or psoriasis, [DB00563] impedes the bodys ability to create folic acid. This results in a deficiency of coenzymes and a resultant buildup of toxic substances that are responsible for numerous adverse side effects. As a result, supplementation with 1-5mg of folic acid is recommended to prevent deficiency and a number of side effects associated with MTX therapy including mouth ulcers and gastrointestinal irritation. [DB00650] (also known as folinic acid) supplementation is typically used for high-dose MTX regimens for the treatment of cancer. Levoleucovorin and leucovorin are analogs of tetrahydrofolate (THF) and are able to bypass DHFR reduction to act as a cellular replacement for the co-factor THF. There are also several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that are associated with reduced serum and red blood cell folate, including [DB00564] (CBZ), [DB00252] (PHT), or barbiturates. Folic acid is therefore often provided as supplementation to individuals using these medications, particularly to women of child-bearing age. Inadequate folate levels can result in a number of health concerns including cardiovascular disease, megaloblastic anemias, cognitive deficiencies, and neural tube defects (NTDs). Folic acid is typically supplemented during pregnancy to prevent the development of NTDs and in individuals with alcoholism to prevent the development of neurological disorders, for example. Folic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). CID 6037 is a natural product found in Beta vulgaris, Angelica sinensis, and other organisms with data available. Folic Acid is a collective term for pteroylglutamic acids and their oligoglutamic acid conjugates. As a natural water-soluble substance, folic acid is involved in carbon transfer reactions of amino acid metabolism, in addition to purine and pyrimidine synthesis, and is essential for hematopoiesis and red blood cell production. (NCI05) A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treat... Folic acid or folate, is a vitamin that belongs to the class of compounds known as pterins. Chemically, folate consists of three distinct chemical moieties linked together. A pterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-pteridine) linked by a methylene bridge to a p-aminobenzoyl group that in turn is linked through an amide linkage to glutamic acid. It is a member of the vitamin B family and is primarily known as vitamin B9. Folate is required for the body to make DNA and RNA and metabolize amino acids necessary for cell division for the hematopoietic system. As humans cannot make folate, it is required in the diet, making it an essential nutrient (i.e. a vitamin). Folate occurs naturally in many foods including mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (poaceae). Folic acid, being biochemically inactive, is converted to tetrahydrofolic acid and methyltetrahydrofolate by the enzyme known as dihydrofolate reductase. Tetrahydrofolate and methyltetrahydrofolate are transported across cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis where they are needed to maintain normal erythropoiesis, synthesize purine and thymidylate nucleic acids, interconvert amino acids and generate formic acid. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in babies. Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with NTDs (PMID: 28097362). Folic acid is also a microbial metabolite produced by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (PMID: 22254078). An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B03 - Antianemic preparations > B03B - Vitamin b12 and folic acid > B03BB - Folic acid and derivatives COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D006397 - Hematinics D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents Dietary supplement Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Formula(Parent): C19H19N7O6; Bottle Name:Folic acid ,approx; PRIME Parent Name:Folic acid; PRIME in-house No.:V0080; SubCategory_DNP: Pteridines and analogues, Pteridine alkaloids Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.543 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 134 Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4]. Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4].

Cis-Hydroxyproline

C5H9NO3 (131.0582)

Cis 4-hydroxyproline, also known as L-allo-hydroxyproline or (2s,4s)-4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, belongs to proline and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Cis 4-hydroxyproline is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cis 4-hydroxyproline can be found in a number of food items such as green bell pepper, wheat, nanking cherry, and oat, which makes cis 4-hydroxyproline a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline is l-Proline in which a hydrogen at the 4-position of the pyrrolidine ring is substituted by a hydroxy group (S-configuration). It has a role as a metabolite. It is a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid and a 4-hydroxyproline. It is a tautomer of a cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline zwitterion. A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. cis-4-Hydroxyproline is classified as a proline derivative. It is considered to be a soluble (in water), acidic compound. cis-4-Hydroxyproline can be found in numerous foods such as dills, green zucchinis, saskatoon berries, and Japanese pumpkins. L-Proline in which a hydrogen at the 4-position of the pyrrolidine ring is substituted by a hydroxy group (S-configuration). [Spectral] 4-Hydroxy-L-proline (exact mass = 131.05824) and L-Threonine (exact mass = 119.05824) and Taurine (exact mass = 125.01466) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. KEIO_ID H004 cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline, a proline analogue, is an inhibitor of collagen production. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline could inhibit fibroblast growth by preventing the deposition of triple-helical collagen on the cell layer. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline also depresses the growth of primary N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors[1][2][3][4]. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline, a proline analogue, is an inhibitor of collagen production. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline could inhibit fibroblast growth by preventing the deposition of triple-helical collagen on the cell layer. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline also depresses the growth of primary N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors[1][2][3][4]. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals.

Asparagine

C4H8N2O3 (132.0535)

Asparagine (Asn) or L-asparagine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-asparagine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Asparagine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans, asparagine is not an essential amino acid, which means that it can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. The precursor to asparagine is oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate using a transaminase enzyme. This enzyme transfers the amino group from glutamate to oxaloacetate producing alpha-ketoglutarate and aspartate. The enzyme asparagine synthetase produces asparagine, AMP, glutamate, and pyrophosphate from aspartate, glutamine, and ATP. In the asparagine synthetase reaction, ATP is used to activate aspartate, forming beta-aspartyl-AMP. Glutamine donates an ammonium group which reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to form asparagine and free AMP. Since the asparagine side chain can make efficient hydrogen bond interactions with the peptide backbone, asparagines are often found near the beginning and end of alpha-helices, and in turn motifs in beta sheets. Its role can be thought as "capping" the hydrogen bond interactions which would otherwise need to be satisfied by the polypeptide backbone. Asparagine also provides key sites for N-linked glycosylation, a modification of the protein chain that is characterized by the addition of carbohydrate chains. A reaction between asparagine and reducing sugars or reactive carbonyls produces acrylamide (acrylic amide) in food when heated to sufficient temperature (i.e. baking). These occur primarily in baked goods such as French fries, potato chips, and roasted coffee. Asparagine was first isolated in 1806 from asparagus juice --hence its name. Asparagine was the first amino acid to be isolated. The smell observed in the urine of some individuals after the consumption of asparagus is attributed to a byproduct of the metabolic breakdown of asparagine, asparagine-amino-succinic-acid monoamide. However, some scientists disagree and implicate other substances in the smell, especially methanethiol. [Spectral] L-Asparagine (exact mass = 132.05349) and L-Aspartate (exact mass = 133.03751) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. One of the nonessential amino acids. Dietary supplement, nutrient. Widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Isolated from asparagus, beetroot, peas, beans, etc. (-)-Asparagine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=70-47-3 (retrieved 2024-07-15) (CAS RN: 70-47-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Asparagine ((-)-Asparagine) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. L-Asparagine ((-)-Asparagine) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue.

L-Arginine

C6H14N4O2 (174.1117)

Arginine (Arg), also known as L-argninine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-asparagine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Arginine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Arginine is an essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. It is classified as a charged, basic, aliphatic amino acid. Arginine is considered to be a basic amino acid as it has a strongly basic guanidinium group. With a pKa of 12.48, the guanidinium group is positively charged in neutral, acidic, and even most basic environments. Because of the conjugation between the double bond and the nitrogen lone pairs, the positive charge is delocalized. This group is able to form multiple H-bonds. In mammals, arginine is formally classified as a semi-essential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. Infants are unable to effectively synthesize arginine, making it nutritionally essential for infants. Adults, however, are able to synthesize arginine in the urea cycle. L-Arginine is an amino acid that has numerous functions in the body. It helps dispose of ammonia, is used to make compounds such as nitric oxide, creatine, L-glutamate, and L-proline, and it can be converted into glucose and glycogen if needed. Arginine also plays an important role in cell division, immunity and wound healing. Arginine is the immediate precursor of nitric oxide (NO), an important signaling molecule which can act as a second messenger, as well as an intercellular messenger which regulates vasodilation, and also has functions in the immune systems reaction to infection. Nitric oxide is made via the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (PMID 10690324). Arginine is also a precursor for several important nitrogen-containing compounds including urea, ornithine, and agmatine. Arginine is necessary for the synthesis of creatine and can be used for the synthesis of polyamines (mainly through ornithine and to a lesser degree through agmatine, citrulline, and glutamate.) The presence of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in serum or plasma, a close relative of argninine, inhibits the nitric oxide synthase reaction. ADMA is considered a marker for vascular disease, just as L-arginine is considered a sign of a healthy endothelium. In large doses, L-arginine also stimulates the release of the hormones growth hormone and prolactin. Arginine is a known inducer of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and is responsible for inducing protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin partially reduces arginine-induced protein synthesis (PMID: 20841502). Catabolic disease states such as sepsis, injury, and cancer cause an increase in arginine utilization, which can exceed normal body production, leading to arginine depletion. Arginine also activates AMP kinase (AMPK) which then stimulates skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and muscle glucose uptake, thereby increasing insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells (PMID: 21311355). Arginine is found in plant and animal proteins, such as dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, and nuts. The ratio of L-arginine to lysine is also important: soy and other plant proteins have more L-arginine than animal sources of protein. [Spectral] L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) and L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. L-Arginine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=74-79-3 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 74-79-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2]. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2].

Guanidinoacetate

C3H7N3O2 (117.0538)

Guanidoacetic acid (GAA), also known as guanidinoacetate or glycocyamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Guanidinoacetic acid was first prepared in 1861 by Adolph Strecker by reaction of cyanamide with glycine in aqueous solution. Manufactured guanidinoacetic acid is primarily used a feed additive approved by EFSA in poultry farming (for fattening), and pigs for fattening. Guanidoacetic acid exists naturally in all vertebrates. It is formed primarily in the kidneys by transferring the guanidine group of L-arginine to the amino acid glycine via the enzyme known as L-Arg:Gly-amidinotransferase (AGAT). In a further step, guanidinoacetate is methylated to generate creatine using S-adenosyl methionine (as the methyl donor) via the enzyme known as guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT). The resulting creatine is released into the bloodstream. Elevated levels of guanidoacetic acid are a characteristic of an inborn metabolic disorder known as Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase (GAMT) Deficiency. GAMT converts guanidinoacetate to creatine and deficiency of this enzyme results in creatine depletion and accumulation of guanidinoacetate The disorder is transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion and is localized to mutations on chromosome 19p13.3. GAMT deficiency is characterized by developmental arrest, medication-resistant epilepsy (myoclonic, generalized tonic-clonic, partial complex, atonic), severe speech impairment, progressive dystonia, dyskinesias, hypotonia, ataxia, and autistic-like behavior. Guanidino acetic acid, also known as guanidinoacetate or glycocyamine, belongs to alpha amino acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Guanidino acetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Guanidino acetic acid can be found in apple and loquat, which makes guanidino acetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Guanidino acetic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cellular cytoplasm, feces, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as in human brain, kidney and liver tissues. In humans, guanidino acetic acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include arginine and proline metabolism and glycine and serine metabolism. Guanidino acetic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency (DHPD), hyperprolinemia type II, prolinemia type II, and hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria [hhh-syndrome]. Moreover, guanidino acetic acid is found to be associated with chronic renal failure and schizophrenia. Guanidino acetic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Chronic Exposure: Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D000345 - Affinity Labels Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.

Aspartate

C4H7NO4 (133.0375)

Aspartic acid (Asp), also known as L-aspartic acid or as aspartate, the name of its anion, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-aspartic acid is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Aspartic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an acidic, charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans, aspartic acid is a nonessential amino acid derived from glutamic acid by enzymes using vitamin B6. However, in the human body, aspartate is most frequently synthesized through the transamination of oxaloacetate. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. As its name indicates, aspartic acid is the carboxylic acid analog of asparagine. The D-isomer of aspartic acid (D-aspartic acid) is one of two D-amino acids commonly found in mammals. Aspartic acid was first discovered in 1827 by Auguste-Arthur Plisson and Étienne Ossian Henry by hydrolysis of asparagine, which had been isolated from asparagus juice in 1806. Aspartate has many biochemical roles. It is a neurotransmitter, a metabolite in the urea cycle and it participates in gluconeogenesis. It carries reducing equivalents in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which utilizes the ready interconversion of aspartate and oxaloacetate, which is the oxidized (dehydrogenated) derivative of malic acid. Aspartate donates one nitrogen atom in the biosynthesis of inosine, the precursor to the purine bases which are key to DNA biosynthesis. In addition, aspartic acid acts as a hydrogen acceptor in a chain of ATP synthase. Aspartic acid is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, which is sometimes found to be increased in epileptic and stroke patients. It is decreased in depressed patients and in patients with brain atrophy. As a neurotransmitter, aspartic acid may provide resistance to fatigue and thus lead to endurance, although the evidence to support this idea is not strong (Wikipedia). Aspartic acid supplements are being evaluated. Five grams can raise blood levels. Magnesium and zinc may be natural inhibitors of some of the actions of aspartic acid. Aspartic acid, when chemically coupled with the amino acid D-phenylalanine, is a part of a natural sweetener, aspartame. This sweetener is an advance in artificial sweeteners, and is probably safe in normal doses to all except phenylketonurics. Aspartic acid may be a significant immunostimulant of the thymus and can protect against some of the damaging effects of radiation. Aspartic acid is found in higher abundance in: oysters, luncheon meats, sausage meat, wild game, sprouting seeds, oat flakes, avocado, asparagus, young sugarcane, and molasses from sugar beets. [Spectral] L-Aspartate (exact mass = 133.03751) and Taurine (exact mass = 125.01466) and L-Asparagine (exact mass = 132.05349) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Aspartate (exact mass = 133.03751) and L-Threonine (exact mass = 119.05824) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly.

Histidine

C6H9N3O2 (155.0695)

Histidine (His), also known as L-histidine, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Histidine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Histidine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, positively charged or basic amino acid. Histidine is a unique amino acid with an imidazole functional group. The acid-base properties of the imidazole side chain are relevant to the catalytic mechanism of many enzymes such as proteases. In catalytic triads, the basic nitrogen of histidine abstracts a proton from serine, threonine, or cysteine to activate it as a nucleophile. In a histidine proton shuttle, histidine is used to quickly shuttle protons. It can do this by abstracting a proton with its basic nitrogen to make a positively charged intermediate and then use another molecule to extract the proton from its acidic nitrogen. Histidine forms complexes with many metal ions. The imidazole sidechain of the histidine residue commonly serves as a ligand in metalloproteins. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans and other mammals. It was initially thought that it was only essential for infants, but longer-term studies established that it is also essential for adults. Infants four to six months old require 33 mg/kg of histidine. It is not clear how adults make small amounts of histidine, and dietary sources probably account for most of the histidine in the body. Histidine is a precursor for histamine and carnosine biosynthesis. Inborn errors of histidine metabolism, including histidinemia, maple syrup urine disease, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I, exist and are marked by increased histidine levels in the blood. Elevated blood histidine is accompanied by a wide range of symptoms, from mental and physical retardation to poor intellectual functioning, emotional instability, tremor, ataxia and psychosis. Histidine and other imidazole compounds have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-secretory properties (PMID: 9605177 ). The efficacy of L-histidine in protecting inflamed tissue is attributed to the capacity of the imidazole ring to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cells during acute inflammatory response (PMID: 9605177 ). Histidine, when administered in therapeutic quantities is able to inhibit cytokines and growth factors involved in cell and tissue damage (US patent 6150392). Histidine in medical therapies has its most promising trials in rheumatoid arthritis where up to 4.5 g daily have been used effectively in severely affected patients. Arthritis patients have been found to have low serum histidine levels, apparently because of very rapid removal of histidine from their blood (PMID: 1079527 ). Other patients besides arthritis patients that have been found to be low in serum histidine are those with chronic renal failure. Urinary levels of histidine are reduced in pediatric patients with pneumonia (PMID: 2084459 ). Asthma patients exhibit increased serum levels of histidine over normal controls (PMID: 23517038 ). Serum histidine levels are lower and are negatively associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women (PMID: 23361591 ). Histidine supplementation has been shown to reduce insulin resistance, reduce BMI and fat mass and suppress inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women with metabolic syndrome. Histidine appears to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, possibly via the NF-κB pathway, in adipocytes (PMID: 23361591 ). Low plasma concentrations of histidine are associated with protein-energy... [Spectral] L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) and L-Lysine (exact mass = 146.10553) and L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) and L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement, nutrient L-Histidine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=71-00-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 71-00-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.

L-Lysine

C6H14N2O2 (146.1055)

Lysine (Lys), also known as L-lysine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Lysine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Lysine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, positively charged or basic amino acid. In humans, lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Lysine is high in foods such as wheat germ, cottage cheese and chicken. Of meat products, wild game and pork have the highest concentration of lysine. Fruits and vegetables contain little lysine, except avocados. Normal requirements for lysine have been found to be about 8 g per day or 12 mg/kg in adults. Children and infants need more, 44 mg/kg per day for an eleven to-twelve-year old, and 97 mg/kg per day for three-to six-month old. In organisms that synthesise lysine, it has two main biosynthetic pathways, the diaminopimelate and α-aminoadipate pathways, which employ distinct enzymes and substrates and are found in diverse organisms. Lysine catabolism occurs through one of several pathways, the most common of which is the saccharopine pathway. Lysine plays several roles in humans, most importantly proteinogenesis, but also in the crosslinking of collagen polypeptides, uptake of essential mineral nutrients, and in the production of carnitine, which is key in fatty acid metabolism. Lysine is also often involved in histone modifications, and thus, impacts the epigenome. Lysine is highly concentrated in muscle compared to most other amino acids. Normal lysine metabolism is dependent upon many nutrients including niacin, vitamin B6, riboflavin, vitamin C, glutamic acid and iron. Excess arginine antagonizes lysine. Several inborn errors of lysine metabolism are known, such as cystinuria, hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I, lysinuric protein intolerance, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I. Most are marked by mental retardation with occasional diverse symptoms such as absence of secondary sex characteristics, undescended testes, abnormal facial structure, anemia, obesity, enlarged liver and spleen, and eye muscle imbalance. Lysine also may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of osteoporosis. Although high protein diets result in loss of large amounts of calcium in urine, so does lysine deficiency. Lysine may be an adjunct therapy because it reduces calcium losses in urine. Lysine deficiency also may result in immunodeficiency. Requirements for lysine are probably increased by stress. Lysine toxicity has not occurred with oral doses in humans. Lysine dosages are presently too small and may fail to reach the concentrations necessary to prove potential therapeutic applications. Lysine metabolites, amino caproic acid and carnitine have already shown their therapeutic potential. Thirty grams daily of amino caproic acid has been used as an initial daily dose in treating blood clotting disorders, indicating that the proper doses of lysine, its precursor, have yet to be used in medicine. Low lysine levels have been found in patients with Parkinsons, hypothyroidism, kidney disease, asthma and depression. The exact significance of these levels is unclear, yet lysine therapy can normalize the level and has been associated with improvement of some patients with these conditions. Abnormally elevated hydroxylysines have been found in virtually all chronic degenerative diseases and those treated with coumadin therapy. The levels of this stress marker may be improved by high doses of vitamin C. Lysine is particularly useful in therapy for marasmus (wasting) (http://www.dcnutrition.com). Lysine has also been sh... [Spectral] L-Lysine (exact mass = 146.10553) and Carnosine (exact mass = 226.10659) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dietary supplement, nutrient. Found widely in protein hydrolysates, e.g. casein, egg albumen, fibrin, gelatin, beet molasses. Flavouring agent for a variety of foods L-Lysine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-87-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-87-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2]. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2].

N-Acetyl-D-cysteine

C5H9NO3S (163.0303)

R - Respiratory system > R05 - Cough and cold preparations > R05C - Expectorants, excl. combinations with cough suppressants > R05CB - Mucolytics V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AB - Antidotes COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C74536 - Mucolytic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D005100 - Expectorants D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor[1]. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases[5]. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis[2][3]. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities[7]. Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor[1]. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases[5]. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis[2][3]. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities[7].

N-Acetylleucine

C8H15NO3 (173.1052)

N-Acetyl-L-leucine or N-Acetylleucine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-Acetylleucine can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetylleucine is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-lecuine. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618). About 85\\\\% of all human proteins and 68\\\\% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetylleucine can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free leucine can also occur. In particular, N-Acetylleucine can be biosynthesized from L-leucine and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme leucine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.66). Excessive amounts N-acetyl amino acids including N-acetylleucine (as well as N-acetylglycine, N-acetylserine, N-acetylglutamine, N-acetylglutamate, N-acetylalanine, N-acetylmethionine and smaller amounts of N-acetylthreonine, N-acetylisoleucine, and N-acetylvaline) can be detected in the urine with individuals with acylase I deficiency, a genetic disorder (PMID: 16465618). Aminoacylase I is a soluble homodimeric zinc binding enzyme that catalyzes the formation of free aliphatic amino acids from N-acetylated precursors. In humans, Aminoacylase I is encoded by the aminoacylase 1 gene (ACY1) on chromosome 3p21 that consists of 15 exons (OMIM 609924). Individuals with aminoacylase I deficiency will experience convulsions, hearing loss and difficulty feeding (PMID: 16465618). ACY1 can also catalyze the reverse reaction, the synthesis of acetylated amino acids. Many N-acetylamino acids, including N-acetylleucine are classified as uremic toxins if present in high abundance in the serum or plasma (PMID: 26317986; PMID: 20613759). Uremic toxins are a diverse group of endogenously produced molecules that, if not properly cleared or eliminated by the kidneys, can cause kidney damage, cardiovascular disease and neurological deficits (PMID: 18287557). N-Acetyl-L-leucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1188-21-2 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 1188-21-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). N-Acetyl-L-leucine is an endogenous metabolite.

Pipecolic acid

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

Pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine found in human physiological fluids such as urine, plasma and CSF. However, it is uncertain if pipecolic acid originates directly from food intake or from mammalian or intestinal bacterial enzyme metabolism. Recent studies suggest that plasma pipecolic acid, particularly the D-isomer, originates mainly from the catabolism of dietary lysine by intestinal bacteria rather than by direct food intake. In classic Zellweger syndrome (a cerebro-hepato-renal genetic disorder, OMIM 214100) pipecolic acid accumulate in the plasma of the patients. It is known that plasma pipecolic acid levels are also elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases. Pipecolic acid is moderately elevated in patients with pyridoxine-dependent seizures and might therefore be a possible biochemical marker for selecting candidates for pyridoxine therapy (Plecko et al 2000). Pipecolic acid was also elevated in CSF in these vitamin B6-responsive patients (PMID 12705501). Pipecolic acid is found to be associated with adrenoleukodystrophy, infantile Refsum disease, and peroxisomal biogenesis defect, which are also inborn errors of metabolism. Pipecolic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of dried and cooked beans. Pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine found in human physiological fluids such as urine, plasma and CSF. However, it is uncertain if pipecolic acid originates directly from food intake or from mammalian or intestinal bacterial enzyme metabolism. Recent studies suggest that plasma pipecolic acid, particularly the D-isomer, originates mainly from the catabolism of dietary lysine by intestinal bacteria rather than by direct food intake. In classic Zellweger syndrome (a cerebro-hepato-renal genetic disorder, OMIM 214100) pipecolic acid accumulate in the plasma of the patients. It is known that plasma pipecolic acid levels are also elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases. Pipecolic acid is moderately elevated in patients with pyridoxine-dependent seizures and might therefore be a possible biochemical marker for selecting candidates for pyridoxine therapy (Plecko et al 2000). Pipecolic acid was also elevated in CSF in these vitamin B6-responsive patients. (PMID 12705501) [HMDB]. Pipecolic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of dried and cooked beans. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID P048 L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2]. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2].

Levetiracetam

C8H14N2O2 (170.1055)

Levetiracetam is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy. Levetiracetam may selectively prevent hypersynchronization of epileptiform burst firing and propagation of seizure activity. Levetiracetam binds to the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of vesicle exocytosis. Although the molecular significance of levetiracetam binding to synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is not understood, levetiracetam and related analogs showed a rank order of affinity for SV2A which correlated with the potency of their antiseizure activity in audiogenic seizure-prone mice. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018697 - Nootropic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2564

Clindamycin

C18H33ClN2O5S (424.1799)

Clindamycin is a semisynthetic lincosamide antibiotic that has largely replaced lincomycin due to an improved side effect profile. Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits. It may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration. Clindamycin, also known as cleocin or 7-CDL, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. Proline and derivatives are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Clindamycin is a drug. Clindamycin is a semisynthetic lincosamide antibiotic that has largely replaced lincomycin due to an improved side effect profile. Clindamycin is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, clindamycin is involved in clindamycin action pathway. Orally and parenterally administered clindamycin has been associated with severe colitis (pseudomembranous colitis) which may result in patient death. Use of the topical formulation of clindamycin results in absorption of the antibiotic from the skin surface. Clindamycin is a potentially toxic compound. Rapidly absorbed after oral administration with peak serum concentrations observed after about 45 minutes. Oral; topical; parenteral (intramuscular, intravenous). Systemic/vaginal clindamycin inhibits protein synthesis of bacteria by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits of the bacteria. Clindamycin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=18323-44-9 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 18323-44-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

L-Cysteine

C3H7NO2S (121.0197)

Cysteine (Cys), also known as L-cysteine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-alanine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Cysteine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar, sulfur-containing amino acid. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine can occasionally be considered as an essential or conditionally essential amino acid. Cysteine is unique amongst the twenty natural amino acids as it contains a thiol group. Thiol groups can undergo oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions; when cysteine is oxidized it can form cystine, which is two cysteine residues joined by a disulfide bond. This reaction is reversible since the reduction of this disulphide bond regenerates two cysteine molecules. The disulphide bonds of cystine are crucial to defining the structures of many proteins. Cysteine is often involved in electron-transfer reactions, and help the enzyme catalyze its reaction. Cysteine is also part of the antioxidant glutathione. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a form of cysteine where an acetyl group is attached to cysteines nitrogen atom and is sold as a dietary supplement. Cysteine is named after cystine, which comes from the Greek word kustis meaning bladder (cystine was first isolated from kidney stones). Oxidation of cysteine can produce a disulfide bond with another thiol and further oxidation can produce sulphfinic or sulfonic acids. The cysteine thiol group is also a nucleophile and can undergo addition and substitution reactions. Thiol groups become much more reactive when they are ionized, and cysteine residues in proteins have pKa values close to neutrality, so they are often in their reactive thiolate form in the cell. The thiol group also has a high affinity for heavy metals and proteins containing cysteine will bind metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium tightly. Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is important in energy metabolism. As cystine, it is a structural component of many tissues and hormones. Cysteine has clinical uses ranging from treating baldness to psoriasis to preventing smokers hack. In some cases, oral cysteine therapy has proved excellent for treatment of asthmatics, enabling them to stop theophylline and other medications. Cysteine also enhances the effect of topically applied silver, tin, and zinc salts in preventing dental cavities. In the future, cysteine may play a role in the treatment of cobalt toxicity, diabetes, psychosis, cancer, and seizures (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). Cysteine has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). [Spectral] L-Cysteine (exact mass = 121.01975) and D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Cysteine (exact mass = 121.01975) and Creatine (exact mass = 131.06948) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Detoxicant, dietary supplement, dough strengthener, yeast nutrient for leavened bakery products. Flavouring agent. Enzymic browning inhibitor. L-Cysteine is found in many foods, some of which are bilberry, mugwort, cowpea, and sweet bay. L-(+)-Cysteine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=52-90-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 52-90-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1]. L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1].

Glutaconic acid

C5H6O4 (130.0266)

Glutaconic acid is related to the fully saturated glutaric acid and belongs to the class of compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Glutaconic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Glutaconic acid has been detected in the urine of individuals with inborn errors of metabolism. When present in sufficiently high levels, glutaconic acid can act as an acidogen, a neurotoxin, and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A neurotoxin is a compound that is toxic to neural tissues and cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of glutaconic acid are associated with glutaric aciduria type I (glutaric acidemia type I, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, GA1, or GAT1). GA1 is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan due to a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.7, GCDH). Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (e.g. glutaric acid, glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs), but particularly the basal ganglia. GA1 is associated with a risk for intracranial and retinal hemorrhage, and non-specific white matter changes. Babies with glutaric acidemia type I are often born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly). Other symptoms include spasticity (increased muscle tone/stiffness) and dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions resulting in abnormal movement or posture), but many affected individuals are asymptomatic. Seizures and coma (encephalopathy) are rare. GA1 also causes secondary carnitine deficiency because 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. Glutaconic acids neurotoxicity is thought to be partially caused by an excitotoxic mechanism in which glutaconic acid overactivates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Accumulating trans-glutaconic (TG) acids have been proposed to be involved in the development of the striatal degeneration seen in children with glutaric acidemia type I via an excitotoxic mechanism. Glutaconic acid is an organic compound with general formula C5H6O4. The compound is a dicarboxylic acid and related with the fully saturated glutaric acid. [HMDB]

Norleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

L-Norleucine, also known as L-aminohexanoate or caprine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Thus, L-norleucine is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. L-Norleucine is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. L-Norleucine exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Outside of the human body, L-Norleucine has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk. This could make L-norleucine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It binds reversibly to the kringle domain of plasminogen and blocks the binding of plasminogen to fibrin and its activation to plasmin. An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to methionine, however it does not contain sulfur. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 22 KEIO_ID N014 L-Norleucine ((S)-2-Aminohexanoic acid) is an isomer of leucine, specifically affects protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, and has antivirus activity.

Vigabatrin

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

Vigabatrin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)It is believed that vigabatrin increases brain concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, by irreversibly inhibiting enzymes that catabolize GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase GABA-T) or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings. Vigabatrin may also work by suppressing repetitive neuronal firing through inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics > N03AG - Fatty acid derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3626 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Vigabatrin (γ-Vinyl-GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA vinyl-derivative, is an orally active and irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor. Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic agent, which acts by increasing GABA levels in the brain by inhibiting the catabolism of GABA by GABA transaminase[1][2][3].

TMPT

C18H26O6 (338.1729)

Etidocaine

C17H28N2O (276.2202)

D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01B - Anesthetics, local > N01BB - Amides D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent

Glyoxylate

C2H2O3 (74.0004)

Glyoxylic acid or oxoacetic acid is an organic compound that is both an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid. Glyoxylic acid is a liquid with a melting point of -93°C and a boiling point of 111°C. It is an intermediate of the glyoxylate cycle, which enables certain organisms to convert fatty acids into carbohydrates. The conjugate base of glyoxylic acid is known as glyoxylate (PMID: 16396466). In humans, glyoxylate is produced via two pathways: (1) through the oxidation of glycolate in peroxisomes and (2) through the catabolism of hydroxyproline in mitochondria. In the peroxisomes, glyoxylate is converted into glycine by glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT1) or into oxalate by glycolate oxidase. In the mitochondria, glyoxylate is converted into glycine by mitochondrial glyoxylate aminotransferase AGT2 or into glycolate by glycolate reductase. A small amount of glyoxylate is converted into oxalate by cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase. Glyoxylic acid is found to be associated with primary hyperoxaluria I, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Under certain circumstances, glyoxylate can be a nephrotoxin and a metabotoxin. A nephrotoxin is a compound that causes damage to the kidney and kidney tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. High levels of glyoxylate are involved in the development of hyperoxaluria, a key cause of nephrolithiasis (commonly known as kidney stones). Glyoxylate is both a substrate and inductor of sulfate anion transporter-1 (SAT-1), a gene responsible for oxalate transportation, allowing it to increase SAT-1 mRNA expression, and as a result oxalate efflux from the cell. The increased oxalate release allows the buildup of calcium oxalate in the urine, and thus the eventual formation of kidney stones. As an aldehyde, glyoxylate is also highly reactive and will modify proteins to form advanced glycation products (AGEs). Glyoxylic acid, also known as alpha-ketoacetic acid or glyoxylate, is a member of the class of compounds known as carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH. Glyoxylic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Glyoxylic acid can be found in a number of food items such as european chestnut, cowpea, wheat, and common thyme, which makes glyoxylic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Glyoxylic acid can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and urine, as well as throughout all human tissues. Glyoxylic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, glyoxylic acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include alanine metabolism and glycine and serine metabolism. Glyoxylic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include lactic acidemia, pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, and hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic. Moreover, glyoxylic acid is found to be associated with transurethral resection of the prostate and primary hyperoxaluria I. Glyoxylic acid or oxoacetic acid is an organic compound. Together with acetic acid, glycolic acid, and oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid is one of the C2 carboxylic acids. It is a colourless solid that occurs naturally and is useful industrially . KEIO_ID G013

Acetohydroxamic Acid

C2H5NO2 (75.032)

Acetohydroxamic Acid, a synthetic drug derived from hydroxylamine and ethyl acetate, is similar in structure to urea. In the urine, it acts as an antagonist of the bacterial enzyme urease. Acetohydroxamic Acid has no direct antimicrobial action and does not acidify urine directly. It is used, in addition to antibiotics or medical procedures, to treat chronic urea-splitting urinary infections. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

Isobutyric acid

C4H8O2 (88.0524)

Isobutyric acid is a carboxylic or short chain fatty acid with characteristic sweat-like smell. Small amount of isobutyrate is generated via microbial (gut) metabolism. Small amounts may also be found in certain foods or fermented beverages. There is anosmia (genetic inability to smell) for the odor of isobutyric acid with a frequency of about 2.5\\%. (OMIM 207000). Isobutyric acid is slightly soluble in water but much more soluble in ethanol, ether and organic solvents. Isobutyric acid can affect people if breathed in and may be absorbed through the skin. Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes. Breathing Isobutyric acid can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath. Present in apple, morello cherry, guava fruit, wine grapes, pineapple, crispbread, other breads, cheeses, wines, scallop and several essential oils, e.g. Roman chamomile. Acid and simple esters used as flavouring agents KEIO_ID I012

Acetylenedicarboxylic acid

C4H2O4 (113.9953)

KEIO_ID A128

Acetic acid

C2H4O2 (60.0211)

Acetic acid is a two-carbon, straight-chain fatty acid. It is the smallest short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and one of the simplest carboxylic acids. is an acidic, colourless liquid and is the main component in vinegar. Acetic acid has a sour taste and pungent smell. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical that is used in the production of plastic soft drink bottles, photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as many synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households diluted acetic acid is often used as a cleaning agent. In the food industry acetic acid is used as an acidity regulator. Acetic acid is found in all organisms, from bacteria to plants to humans. The acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to the biochemistry of virtually all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A (to form acetylCoA) it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. However, the concentration of free acetic acid in cells is kept at a low level to avoid disrupting the control of the pH of the cell contents. Acetic acid is produced and excreted in large amounts by certain acetic acid bacteria, notably the Acetobacter genus and Clostridium acetobutylicum. These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil. Due to their widespread presence on fruit, acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and many other sugar-rich foods spoil. Several species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genus Clostridium and Acetobacterium can convert sugars to acetic acid directly. However, Clostridium bacteria are less acid-tolerant than Acetobacter. Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce acetic acid in concentrations of only a few per cent, compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce acetic acid in concentrations up to 20\\%. Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent. Acetic acid can be found in other biofluids such as urine at low concentrations. Urinary acetic acid is produced by bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (PMID: 22292465). Acetic acid concentrations greater than 30 uM/mM creatinine in the urine can indicate a urinary tract infection, which typically suggests the presence of E. coli or Klebshiella pneumonia in the urinary tract. (PMID: 24909875) Acetic acid is also produced by other bacteria such as Akkermansia, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella and Ruminococcus (PMID: 20444704; PMID: 22292465). G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents It is used for smoking meats and fish C254 - Anti-Infective Agent KEIO_ID A029

Tartronic acid

C3H4O5 (120.0059)

Hydroxypropanedioic acid is found in potato. Tartronic acid or 2-hydroxymalonic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the structural formula of HOOCCH(OH)COOH. (Wikipedia). Hydroxypropanedioic acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). Tartronic acid or 2-hydroxymalonic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the structural formula of HOOCCH(OH)COOH. Hydroxypropanedioic acid is found in potato. KEIO_ID T050

Ethionine

C6H13NO2S (163.0667)

An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID E056

Oxalate (ethanedioate)

C2H2O4 (89.9953)

Oxalic acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent (Pubchem). Oxalic acid (IUPAC name: ethanedioic acid, formula H2C2O4) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure (HOOC)-(COOH). Because of the joining of two carboxyl groups, this is one of the strongest organic acids. It is also a reducing agent. The anions of oxalic acid as well as its salts and esters are known as oxalates (Wikipedia). Bodily oxalic acid may also be synthesized via the metabolism of either glyoxylic acid or unused ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which is a serious health consideration for long term megadosers of vitamin C supplements. 80\\\\% of kidney stones are formed from calcium oxalate. Some Aspergillus species produce oxalic acid, which reacts with blood or tissue calcium to precipitate calcium oxalate. There is some preliminary evidence that the administration of probiotics can affect oxalic acid excretion rates (and presumably oxalic acid levels as well) (Wikipedia). Oxalic acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency and primary hyperoxaluria I, which are inborn errors of metabolism. Oxalic acid is a marker for yeast overgrowth from Aspergillus, Penicillum and/or Candida. Can also be elevated due to exposures from vitamin C or ethylene glycol poisoning. Oxalate is elevated in the urine of children with autism. (PMID: 21911305). Oxalic acid has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Oxalic acid, also known as oxalate or ethanedioic acid, belongs to dicarboxylic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Oxalic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Oxalic acid can be found in a number of food items such as grape, sacred lotus, orange mint, and date, which makes oxalic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Oxalic acid can be found primarily in blood, saliva, sweat, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Oxalic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Moreover, oxalic acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency, glycolic aciduria, hemodialysis, and primary hyperoxaluria I. Oxalic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Oxalic acids acid strength is much greater than that of acetic acid. Oxalic acid is a reducing agent and its conjugate base, known as oxalate (C 2O2− 4), is a chelating agent for metal cations. Typically, oxalic acid occurs as the dihydrate with the formula C2H2O4·2H2O . Acute Exposure: If oxalic acid is swallowed, immediately give the person water or milk, unless instructed otherwise by a health care provider. DO NOT give water or milk if the person is having symptoms (such as vomiting, convulsions, or a decreased level of alertness) that make it hard to swallow. If acute exposure occurs to the eyes, irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D019163 - Reducing Agents Oxalic Acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables and can be used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. Oxalic Acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables and can be used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.

trans-3-Chloroacrylic acid

C3H3ClO2 (105.9822)

This compound belongs to the family of Enones. These are compounds containing the enone functional group, with the structure RC(=O)CR

Acetylhydrazine

C2H6N2O (74.048)

The acetylhydrazine metabolite was found to be much less cytotoxic than hydrazine in this hepatocyte inflammation model. (PMID: 18295292) In the pathogenesis of isoniazid-induced hepatic injury, cytochrome P450-dependent metabolic activation of the metabolite, acetylhydrazine (AcHz), is the crucial step. (PMID: 8852701) The mechanism of action of acetylphosphabenzide is likely to involve the formation of acetylhydrazine, capable of producing active electrophiles attacking DNA. (PMID: 9589859) D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid

C7H10O2 (126.0681)

VAMIDOTHION

C8H18NO4PS2 (287.0415)

keratin

C2H2BrClO2 (171.8927)

N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide

C4H7NO2 (101.0477)

cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline

C5H9NO3 (131.0582)

cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. Proline and derivatives are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from a reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxyl group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. KEIO_ID H048 cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline is a precursor of conformationally restricted PNA adenine monomer. cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline can be used to study the specificity and kinetics of D-alanine dehydrogenase[1][2].

DL-Glutamate

C5H9NO4 (147.0532)

DL-Glutamate, also known as E or DL-glutamic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamic acid and derivatives. Glutamic acid and derivatives are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-Glutamate exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. DL-Glutamate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as red bell peppers, milk (cow), and wheats and in a lower concentration in eggplants, romaine lettuces, and nanking cherries. DL-Glutamate has also been detected, but not quantified, in a few different foods, such as apples, broccoli, and lettuces. Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E) is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is a non-essential amino acid. Glutamic acid is found in many foods, some of which are garden onion, orange bell pepper, oat, and cucumber. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1].

DL-2-Aminopropionic acid

C3H7NO2 (89.0477)

(alpha-D-mannosyl)7-beta-D-mannosyl-diacetylchitobiosyl-L-asparagine, isoform A (protein), also known as ALA or 2-Aminopropanoic acid, is classified as an alanine or an Alanine derivative. Alanines are compounds containing alanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. (alpha-D-mannosyl)7-beta-D-mannosyl-diacetylchitobiosyl-L-asparagine, isoform A (protein) is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic. (alpha-D-mannosyl)7-beta-D-mannosyl-diacetylchitobiosyl-L-asparagine, isoform A (protein) can be synthesized from propionic acid. (alpha-D-mannosyl)7-beta-D-mannosyl-diacetylchitobiosyl-L-asparagine, isoform A (protein) can be synthesized into alanine derivative. (alpha-D-mannosyl)7-beta-D-mannosyl-diacetylchitobiosyl-L-asparagine, isoform A (protein) is an odorless tasting compound found in Green bell peppers, Green zucchinis, Italian sweet red peppers, and Red bell peppers Dietary supplement, nutrient, sweetening flavour enhancer in pickling spice mixts. DL-alanine, an amino acid, is the racemic compound of L- and D-alanine. DL-alanine is employed both as a reducing and a capping agent, used with silver nitrate aqueous solutions for the production of nanoparticles. DL-alanine can be used for the research of transition metals chelation, such as Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(11). DL-alanine, a sweetener, is classed together with glycine, and sodium saccharin. DL-alanine plays a key role in the glucose-alanine cycle between tissues and liver[1][2][3][4][5][6].

L-Hydroxyproline

C5H9NO3 (131.0582)

A 4-hydroxy-D-proline in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has S-configuration. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals.

Leucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. Leucine (symbol Leu or L)[3] is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain isobutyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, and beans and other legumes. It is encoded by the codons UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG. Leucine is named after the Greek word for "white": λευκός (leukós, "white"), after its common appearance as a white powder, a property it shares with many other amino acids.[4] Like valine and isoleucine, leucine is a branched-chain amino acid. The primary metabolic end products of leucine metabolism are acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate; consequently, it is one of the two exclusively ketogenic amino acids, with lysine being the other.[5] It is the most important ketogenic amino acid in humans.[6] Leucine and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid, a minor leucine metabolite, exhibit pharmacological activity in humans and have been demonstrated to promote protein biosynthesis via the phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR).[7][8] L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].

TMPTA

C15H20O6 (296.126)

Lysine

C6H14N2O2 (146.1055)

A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05X - I.v. solution additives > B05XB - Amino acids L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2]. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2].

Cyclo-prolylglycine

C7H10N2O2 (154.0742)

Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione is an organonitrogen compound and an organooxygen compound. It is functionally related to an alpha-amino acid. Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione is a natural product found in Streptomyces antioxidans, Streptomyces nigra, and Streptomyces xanthophaeus with data available. Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione is a natural product found in Streptomyces antioxidans, Streptomyces nigra, and Streptomyces xanthophaeus with data available. Cyclo-(Pro-Gly) (Pyrrolopiperazine-2,5-dione), an alkaloid isolated from green algae Ulva prolifera, possesses antialgal activity against the common harmful red tide microalgae[1]. Cyclo-(Pro-Gly) (Pyrrolopiperazine-2,5-dione) possesses antiamnesic effects and neuroprotective actions[2].

Acetylcysteine

C5H9NO3S (163.0303)

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or N-Acetylcysteine is the N-acetyl derivative of the amino acid L-cysteine and is a precursor in the formation of the antioxidant glutathione in the body. N-Acetylcysteine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetyl-L-cysteine is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-cysteine. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618). About 85\\\\% of all human proteins and 68\\\\% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. . N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetylcysteine can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free cysteine can also occur. The enzyme known as cysteine-S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.80) catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group of acetyl CoA to the amino group of cysteine. This enzyme is an important participant in glutathione metabolism and the production of glutathione. The thiol (sulfhydryl) group in N-Acetylcysteine confers antioxidant effects and is able to reduce free radicals. N-Acetylcysteine is a pharmacological agent used in the management of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdoses. When acetaminophen is taken in large quantities, a minor metabolite called N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) accumulates within the body. NAPQI is normally conjugated by glutathione, but when taken in excess, the bodys glutathione reserves are not sufficient to deactivate the toxic NAPQI. In the treatment of acetaminophen overdose, N-acetylcysteine acts to maintain or replenish depleted glutathione reserves in the liver and enhance non-toxic metabolism of acetaminophen. These actions serve to protect liver cells from NAPQI toxicity. For this particular indication, N-acetylcysteine is available under the trade names Mucomyst (Bristol-Myers Squibb) and Parvolex (GSK). N-Acetylcysteine is also used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. Acetylcysteine has been studied for a number of psychiatric disorders. There is tentative evidence for N-acetylcysteine being useful in the treatment of Alzheimers disease, autism, bipolar disorder, drug-induced neuropathy, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disord... R - Respiratory system > R05 - Cough and cold preparations > R05C - Expectorants, excl. combinations with cough suppressants > R05CB - Mucolytics V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AB - Antidotes COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C74536 - Mucolytic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D005100 - Expectorants D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers Effective inhibitor of enzymic browning in foods [DFC] D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor[1]. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases[5]. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis[2][3]. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities[7]. Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor[1]. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases[5]. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis[2][3]. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities[7].

Isobutyrylglycine

C6H11NO3 (145.0739)

Isobutyrylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. Isobutyrylglycine is identified in large amount in urine of patients with isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is a disorder caused by the deficiency of isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that is involved in the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acid valine (PMID 15505379). Moreover, Isobutyrylglycine is found to be associated with ethylmalonic encephalopathy and propionic acidemia, which are also inborn errors of metabolism. Isobutyrylglycine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese. Isobutyrylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:

Triethyl citrate

C12H20O7 (276.1209)

Triethyl citrate is used in foods as a flavouring agent, solvent and surface-active agent Triethyl citrate is an ester of citric acid. It is a colorless, odorless liquid used as a food additive (E number E1505) to stabilize foams, especially as whipping aid for egg white. In pharmaceutical coatings and plastics It is used in foods as a flavouring agent, solvent and surface-active agent

Diethyl malonate

C7H12O4 (160.0736)

Diethyl malonate, also known as dicarbethoxymethane or ethyl propanedioate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Diethyl malonate is a sweet, apple, and fruity tasting compound. Diethyl malonate has been detected, but not quantified, in a few different foods, such as alcoholic beverages, evergreen blackberries, and fruits. Like other esters, this compound can undergo bromination at the alpha position. Fischer esterification gives diethyl malonate: One of the principal uses of this compound is in the malonic ester synthesis. It occurs naturally in grapes and strawberries as a colourless liquid with an apple-like odour, and is used in perfumes. Malonic acid is a rather simple dicarboxylic acid, with the two carboxyl groups close together. The hydrogen atoms on a carbon adjacent to two carbonyl groups are even more acidic because the carbonyl groups help stabilize the carbanion resulting from the removal of that proton. Like many other esters, this compound can undergo the Claisen ester condensation. This alkylated 1,3-dicarbonyl compound (3) readily undergoes decarboxylation with loss of carbon dioxide, to give a substituted acetic acid, using Sodium ethoxide as the preferred base. The use of aqueous sodium hydroxide may give the base hydrolysis products: sodium malonate and ethanol. Diethyl malonate is a flavouring ingredient. It is a rather simple dicarboxylic acid, with two carboxyl groups close together in its molecule. In forming diethyl malonate from malonic acid, the hydroxyl group (-OH) on both of the carboxyl groups is replaced by an ethoxy group (-OEt; -OCH2CH3). The methylene group (-CH2-) in the middle of the malonic part of the diethyl malonate molecule is neighboured by two carbonyl groups (-C(=O)-). Diethyl malonate is found in alcoholic beverages such as wines, and in fruits such as guava, melon, concord grape, pineapple, blackberry.

Betaine

C5H11NO2 (117.079)

Betaine (CAS: 107-43-7), also known as N,N,N-trimethylglycine, was named after its discovery in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in the 19th century. It is a small N-trimethylated amino acid, existing in zwitterionic form at neutral pH. It is now often called glycine betaine to distinguish it from other betaines that are widely distributed in microorganisms, plants, and animals. Many naturally occurring betaines serve as organic osmolytes, substances synthesized or taken up from the environment by cells for protection against osmotic stress, drought, high salinity, or high temperature. Intracellular accumulation of betaines permits water retention in cells, thus protecting from the effects of dehydration (Wikipedia). Betaine functions as a methyl donor in that it carries and donates methyl functional groups to facilitate necessary chemical processes. In particular, it methylates homocysteine to methionine, also producing N,N-dimethylglycine. The donation of methyl groups is important to proper liver function, cellular replication, and detoxification reactions. Betaine also plays a role in the manufacture of carnitine and serves to protect the kidneys from damage. Betaine comes from either the diet or by the oxidation of choline. Betaine insufficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome, lipid disorders, and diabetes, and may have a role in vascular and other diseases (PMID: 20346934). Betaine is important in development, from the pre-implantation embryo to infancy. Betaine is also widely regarded as an anti-oxidant. Betaine has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on NO release in activated microglial cells and may be an effective therapeutic component to control neurological disorders (PMID: 22801281). As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th Ed, p1341). Betaine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=107-43-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 107-43-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Methyl hippurate

C10H11NO3 (193.0739)

Methylhippuric acid is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. Methylhippuric acid is a metabolite of xylene which is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used as a solvant. The amount of methylhippuric acid can be measured in urine of workers exposed to xylene (PMID 8689499). Methylhippuric acid is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:

Glycylglycylglycine

C6H11N3O4 (189.075)

Glycylglycylglycine, also known as GGG or triglycine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligopeptides. These are organic compounds containing a sequence of between three and ten alpha-amino acids joined by peptide bonds. A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence. Glycylglycylglycine has been detected, but not quantified, in fruits. This could make glycylglycylglycine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Glycylglycylglycine is a potentially toxic compound.

3-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2 (103.0633)

3-Aminobutanoic acid, also known as beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) or 3-aminobutyrate, belongs to the class of compounds known as beta amino acids and derivatives. Beta amino acids are amino acids having an (-NH2) group attached to the beta carbon atom. 3-Aminobutanoic acid is found in cereals and cereal products. It is produced by Oryza sativa (rice). 3-Aminobutanoic acid can be found in feces. Production by Oryza sativa (rice). 3-Aminobutanoic acid is found in cereals and cereal products.

Tsugaric acid A

C32H50O4 (498.3709)

Tsugaric acid A is found in mushrooms. Tsugaric acid A is isolated from Ganoderma tsugae (red reishi Isolated from Ganoderma tsugae (red reishi). Tsugaric acid A is found in mushrooms. Tsugaric acid A can significantly inhibit superoxide anion formation. Tsugaric acid A also protects human keratinocytes against damage induced by ultraviolet B (UV B) light. Tsugaric acid A can protect keratinocytes from photodamage. Tsugaric acid A can significantly inhibit superoxide anion formation. Tsugaric acid A also protects human keratinocytes against damage induced by ultraviolet B (UV B) light. Tsugaric acid A can protect keratinocytes from photodamage.

Acetic anhydride

C4H6O3 (102.0317)

Acetic anhydride is an esterification agent for use in prepn. of modified food starch and for acetylation of monoglycerides Acetic anhydride is a versatile reagent for acetylations, the introduction of acetyl groups to organic substrates. In these conversions, acetic anhydride is viewed as a source of CH₃CO⁺. Alcohols and amines are readily acetylated. For example, the reaction of acetic anhydride with ethanol yields ethyl acetate: (CH₃CO)₂O + CH₃CH₂OH → CH₃CO₂CH₂CH₃ + CH₃COOH. Acetic anhydride is an irritant and flammable. Because of its reactivity toward water, alcohol foam or carbon dioxide are preferred for fire suppression. The vapour of acetic anhydride is harmful. Acetic anhydride is the chemical compound with the formula (CH₃CO)₂O. Commonly abbreviated Ac₂O, it is one of the simplest acid anhydrides and is a widely used reagent in organic synthesis. It is a colorless liquid that smells strongly of acetic acid, which is formed by its reaction with the moisture in the air. As indicated by its organic chemistry, Ac₂O is mainly used for acetylations leading to commercially significant materials. Its largest application is for the conversion of cellulose to cellulose acetate, which is a component of photographic film and other coated materials. Similarly it is used in the production of aspirin, acetyl salicylic acid, which is prepared by the acetylation of salicylic acid. It is also used as a wood preservative via autoclave impregnation to make a longer lasting timber. Because of its use for the synthesis of heroin by the diacetylation of morphine, acetic anhydride (known as AA in clandestine chemistry circles) is listed as a U.S. DEA List II Precursor, and restricted in many other countries. The largest markets for diverted acetic anhydride continue to be heroin laboratories in Afghanistan

Ethoxyacetic acid

C4H8O3 (104.0473)

Ethoxyacetic acid is found in herbs and spices. Ethoxyacetic acid is a component of perilla leaf extract (Perilla frutescens Component of perilla leaf extract (Perilla frutescens). Ethoxyacetic acid is found in herbs and spices. Ethoxyacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

Kaempferol 3-[2'-(6'-coumaroylglucosyl)-rhamnoside] 7-glucoside

C42H46O22 (902.2481)

Kaempferol 3-[2-(6-coumaroylglucosyl)-rhamnoside] 7-glucoside is found in fats and oils. Kaempferol 3-[2-(6-coumaroylglucosyl)-rhamnoside] 7-glucoside is a constituent of the leaves of Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo). Constituent of the leaves of Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo). Kaempferol 3-[2-(6-coumaroylglucosyl)-rhamnoside] 7-glucoside is found in fats and oils.

Ceanothine E

C34H40N4O4 (568.3049)

Ceanothine E is found in tea. Ceanothine E is an alkaloid from the root bark of Ceanothus americanus (New Jersey tea

(±)-Camphoric acid

C10H16O4 (200.1049)

(±)-Camphoric acid is found in tea. (±)-Camphoric acid is a constituent of red tea Constituent of red tea. (±)-Camphoric acid is found in tea.

3-Ethyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione

C7H10O2 (126.0681)

3-Ethyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione is found in coffee and coffee products. 3-Ethyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione is isolated from coffee and tobacco. 3-Ethyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione is a flavouring material, with caramel flavour and flavour enhancing properties Isolated from coffee and tobacco. Flavouring material, with caramel flavour and flavour enhancing props. 3-Ethyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione is found in coffee and coffee products.

Isobutyric Acid Anhydride

C8H14O3 (158.0943)

Isobutyric Acid Anhydride, also known as Isobutyrate anhydride, is classified as a dicarboxylic acid or a Dicarboxylic acid derivative. Dicarboxylic acids are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Isobutyric Acid Anhydride is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and basic

3,6,7-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone 7-rhamnoside

C22H22O10 (446.1213)

3,6,7-Trihydroxy-4-methoxyflavone 7-rhamnoside is found in cereals and cereal products. 3,6,7-Trihydroxy-4-methoxyflavone 7-rhamnoside is a constituent of the leaves of Setaria italica (Foxtail millet). Constituent of the leaves of Setaria italica (Foxtail millet). 3,6,7-Trihydroxy-4-methoxyflavone 7-rhamnoside is found in cereals and cereal products.

L-Pipecolic acid

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

L-pipecolic acid is a normal human metabolite present in human blood, where is present as the primary enantiomer of pipecolic acid. L-pipecolic acid is a cyclic imino acid (contains both imino (>C=NH) and carboxyl (-C(=O)-OH) functional groups) produced during the degradation of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, including Zellweger syndrome (OMIM 214100), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (OMIM 202370), and infantile Refsum disease (OMIM 266510). L-pipecolic acid levels are also elevated in patients with chronic liver diseases. L-pipecolic acid is the substrate of delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase (EC 1.5.1.21) in the pathway of lysine degradation (PMID: 2717271, 8305590, 1050990). Present in beans and other legumes, and in lesser quantities in other plants including barley, hops, malt and mushrooms. L-Pipecolic acid is found in many foods, some of which are macadamia nut (m. tetraphylla), linden, tinda, and cumin. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2]. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2].

DL-O-Phosphoserine

C3H8NO6P (185.0089)

DL-O-Phosphoserine, also known as DL-O-phosphorylserine or DL-O-serine phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Serine proteases are a common type of protease. DL-O-Phosphoserine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Serine is one of three amino acid residues that are commonly phosphorylated by kinases during cell signalling in eukaryotes. It is a normal metabolite found in human biofluids. (PMID 7693088, 7688003) DL-O-Phosphoserine, a normal metabolite in human biofluid, is an ester of serine and phosphoric acid.

Isoeugenol benzyl ether

C17H18O2 (254.1307)

Isoeugenol benzyl ether is a flavouring ingredien Flavouring ingredient

Pivalic acid

C5H10O2 (102.0681)

Pivalic acid is a carboxylic acid with a molecular formula of (CH3)3CCO2H. This colourless, odiferous organic compound is solid at room temperature. Relative to esters of most carboxylic acids, esters of pivalic acid are unusually resistant to hydrolysis. Some applications result from this thermal stability. Polymers derived from pivalate esters of vinyl alcohol are highly reflective lacquers. The pivaloyl (abbreviated piv or pv) group is a protective group for alcohols in organic synthesis.

Pyroglutamine

C5H8N2O2 (128.0586)

Pyroglutamine (CAS: 2353-44-8), also known as alpha-aminoglutarimide or 3-amino-1,6-dioxopiperidine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Pyroglutamine is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic. Pyroglutamine has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212).

N-butylformamide

C5H11NO (101.0841)

N-butylformamide is classified as a member of the Secondary carboxylic acid amides. Secondary carboxylic acid amides are compounds containing a secondary carboxylic acid amide functional group, with the general structure RC(=O)N(R)H (R,R=alkyl, aryl). N-butylformamide is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic

1,3-Butyleneglycol dimethacrylate

C12H18O4 (226.1205)

1,4-Butanediol diacrylate

C10H14O4 (198.0892)

Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate

C14H22O6 (286.1416)

D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D011092 - Polyethylene Glycols D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials

Acryloyl chloride

C3H3ClO (89.9872)

Chlorodifluoroacetic acid

C2HClF2O2 (129.9633)

Cyanoacetic acid

C3H3NO2 (85.0164)

Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate

C12H18O5 (242.1154)

Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione

C7H10N2O2 (154.0742)

Cyclo-(Pro-Gly) (Pyrrolopiperazine-2,5-dione), an alkaloid isolated from green algae Ulva prolifera, possesses antialgal activity against the common harmful red tide microalgae[1]. Cyclo-(Pro-Gly) (Pyrrolopiperazine-2,5-dione) possesses antiamnesic effects and neuroprotective actions[2].

Methacrylic amide

C4H7NO (85.0528)

METHACRYLIC ACID

C4H6O2 (86.0368)

Methacrylic acid, also known as A-methacrylate or 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH. Methacrylic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Methacrylic acid can be synthesized from acrylic acid. Methacrylic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, bisphenol A dimethacrylate, trichagmalin B, and methyl methacrylate. Methacrylic acid can be found in roman camomile, which makes methacrylic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Methacrylic acid, abbreviated MAA, is an organic compound. This colorless, viscous liquid is a carboxylic acid with an acrid unpleasant odor. It is soluble in warm water and miscible with most organic solvents. Methacrylic acid is produced industrially on a large scale as a precursor to its esters, especially methyl methacrylate (MMA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The methacrylates have numerous uses, most notably in the manufacture of polymers with trade names such as Lucite and Plexiglas. MAA occurs naturally in small amounts in the oil of Roman chamomile .

N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE

C6H11NO (113.0841)

N,N'-METHYLENEBISACRYLAMIDE

C7H10N2O2 (154.0742)

Sodium acetate

C2H3NaO2 (82.0031)

Food additive. Flavouring agent; pH control agent. Sodium acetate, (also sodium ethanoate) is the sodium salt of acetic acid. It is an inexpensive chemical produced in industrial quantities for a wide range of uses. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05X - I.v. solution additives > B05XA - Electrolyte solutions C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C29730 - Electrolyte Replacement Agent Food additive. Flavouring agent; pH control agent

Lysine

C6H14N2O2 (146.1055)

B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05X - I.v. solution additives > B05XB - Amino acids L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2]. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2].

Leucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].

Tyrosine

C9H11NO3 (181.0739)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex.

Valine

C5H11NO2 (117.079)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1]. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1].

Proline

C5H9NO2 (115.0633)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.

Citric Acid

C6H8O7 (192.027)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A09 - Digestives, incl. enzymes > A09A - Digestives, incl. enzymes > A09AB - Acid preparations D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents > D065096 - Calcium Chelating Agents D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D000925 - Anticoagulants C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid causes renal toxicity in mice[1][2][3]. Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid causes renal toxicity in mice[1][2][3].

Arginine

C6H14N4O2 (174.1117)

COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2]. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2].

Hydroxyproline

C5H9NO3 (131.0582)

L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals.

HISTIDINE

C6H9N3O2 (155.0695)

L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.

Trimethyl citrate

C9H14O7 (234.0739)

Guanidinoacetate

C3H7N3O2 (117.0538)

Maleic Acid

C4H4O4 (116.011)

D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Maleic Acid is a Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) inhibitor of E. coli and L. monocytogenes. Maleic Acid is a Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) inhibitor of E. coli and L. monocytogenes.

Betaine

C5H11NO2 (117.079)

Betaine or trimethylglycine is a methylated derivative of glycine. It functions as a methyl donor in that it carries and donates methyl functional groups to facilitate necessary chemical processes. The donation of methyl groups is important to proper liver function, cellular replication, and detoxification reactions. Betaine also plays a role in the manufacture of carnitine and serves to protect the kidneys from damage. Betaine has also been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th Ed, p1341). Betaine is found in many foods, some of which are potato puffs, poppy, hazelnut, and garden cress. Betaine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=107-43-7 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 107-43-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

4-hydroxyproline

C5H9NO3 (131.0582)

A monohydroxyproline where the hydroxy group is located at the 4-position. It is found in fibrillar collagen. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; PMMYEEVYMWASQN_STSL_0115_4-Hydroxyproline_8000fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_67; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline, a proline analogue, is an inhibitor of collagen production. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline could inhibit fibroblast growth by preventing the deposition of triple-helical collagen on the cell layer. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline also depresses the growth of primary N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors[1][2][3][4]. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline, a proline analogue, is an inhibitor of collagen production. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline could inhibit fibroblast growth by preventing the deposition of triple-helical collagen on the cell layer. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline also depresses the growth of primary N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors[1][2][3][4]. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals.

Dimethyl 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate

C10H16O4 (200.1049)

Pentaerythritol triacrylate

C14H18O7 (298.1052)

Triethylene glycol diacetate

C10H18O6 (234.1103)

N,N-METHYLENEBISACRYLAMIDE

C7H10N2O2 (154.0742)

Acetoxyacetic acid

C4H6O4 (118.0266)

pencolide

C9H9NO4 (195.0532)

Cyclo-(Pro-Gly)

C7H10N2O2 (154.0742)

Cyclo-(Pro-Gly) (Pyrrolopiperazine-2,5-dione), an alkaloid isolated from green algae Ulva prolifera, possesses antialgal activity against the common harmful red tide microalgae[1]. Cyclo-(Pro-Gly) (Pyrrolopiperazine-2,5-dione) possesses antiamnesic effects and neuroprotective actions[2].

METHACRYLAMIDE

C4H7NO (85.0528)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2794

TRANS-3-CHLOROACRYLIC ACID

C3H3ClO2 (105.9822)

DL-Allylglycine

C5H9NO2 (115.0633)

D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants > D003292 - Convulsants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents > D018756 - GABA Antagonists

2-Amino-3-butenoic acid

C4H7NO2 (101.0477)

Octanoic anhydride

C16H30O3 (270.2195)

Valylvaline anhydride

C10H18N2O2 (198.1368)

Isobutyramide

C4H9NO (87.0684)

D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

Acrylyl chloride

C3H3ClO (89.9872)

3-Butenamide

C4H7NO (85.0528)

METHACRYLIC ACID

C4H6O2 (86.0368)

2-Cyclopentene-1-acetic acid

C7H10O2 (126.0681)

Levetiracetam

C8H14N2O2 (170.1055)

C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018697 - Nootropic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1605

Tyrosine

C9H11NO3 (181.0739)

An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. Annotation level-2 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 56 COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex.

Arginine

C6H14N4O2 (174.1117)

An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.047 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.045 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2]. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2].

Aspartate

C4H7NO4 (133.0375)

Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist. (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist. (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist. (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly.

Valine

C5H11NO2 (117.079)

A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1]. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1].

Proline

C5H9NO2 (115.0633)

An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.

glutamate

C5H9NO4 (147.0532)

Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

3-Aminobutyric acid

C4H9NO2 (103.0633)

Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.

Histidine

C6H9N3O2 (155.0695)

An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine. Histidine (symbol His or H)[2] is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH3+ form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO− form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain (which is partially protonated), classifying it as a positively charged amino acid at physiological pH. Initially thought essential only for infants, it has now been shown in longer-term studies to be essential for adults also.[3] It is encoded by the codons CAU and CAC. Histidine was first isolated by Albrecht Kossel and Sven Gustaf Hedin in 1896.[4] The name stems from its discovery in tissue, from ἱστός histós "tissue".[2] It is also a precursor to histamine, a vital inflammatory agent in immune responses. The acyl radical is histidyl. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.046 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.045 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.043 L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.

Glutamic Acid

C5H9NO4 (147.0532)

An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.051 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.049 L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

Aspartic Acid

C4H7NO4 (133.0375)

An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, PDB, Protein Data Bank, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.051 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.050 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly.

Levodopa

C9H11NO4 (197.0688)

relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.054 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.052

L-proline

C5H9NO2 (115.0633)

A human metabolite taken as a putative food compound of mammalian origin [HMDB] MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; ONIBWKKTOPOVIA_STSL_0035_Proline_2000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_282; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.

L-Aspartate

C4H7NO4 (133.0375)

L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly.

L-Lysine

C6H14N2O2 (146.1055)

An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2]. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2].

L-Asparagine

C4H8N2O3 (132.0535)

An optically active form of asparagine having L-configuration. L-Asparagine ((-)-Asparagine) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. L-Asparagine ((-)-Asparagine) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue.

L-Valine

C5H11NO2 (117.079)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; KZSNJWFQEVHDMF_STSL_0100_Valine_8000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_131; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1]. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1].

O-Phospho-L-serine

C3H8NO6P (185.0089)

The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.

L-Arginine

C6H14N4O2 (174.1117)

An L-alpha-amino acid that is the L-isomer of arginine. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-N_STSL_0099_L-Arginine_8000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_67; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2]. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2].

L-Histidine

C6H9N3O2 (155.0695)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; HNDVDQJCIGZPNO_STSL_0107_Histidine_8000fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_142; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.

Norleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

L-Norleucine ((S)-2-Aminohexanoic acid) is an isomer of leucine, specifically affects protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, and has antivirus activity.

Citrate

C6H8O7 (192.027)

Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid causes renal toxicity in mice[1][2][3]. Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid causes renal toxicity in mice[1][2][3].

Glycine

C2H5NO2 (75.032)

B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05C - Irrigating solutions The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018684 - Glycine Agents Flavouring ingredient for beverages, baked goods, puddings and candies Alkaloid found on the leaf surfaces of Brassica oleracea cv. botrytis (cauliflower) [DFC]. Cabbage identification factor 2 is found in brassicas. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is orally active. Glycine can be used to study cell protection, cancer, neurological diseases, and angiogenesis[1][2][3][4][5][6]. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.

Succinate

C4H6O4 (118.0266)

Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2]. Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2].

Folic acid

C19H19N7O6 (441.1397)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2727; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2725 B - Blood and blood forming organs > B03 - Antianemic preparations > B03B - Vitamin b12 and folic acid > B03BB - Folic acid and derivatives COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D006397 - Hematinics D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins V - Various > V04 - Diagnostic agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2742; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2740 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2705; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2702 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2726; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2724 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2724; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2722 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 2722; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 2720 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5826; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5821 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 452; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5819; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5814 Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4]. Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4].

cis-4-hydroxyproline

C5H9NO3 (131.0582)

A 4-hydroxy-D-proline in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has R-configuration. cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline is a precursor of conformationally restricted PNA adenine monomer. cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline can be used to study the specificity and kinetics of D-alanine dehydrogenase[1][2].

fumarate

C4H4O4 (116.011)

Fumaric acid, also known as fumarate or trans-butenedioic acid, belongs to dicarboxylic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Fumaric acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Fumaric acid can be found in a number of food items such as cardoon, irish moss, sapodilla, and oregon yampah, which makes fumaric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Fumaric acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including saliva, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, and sweat, as well as in human prostate tissue. Fumaric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, fumaric acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include azathioprine action pathway, the oncogenic action of succinate, thioguanine action pathway, and arginine and proline metabolism. Fumaric acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome, the oncogenic action of d-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency), and mitochondrial complex II deficiency. Moreover, fumaric acid is found to be associated with alzheimers disease, fumarase deficiency, and lung Cancer. Fumaric acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H. It is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. It is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. In fumaric acid the carboxylic acid groups are trans (E) and in maleic acid they are cis (Z). Fumaric acid has a fruit-like taste . Acute exposure: EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. Fumaric acid, associated with fumarase deficiency, is identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite. Fumaric acid, associated with fumarase deficiency, is identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite.

L-Leucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement, nutrient. L-Leucine is found in many foods, some of which are lettuce, common bean, pacific herring, and kefir. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N_STSL_0102_Leucine_8000fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_19; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].

L-Tyrosine

C9H11NO3 (181.0739)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N_STSL_0110_L-Tyrosine_0500fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_57; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex.

L-glutamic acid

C5H9NO4 (147.0532)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N_STSL_0113_Glutamic acid_8000fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_66; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

L-Norleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally. L-Norleucine ((S)-2-Aminohexanoic acid) is an isomer of leucine, specifically affects protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, and has antivirus activity.

glycocyamine

C3H7N3O2 (117.0538)

D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D000345 - Affinity Labels MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; BPMFZUMJYQTVII-UHFFFAOYSA-N_STSL_0241_Glycocyamine_1000fmol_190403_S2_LC02MS02_057; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I.

DL-Pipecolinic acid

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2]. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2].

Citric Acid

C6H8O7 (192.027)

Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid causes renal toxicity in mice[1][2][3]. Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid causes renal toxicity in mice[1][2][3].

Succinic acid

C4H6O4 (118.0266)

Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2]. Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2].

Betasyamine

C3H7N3O2 (117.0538)

Carbamoyl-DL-aspartic acid

C5H8N2O5 (176.0433)

N-?Carbamoyl-?DL-?aspartic acid (Ureidosuccinic acid) is a precursor of nucleic acid pyrimidines[1].

Succinis acid

C4H6O4 (118.0266)

Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2]. Succinic acid is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries[1][2].

Triethylcitrate

C12H20O7 (276.1209)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2857 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8781

L-Aspartic Acid

C4H7NO4 (133.0375)

The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; CKLJMWTZIZZHCS_STSL_0112_Aspartic acid_2000fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_26; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly.

Acetylcysteine

C5H9NO3S (163.0303)

R - Respiratory system > R05 - Cough and cold preparations > R05C - Expectorants, excl. combinations with cough suppressants > R05CB - Mucolytics V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AB - Antidotes An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C74536 - Mucolytic Agent D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D005100 - Expectorants D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor[1]. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases[5]. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis[2][3]. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities[7]. Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor[1]. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases[5]. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis[2][3]. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities[7].

L-cysteine

C3H7NO2S (121.0197)

An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration. L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1]. L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1].

acetic acid

C2H4O2 (60.0211)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. C254 - Anti-Infective Agent

Betaine

[C5H12NO2]+ (118.0868)

[Raw Data] CBA64_Betaine_pos_20eV.txt [Raw Data] CBA64_Betaine_pos_10eV.txt

Pipecolic acid

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2]. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2].

glyoxylic acid

C2H2O3 (74.0004)

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.

Guanidoacetic acid

C3H7N3O2 (117.0538)

Fumaric Acid

C4H4O4 (116.011)

Fumaric acid, associated with fumarase deficiency, is identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite. Fumaric acid, associated with fumarase deficiency, is identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite.

Phosphoserine

C3H8NO6P (185.0089)

Glutaconic acid

C5H6O4 (130.0266)

A pentenedioic acid that is pent-2-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1 and 5.

Isobutyrylglycine

C6H11NO3 (145.0739)

METHYL HIPPURATE

C10H11NO3 (193.0739)

A glycine derivative that is the methyl ester of hippuric acid.

Allantoic acid

C4H8N4O4 (176.0546)

A member of the class of ureas that consists of acetic acid in which the two methyl hydrogens are replaced by carbamoylamino groups respectively. Allantoic acid is a degradative product of uric acid and associated with purine metabolism[1][2][3].

ISOBUTYRIC ACID

C4H8O2 (88.0524)

A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.

oxalic acid

C2H2O4 (89.9953)

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D019163 - Reducing Agents Oxalic Acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables and can be used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. Oxalic Acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables and can be used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.

acetohydroxamic acid

C2H5NO2 (75.032)

A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group. G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

L-Asparagine

C4H8N2O3 (132.0535)

An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Asparagine ((-)-Asparagine) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. L-Asparagine ((-)-Asparagine) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue.

Cysteine

C3H7NO2S (121.0197)

A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 18 L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1]. L-Cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans[1].

Procysteine

C4H5NO3S (146.999)

Betaine

C5H12NO2+ (118.0868)

vigabatrin

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

N - Nervous system > N03 - Antiepileptics > N03A - Antiepileptics > N03AG - Fatty acid derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C264 - Anticonvulsant Agent D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000927 - Anticonvulsants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018682 - GABA Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Vigabatrin (γ-Vinyl-GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA vinyl-derivative, is an orally active and irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor. Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic agent, which acts by increasing GABA levels in the brain by inhibiting the catabolism of GABA by GABA transaminase[1][2][3].

Etidocaine

C17H28N2O (276.2202)

D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics N - Nervous system > N01 - Anesthetics > N01B - Anesthetics, local > N01BB - Amides D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C245 - Anesthetic Agent

Pipecolate

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. L-Pipecolic acid (H-HoPro-OH) is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2]. Pipecolic acid, a metabolite of Lysine, is an important precursor of many useful microbial secondary metabolites. Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker of Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy[1][2].

N-(Butoxymethyl)acrylamide

C8H15NO2 (157.1103)

ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10594; CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 975; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10597 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 975; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10597; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10594 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 975; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 14643; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 14641 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 942; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10597; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10594 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 942; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 14643; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 14641

Carbic anhydride

C9H8O3 (164.0473)

CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1220; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9041; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9038 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1220; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9036; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9034 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1220; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9053; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9050 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1220; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9064; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9061 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1220; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9069; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9065 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1220; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9087; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9085

Folate

C19H19N7O6 (441.1397)

Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4]. Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency[1][2][3][4].

N-Carbamoyl-DL-aspartic acid

C5H8N2O5 (176.0433)

N-?Carbamoyl-?DL-?aspartic acid (Ureidosuccinic acid) is a precursor of nucleic acid pyrimidines[1].

Pivalic acid

C5H10O2 (102.0681)

A branched, short-chain fatty acid composed of propanoic acid having two methyl substituents at the 2-position.

N-(α-Linolenoyl) Tyrosine

C27H39NO4 (441.2879)

Acetylleucine

C8H15NO3 (173.1052)

N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07C - Antivertigo preparations > N07CA - Antivertigo preparations

Ceanothine E

C34H40N4O4 (568.3049)

Triglycine

C6H11N3O4 (189.075)

Malonic ester

C7H12O4 (160.0736)

ETHOXYACETIC ACID

C4H8O3 (104.0473)

Ethoxyacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

Ammonium acetate

C2H7NO2 (77.0477)

Acetyl oxide

C4H6O3 (102.0317)

b-Homoalanine

C4H9NO2 (103.0633)

Eudraflex

C12H20O7 (276.1209)

Camphoric acid

C10H16O4 (200.1049)

Acetate

C2H4O2 (60.0211)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents C254 - Anti-Infective Agent

FA 4:0

C4H8O2 (88.0524)

D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists

FA 5:0

C5H10O2 (102.0681)

FA 5:2;O2

C5H6O4 (130.0266)

D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Citraconic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids.

C4:0-HSL

C8H13NO3 (171.0895)

1,6-Hexanediyl bis(2-methylacrylate)

C14H22O4 (254.1518)

Tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate

C16H26O7 (330.1678)

Trifluoroacetic anhydride

C4F6O3 (209.9752)

fumaramide

C4H6N2O2 (114.0429)

Nicofuranose

C30H24N4O10 (600.1492)

C - Cardiovascular system > C10 - Lipid modifying agents > C10A - Lipid modifying agents, plain > C10AD - Nicotinic acid and derivatives C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent > C98151 - Niacin-based Antilipidemic Agent C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C29707 - Vasodilating Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents

N-Allyl-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide

C5H6F3NO (153.0401)

2-Propenamide,N,N-diethyl-2-methyl-

C8H15NO (141.1154)

2-Propenamide,N,N-di-2-propen-1-yl-

C9H13NO (151.0997)

n,n,2-trimethylacrylamide

C6H11NO (113.0841)

ISOVALERIC ANHYDRIDE

C10H18O3 (186.1256)

Octadecanehydrazide

C18H38N2O (298.2984)

2-carboxyethyl acrylate

C6H8O4 (144.0423)

Acetamide, N-2-propynyl-

C5H7NO (97.0528)

Nortilidine

C16H21NO2 (259.1572)

Acetic acid, 2-chloro-,3-methylbutyl ester

C7H13ClO2 (164.0604)

Hydracarbazine

C5H7N5O (153.0651)

C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C448 - Diuretic

2-(ACRYLOYLOXY)ETHYL HYDROGEN SUCCINATE

C9H12O6 (216.0634)

Propyl chloroacetate

C5H9ClO2 (136.0291)

5-NORBORNENE-2-ACRYLIC ACID

C10H12O2 (164.0837)

ethyl chloroacetate

C4H7ClO2 (122.0135)

tert-Butyl chloroacetate

C6H11ClO2 (150.0448)

Cyclopent-1-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

C7H8O4 (156.0423)

N-methyl-N-prop-2-ynyl-acetamide

C6H9NO (111.0684)

piperazine-2,3,5-trione

C4H4N2O3 (128.0222)

2-Piperidinecarboxamide

C6H12N2O (128.095)

Butyl chloroacetate

C6H11ClO2 (150.0448)

Isopropyl chloroacetate

C5H9ClO2 (136.0291)

Allyl chloroacetate

C5H7ClO2 (134.0135)

Chlorodifluoroacetic anhydride

C4Cl2F4O3 (241.9161)

Glycylglycylglycylglycine

C8H14N4O5 (246.0964)

Tetraglycine is a oligopeptide composed of four glycine monomers[1].

isopropyl trifluoroacetate

C5H7F3O2 (156.0398)

Acetic acid,2,2,2-trifluoro-, butyl ester

C6H9F3O2 (170.0555)

Bicyclo[2.2.2]Octane-1-Carboxylic Acid

C9H14O2 (154.0994)

ethyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopropanecarboxylate

C10H14Cl2O2 (236.0371)

Methyl 2-ethenyl-1-Methylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate

C8H12O2 (140.0837)

Ethyl methylmalonate

C8H14O4 (174.0892)

DIETHYLBORYL PIVALATE

C9H19BO2 (170.1478)

Thymine-1-acetic acid

C7H8N2O4 (184.0484)

1,2-Diformyloxyethane

C4H6O4 (118.0266)

Uramil

C4H5N3O3 (143.0331)

Ac-Gly-OEt

C6H11NO3 (145.0739)

Dipropyl Malonate

C9H16O4 (188.1049)

Tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal

C12H16O7 (272.0896)

4-benzylidene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one

C16H11NO2 (249.079)

Diethyl dimethylmalonate

C9H16O4 (188.1049)

2,2-Dimethylpropanamide

C5H11NO (101.0841)

1-cyclohexenylacetic acid

C8H12O2 (140.0837)

Ethanethioic acid,1,1-anhydrosulfide

C4H6O2S (118.0088)

ETHYL 1-PIPERIDINEGLYOXYLATE

C9H15NO3 (185.1052)

Acrylic anhydride

C6H6O3 (126.0317)

Formamide,N,N-methylenebis-

C3H6N2O2 (102.0429)

2-BROMOACRYLIC ACID

C3H3BrO2 (149.9316)

Dibutyl malonate

C11H20O4 (216.1362)

methyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate

C9H12Cl2O2 (222.0214)

UNII:OL56191M6N

C12H18O4 (226.1205)

1-CYCLOPENTENECARBOXYLIC ACID

C6H8O2 (112.0524)

2,5-Furandione,dihydro-3-(2-methyl-2-propen-1-yl)-

C8H10O3 (154.063)

Methacrylic anhydride

C8H10O3 (154.063)

lithium trifluoroacetate

C2F3LiO2 (120.001)

TRIMETHYLACETIC ANHYDRIDE

C10H18O3 (186.1256)

3-Methylcyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

C9H12O4 (184.0736)

2-METHYLBICYCLO[2.2.1]-5-HEPTENE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID

C9H12O2 (152.0837)

Dimethyl carbate

C11H14O4 (210.0892)

P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P03 - Ectoparasiticides, incl. scabicides, insecticides and repellents > P03B - Insecticides and repellents

cis-1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid

C8H12O4 (172.0736)

2-Butene-1,4-diyl bis(bromoacetate)

C8H10Br2O4 (327.8946)

3-Cyclohexenecarboxylic acid

C7H10O2 (126.0681)

tert-butyl octaneperoxoate

C12H24O3 (216.1725)

Triethyl 1,1,2-ethanetricarboxylate

C11H18O6 (246.1103)

trans-6-Amino-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid

C7H11NO2 (141.079)

N-butylpropanamide

C7H15NO (129.1154)

3-Aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid

C7H13NO2 (143.0946)

Octanehydrazide

C8H18N2O (158.1419)

Ethyl chloro(difluoro)acetate

C4H5ClF2O2 (157.9946)

Nadic acid

C9H10O4 (182.0579)

(2Z)-2-Butene-1,4-diyl diacetate

C8H12O4 (172.0736)

2-Oxoacetic acid

C2H4O4 (92.011)

2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

Formyl acetate

C3H4O3 (88.016)

Ethyl acetamido(cyano)acetate

C7H10N2O3 (170.0691)

Diethyl acetamidomalonate

C9H15NO5 (217.095)

N-Vinylformamide

C3H5NO (71.0371)

2-Propenamide,N,N-methylenebis[2-methyl-

C9H14N2O2 (182.1055)

Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride

C12H8O6 (248.0321)

cis-2-Amino-1-cyclohexanecarboxamide

C7H14N2O (142.1106)

N-Vinylacetamide

C4H7NO (85.0528)

Thiomorpholine-3-carboxamide

C5H10N2OS (146.0514)

Tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate

C14H22O7 (302.1365)

Ethyl Chlorofluoroacetate

C4H6ClFO2 (140.004)

Tricyclo[4.3.1.1(3,8)]undecane-1-carboxylic acid

C12H18O2 (194.1307)

N,N-DIISOPROPYLFORMAMIDE

C8H17NO (143.131)

dimethyl bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-5,6-dicarboxylate

C11H12O4 (208.0736)

THIAZOLIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID

C4H7NO2S (133.0197)

n,n-ethylenebisacrylamide

C8H12N2O2 (168.0899)

Propionamide

C3H7NO (73.0528)

5(4H)-Oxazolone,2-phenyl-4-(phenylmethylene)-

C16H11NO2 (249.079)

Dimethyl trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate

C10H16O4 (200.1049)

N-Methyl-N-vinylacetamide

C5H9NO (99.0684)

4,4-Ethylenebis(2,6-morpholinedione)

C10H12N2O6 (256.0695)

n-Valeric anhydride

C10H18O3 (186.1256)

Tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate

C15H24O6 (300.1573)

Diethylene glycol diacrylate

C10H14O5 (214.0841)

Ethylene methacrylate

C10H14O4 (198.0892)

D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents

1,6-Hexanediyl bisacrylate

C12H18O4 (226.1205)

Ethyl trifluoroacetate

C4H5F3O2 (142.0242)

Chloroacetic anhydride

C5H8ClFO2 (154.0197)

1,4-Diacetoxy-2-butyne

C8H10O4 (170.0579)

maleamide

C4H6N2O2 (114.0429)

Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydri

C10H10O3 (178.063)

2-Propenoic acid, 3-ethoxy-, ethyl ester, (E)-

C7H12O3 (144.0786)

Pincainide

C16H24N2O (260.1889)

hydroxy[(1-oxoallyl)amino]acetic acid

C5H7NO4 (145.0375)

camphanecarboxylic acid

C10H18O2 (170.1307)

Bicyclo[2.2.1]-5-heptene-2-carboxamide

C8H11NO (137.0841)

5-Norbornene-2-carboxylic Acid

C8H10O2 (138.0681)

2-Acetamidoacrylic acid

C5H7NO3 (129.0426)

Ethyl 3-ethoxy-2-propenoate

C7H12O3 (144.0786)

beta-d-ribopyranose 1,2,3,4-tetraacetate

C13H18O9 (318.0951)

Allyl trifluoroacetate

C5H5F3O2 (154.0242)

3,6,9-Trioxaundecanedioic acid

C8H14O7 (222.0739)

Diethyl ketomalonate

C7H10O5 (174.0528)

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-2,3-dicarboxylicacid

C9H8O4 (180.0423)

cis-Aconitic anhydride

C6H4O5 (156.0059)

BUT-2-ENE-1,4-DIYL DIACETATE

C8H12O4 (172.0736)

2-Dodecen-1-yl succinic anhydride

C16H26O3 (266.1882)

PROPANEDIOIC ACID, 2-METHYLENE-, 1,3-DIMETHYL ESTER

C6H8O4 (144.0423)

Pentanehydrazide

C5H12N2O (116.095)

Trifluoroacetamide

C2H2F3NO (113.0088)

Methyl N,N-dimethylaminoacrylate

C6H11NO2 (129.079)

(1R,2S)-rel-Cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

C8H10O4 (170.0579)

N-methylacrylamide

C4H7NO (85.0528)

glycol diacetate

C6H10O4 (146.0579)

bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

C10H14O4 (198.0892)

Dimethyl 2-diazomalonate

C5H9N2O4+ (161.0562)

1,4-Cyclohexanediol,diacetate, trans- (8CI,9CI)

C10H16O4 (200.1049)

UNII:4282SA5CTS

C4H9NO2 (103.0633)

A beta-amino acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 3.

CIS-CYCLOBUTANE-1,2-DICARBOXYLIC ACID

C6H8O4 (144.0423)

L-Isoleucyl-L-tyrosine

C15H22N2O4 (294.1579)

N-Hexylacetamide

C8H17NO (143.131)

N-pentylacetamide

C7H15NO (129.1154)

N-sec-Butylacetamide

C6H13NO (115.0997)

Triethyl citrate

C12H20O7 (276.1209)

GLYOX

C2H2O3 (74.0004)

AI3-00656

C7H12O4 (160.0736)

79-41-4

C4H6O2 (86.0368)

Isobutyrate

C4H8O2 (88.0524)

DL-Alanine

C3H7NO2 (89.0477)

Constituent of Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum) Constituent of some red wines. Acetylvitisin A is found in alcoholic beverages. Constituent of Eriobotrya japonica (loquat). (R)-Naringenin 8-C-(2-rhamnosylglucoside) is found in fruits. 1,2-anhydrido-4,5-dihydroniveusin a is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 1,2-anhydrido-4,5-dihydroniveusin a can be found in sunflower, which makes 1,2-anhydrido-4,5-dihydroniveusin a a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. DL-alanine, an amino acid, is the racemic compound of L- and D-alanine. DL-alanine is employed both as a reducing and a capping agent, used with silver nitrate aqueous solutions for the production of nanoparticles. DL-alanine can be used for the research of transition metals chelation, such as Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(11). DL-alanine, a sweetener, is classed together with glycine, and sodium saccharin. DL-alanine plays a key role in the glucose-alanine cycle between tissues and liver[1][2][3][4][5][6].

Trimethylolpropane triacrylate

C15H20O6 (296.126)

n-(alpha-Linolenoyl) tyrosine

C27H39NO4 (441.2879)

Tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranose

C14H18O9 (330.0951)

Trimethylglycine

C5H11NO2 (117.079)

Glycine betaine is the amino acid betaine derived from glycine. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is an amino-acid betaine and a glycine derivative. It is a conjugate base of a N,N,N-trimethylglycinium. Betaine is a methyl group donor that functions in the normal metabolic cycle of methionine. It is a naturally occurring choline derivative commonly ingested through diet, with a role in regulating cellular hydration and maintaining cell function. Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder that leads to the accumulation of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Currently, no treatments are available to correct the genetic causes of homocystinuria. However, in order to normalize homocysteine levels, patients can be treated with vitamin B6 ([pyridoxine]), vitamin B12 ([cobalamin]), [folate] and specific diets. Betaine reduces plasma homocysteine levels in patients with homocystinuria. Although it is present in many food products, the levels found there are insufficient to treat this condition. The FDA and EMA have approved the product Cystadane (betaine anhydrous, oral solution) for the treatment of homocystinuria, and the EMA has approved the use of Amversio (betaine anhydrous, oral powder). Betaine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Betaine is a Methylating Agent. The mechanism of action of betaine is as a Methylating Activity. Betaine is a modified amino acid consisting of glycine with three methyl groups that serves as a methyl donor in several metabolic pathways and is used to treat the rare genetic causes of homocystinuria. Betaine has had only limited clinical use, but has not been linked to instances of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically apparent liver injury. Betaine is a natural product found in Hypoestes phyllostachya, Barleria lupulina, and other organisms with data available. Betaine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341) See also: Arnica montana Flower (part of); Betaine; panthenol (component of); Betaine; scutellaria baicalensis root (component of) ... View More ... A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AA - Amino acids and derivatives D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D008082 - Lipotropic Agents The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents

Penicillamine

C5H11NO2S (149.051)

An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products > M01C - Specific antirheumatic agents > M01CC - Penicillamine and similar agents C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1742 - Angiogenesis Inhibitor > C1971 - Angiogenesis Activator Inhibitor D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000931 - Antidotes D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents Penicillamine (D-(-)-Penicillamine) is a penicillin metabolic degradation product, can be used as a heavy metal chelator. Penicillamine increases free copper and enhances oxidative stress. Penicillamine has effect of seizures through nitric oxide/NMDA pathways. Penicillamine is a potential immune modulator. Penicillamine can be used for the research of Wilson disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cystinuria[1][2][3][4].

D-Glutamic acid

C5H9NO4 (147.0532)

D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids An optically active form of glutamic acid having D-configuration.

Acethydrazide

C2H6N2O (74.048)

D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens

DL-Glutamic acid

C5H9NO4 (147.0532)

D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1].

D-Proline

C5H9NO2 (115.0633)

The D-enantiomer of proline. (R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite. (R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

IMINODIACETIC ACID

C4H7NO4 (133.0375)

An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group. D064449 - Sequestering Agents > D002614 - Chelating Agents Iminodiacetic acid (IDA) is a chelating agent that strongly binds transition metals[1]. Iminodiacetic acid can be used for removal of toxic metal ions from water[2]. Iminodiacetic acid can serve as a biomarker to potentially predict the severity of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)[3].

Tartronic acid

C3H4O5 (120.0059)

A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.

N-Methylolacrylamide

C4H7NO2 (101.0477)

2-Butynedioic acid

C4H2O4 (113.9953)

Oxaluric acid

C3H4N2O4 (132.0171)

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is amino(oxo)acetic acid substituted by a carbamoylamino group at the nitrogen atom.

Sodium acetate

C2H3NaO2 (82.0031)

B - Blood and blood forming organs > B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions > B05X - I.v. solution additives > B05XA - Electrolyte solutions C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C29730 - Electrolyte Replacement Agent

N-butylformamide

C5H11NO (101.0841)

A member of the class of formamides that is formamide substituted by a butyl group at the N atom.

1-Cyclohexenecarboxylic Acid

C7H10O2 (126.0681)

DIETHYL MALONATE

C7H12O4 (160.0736)

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE

C4H6O3 (102.0317)

An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.

Cyanoacetic acid

C3H3NO2 (85.0164)

Isobutyric anhydride

C8H14O3 (158.0943)

Glycylglycylglycine

C6H11N3O4 (189.075)

2-Butyne-1,4-diol, diformate

()

2-Butene-1,4-diol, diformate

()

Acetic acid--2-methylbut-2-en-1-ol (1/1)

()

3-(Dimethylamino)-3-ethoxyacrylic acid ethyl ester

()

Pentanamide, N-[7-benzoyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-5,8-dioxo-2-oxa-6,9-diazabicyclo[10.2.2]hexadeca-12,14,15-trien-4-yl]-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methyl-

()

Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene-3-carboxylic acid

()

Tricarbomethoxyethylene

()

Agn-PC-0jsii9

()

Cyclopentanecarboxylicacid, 3-ethenyl-2-methylene-

()

Cyclobut[4,5]azepino[1,2-a]quinoline-7,7a,8,9,9a,10-hexacarboxylic acid, 10,11-dihydro-1-methyl-, hexamethyl ester

()

Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-ethenyl-2,2-dimethyl-, ethyl ester

()

Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-3-(4-methyl-4-pentenyl)-

()

Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-cyano-2-ethenyl-, ethyl ester

()

Diacetic acid 2-[8-(acetyloxy)-3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-7-methyl-2,6-octadienyl]-1,4-phenylene ester

()

Dioxoethylenebis(iminosulfur pentafluoride)

()

Butanamide, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-[7-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(1-methylethyl)-5,8-dioxo-2-oxa-6,9-diazabicyclo[10.2.2]hexadeca-10,12,14,15-tetraen-4-yl]-3-methyl-

()

Acrylamidosulfur pentafluoride

()

Acrylic acid, 3,3-bis(dimethylamino)-, methyl ester

()

Propanoic acid--pent-4-en-1-ol (1/1)

()

N-Allylacetamide

()

N-hydroxyundec-10-enamide

()

N-[(1R,4S)-7-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-enyl]acetamide

()

N,N'-butanediyl-bis-methacrylamide

()

N,N'-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-methylprop-2-enamide)

()

N-(2-Carbomethoxyvinyl)methylamine

()

N-(2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl)acrylamide

()

N-(1-cyanoprop-1-en-2-yl)acetamide

()

8-ethenyl-5-methylidene-4,4a,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3H-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

()

Dimethyl 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate

()

7-Methyl-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene-1-carboxamide

()

5-Methylcyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid

()

5,6,7-Trimethyl-2-thiabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-3-ene-6,7-dicarboxylic acid

()

4-Carbomethoxytetracyclo[3.3.0.0(2,4).0(3,6)]oct-7-ene

()

Dimethyl 4-methyl-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylate

()

4-Hexenoic acid, 2-amino-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-

()

4,6-Dimethylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid

()

Dimethyl 4,5-dimethyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dicarboxylate

()

4,4A,5,5a,6,6a-hexahydro-1H-4,6-ethenocyclopropa[f]isobenzofuran-1,3(3aH)-dione

()

3-Methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid

()

3-Cyclobutene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester

()

Methyl 3,3-dichloroacrylate

()

Methyl 3-(diisopropylphosphino)acrylate

()

2-cyano-N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)acetamide

()

Allyl 2-chloropropionate

()

2-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-acrylamide

()

2-Methyl-1-cyclopentene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

()

2-Cyclobutene-1-carboxamide

()

2-Buten-1-ol, propanoate

()

2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid

()

2,4-Pentadienamide, 2-cyano-5-(dimethylamino)-3-methyl-

()

2,3-Dipropylcycloprop-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid

()

2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid

()

2-(Cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-methylpropanoic acid

()

2-(1-Cycloocten-1-yl)-2-methylpropanoic acid

()

1-Allylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid

()

1-Methylcyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid

()

1-Cyclohexene-1-glyoxylamide, N-tert-butyl-

()

1-Cyclobutene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

()

1-Aziridineacrylic acid, methyl ester

()

1,2-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid, 3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)-, dimethyl ester

()

1,2-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid, 3-(1-methylethenyl)-, diethyl ester

()

1,2-Dipentylcyclopropene-3-carboxylic acid

()

(E)-3-Acetamido-2-butenamide

()

diethyl (1R,2R)-4,5-dimethylcyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboxylate

()

N-(4-acetamidocyclohexyl)acetamide

()

1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxamide

()

cis-1,4-Diacetoxycyclohexane

()

Ethyl glycolate acetate

()

Acetic acid caproyl ester

()

Norvaline, N-methyl-2-propyl-, ethyl ester

()

N-Dodecyl-N'-thiazol-2-yl-oxalamide

()

Indole, 1-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2-methyl-, 2',3',4',6'-tetraacetate

()

Methyl acetoxyacetate

()

Acetamide, N-[2-[4-(acetyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]ethyl]-

()

Acetamide, N,N-bis(1-methylpropyl)-

()

ACETAMIDE, N,N-DIMETHYL-2-(p-PROPOXYANILINO)-

()

Acetamide, N-(3-oxo-4-isoxazolidinyl)-, (R)-

()

Acetamide, 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[2-(hexahydro-1(2H)-azocinyl)ethyl]-

()

Acetamide, 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-methylpropyl)-

()

Acetic acid, trifluoro-, pentyl ester

()

Acetic acid, trifluoro-, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediyl ester

()

Acetic acid, trifluoro-, 1,1-dimethylpropyl ester

()

Acetic acid, chloro-, isobutyl ester

()

Acetic acid, chloro-, pentyl ester

()

Acetic acid, chloro-, 1-methylbutyl ester

()

Acetic acid, (dimethylamino)thioxo-, ethyl ester

()

Acetic acid--(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclopentan-1-ol (1/1)

()

Ethanethioic acid, aminooxo-, hydrazide

()

Ethanediamide, tetraethyl-

()

Ethanediamide, N,N'-bis(1-phenylethyl)-

()

Ethanediamide, N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-bis(1-methylethyl)-

()

Ethylylidene triacetate

()

Decyl bromoacetate

()

Sodium pivalate

()

Neopentyl glycol diacetate

()

Trimethyl aconitate

()

Diethyl aspartate

()

Carbonocyanidic amide, (trifluoromethyl)-

()

cis-1,3-Diacetamidocyclohexane

()

cis-1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxamide

()

cis-1,2-Diacetamidocyclohexane

()

Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonane-9-carboxylic acid

()

Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-1-carboxylic acid

()

Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane-5-carboxylic acid, 1-methyl-, ethyl ester

()

tert-Butyl cyclohexanecarboperoxoate

()

Tetradecanoic acid, 3-(acetylamino)-12-methyl-, methyl ester

()

Tridecyl trichloroacetate

()

Dodecyl trichloroacetate

()

Dodecyl dichloroacetate

()

Octadecyl chloroacetate

()

n-Propyl trichloroacetate

()

Octyl trichloroacetate

()

Pentyl trichloroacetate

()

Hexyl trichloroacetate

()

Heptyl trichloroacetate

()

3-Methylbutyl trichloroacetate

()

Isobutyl trifluoroacetate

()

t-Butyl trifluoroacetate

()

Cyclopentyl trifluoroacetate

()

Heptyl trifluoroacetate

()

Trifluoroacetic acid, 3-methylbutyl ester

()

Thiophene-2-carboxamide, N-[2-oxo-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-(2-thienylmethylene)ethyl]-

()

Lacthydrazide

()

tert-Butyl nonaneperoxoate

()

Nonyl trichloroacetate

()

Nonyl chloroacetate

()

Nonyl dichloroacetate

()

Cyanomethylformamide

()

Proline, 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-

()

Piperazine, 1-(aminoacetyl)-

()

Piperidine, 1-[(3-oxo-2-quinuclidinyl)carbonyl]-

()

Chloro-acetic acid neopentyl ester

()

Octyl chloroacetate

()

Heptyl chloroacetate

()

Ethyl chlorocyanoacetate

()

Ethyl spiro[2.3]hexane-1-carboxylate

()

Hexahydro-2H-pyrido(1,2-a)pyrazin-1(6H)-one

()

Hexahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-A]pyrazin-3(2H)-one

()