Classification Term: 1832
3-hydroxyacyl CoAs (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0002960)
Organic compounds containing a 3-hydroxyl acylated coenzyme A derivative." []
found 24 associated metabolites at family metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Acyl CoAs
Child Taxonomies: Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl CoAs, Very long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl CoAs, (R)-3-hydroxyacyl CoAs, (S)-3-hydroxyacyl CoAs, 3-hydroxy-3-alkylglutaryl CoAs
View the spectrum consensus network of the metabolites belongs to current chemical taxonomy.
(S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA
Coenzyme A is notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids. Since coenzyme A is chemically a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. It assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. Specifically (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA is involved in fatty acid metabolism. It is the product of a reaction between 3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA and two enzymes; 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase and long-chain- 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. [HMDB] Coenzyme A is notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids. Since coenzyme A is chemically a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. It assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. Specifically (S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA is involved in fatty acid metabolism. It is the product of a reaction between 3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA and two enzymes; 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase and long-chain- 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
3-Hydroxypimelyl-CoA
3-Hydroxypimelyl-CoA is an intermediate in benzoyl-CoA degradation II (anaerobic) and can be generated from the hydrolysis of 6-oxocyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA. It is also a substrate for the 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.259 ). Biodegradation of aromatic compounds is a common process in anoxic environments. The many natural and synthetic aromatic compounds found in the environment are usually degraded by anaerobic microorganisms into only few central intermediates, prior to ring cleavage. Benzoyl-CoA is the most important of these intermediates since a large number of compounds, including chloro-, nitro-, and aminobenzoates, aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenolic compounds, are initially converted to benzoyl-CoA prior to ring reduction and cleavage. [HMDB] 3-Hydroxypimelyl-CoA is an intermediate in benzoyl-CoA degradation II (anaerobic) and can be generated from the hydrolysis of 6-oxocyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA. It is also a substrate for the 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.259 ). Biodegradation of aromatic compounds is a common process in anoxic environments. The many natural and synthetic aromatic compounds found in the environment are usually degraded by anaerobic microorganisms into only few central intermediates, prior to ring cleavage. Benzoyl-CoA is the most important of these intermediates since a large number of compounds, including chloro-, nitro-, and aminobenzoates, aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenolic compounds, are initially converted to benzoyl-CoA prior to ring reduction and cleavage.
3-Hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-5-methylene-heptanoyl-CoA
3-Hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-5-methylene-heptanoyl-CoA is a metabolite of limonene and pinene degradation, the byproduct of the enzyme (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA hydrolyase (EC 4.2.1.17). Limonnene is a naturally occurring monoterpene chemical which is the major component in oil of orange; pinene is a monoterpene abundant in conifers of the Cupressaceae family (Juniper). (PMID: 17192005) [HMDB] 3-Hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-5-methylene-heptanoyl-CoA is a metabolite of limonene and pinene degradation, the byproduct of the enzyme (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA hydrolyase (EC 4.2.1.17). Limonnene is a naturally occurring monoterpene chemical which is the major component in oil of orange; pinene is a monoterpene abundant in conifers of the Cupressaceae family (Juniper). (PMID: 17192005).
(3S)-3-Hydroxyadipyl-CoA
(3S)-3-Hydroxyadipyl-CoA is an intermediate in producing (3S)-3-Hydroxyadipyl-CoA. In the reaction, react with NAD,(3S)-3-Hydroxyadipyl-CoA is the reduction precursor. [HMDB] (3S)-3-Hydroxyadipyl-CoA is an intermediate in producing (3S)-3-Hydroxyadipyl-CoA. In the reaction, react with NAD,(3S)-3-Hydroxyadipyl-CoA is the reduction precursor.
L-Citramalyl-CoA
L-Citramalyl-CoA is an intermediate in C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism. L-Citramalyl-CoA is the 3rd to last step in the synthesis of (R)-Acetoin and is converted from L-Citramalate via the enzyme citramalate CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.7). It is then converted to Pyruvate via the enzyme citramalate-CoA lyase (EC 4.1.3.25). [HMDB] L-Citramalyl-CoA is an intermediate in C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism. L-Citramalyl-CoA is the 3rd to last step in the synthesis of (R)-Acetoin and is converted from L-Citramalate via the enzyme citramalate CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.7). It is then converted to Pyruvate via the enzyme citramalate-CoA lyase (EC 4.1.3.25).
(3S)-3-Hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoyl-CoA
(3S)-3-Hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA with (3S)-3-hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoate moiety. An acyl-CoA (or formyl-CoA) is a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. It is a temporary compound formed when coenzyme A (CoA) attaches to the end of a long-chain fatty acid inside living cells. The compound undergoes beta oxidation, forming one or more molecules of acetyl-CoA. This, in turn, enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several molecules of ATP. (3S)-3-hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoyl-CoA is an intermediate in Di-unsaturated fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. In the reaction, it acts as the precursor of producing (3S)-3-hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoyl-CoA[X]. (3S)-3-hydroxylinoleoyl-CoA is an acy-CoA with (3S)-3-hydroxydodec-cis-6-enoate moiety.
3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA
3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA to (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA.3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoAis an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]; 3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (KEGG) [HMDB] 3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA to (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA. 3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]; 3(S)-3-hydroxydodecen-(5Z)-oyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (KEGG).
4-Hydroxyestrone-2-S-glutathione
4-Hydroxyestrone-2-S-glutathione is a glutathione conjugate derivative of Estrone. Estrone (also oestrone) is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary. Its molecular formula is C18H22O2. estrone has a melting point of 254.5 degrees Celsius. estrone is one of the three estrogens, which also include estriol and estradiol. estrone is the least prevalent of the three hormones, estradiol being prevalent almost always in a female body, estriol being prevalent primarily during pregnancy. estrone sulfate is relevant to health and disease due to its conversion to estrone sulfate, a long-lived derivative of estrone. estrone sulfate acts as a pool of estrone which can be converted as needed to the more active estradiol. 4-Hydroxyestrone-2-S-glutathione is a glutathione conjugate derivative of Estrone
3-Hydroxyvalproic acid CoA
3-Hydroxyvalproicd acid CoA is a metabolite of valproic acid. Valproic acid (VPA) is a chemical compound and an acid that has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and, less commonly, major depression. It is also used to treat migraine headaches and schizophrenia. VPA is a liquid at room temperature, but it can be reacted with a base such as sodium hydroxide to form the salt sodium valproate, which is a solid. (Wikipedia)
3-oxo-Valproic acid CoA
3-oxo-Valproic acid CoA is a metabolite of valproic acid. Valproic acid (VPA) is a chemical compound and an acid that has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and, less commonly, major depression. It is also used to treat migraine headaches and schizophrenia. VPA is a liquid at room temperature, but it can be reacted with a base such as sodium hydroxide to form the salt sodium valproate, which is a solid. (Wikipedia)
3S-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA
3S-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the 3-hydroxyacyl CoAs. 3-hydroxyacyl CoAs are organic compounds containing a 3-hydroxyl acylated coenzyme A derivative. 3S-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic. 3S-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-CoA
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 5 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-CoA into 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioylcarnitine is converted back to 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-C...
(3R)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-CoA
(3r)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (3R)-3_5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (3r)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 4 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (3r)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (3r)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (3R)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (3R)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (3R)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-CoA into (3R)-3_5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (3R)-3_5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoylcarnitine is converted back to (3R)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (3R)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (3R)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (3R)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond betw...
(3S)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA
(3s)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (3S)-3-hydroxydecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (3s)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 10 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (3s)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (3s)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (3S)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (3S)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (3S)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA into (3S)-3-hydroxydecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (3S)-3-hydroxydecanoylcarnitine is converted back to (3S)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (3S)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (3S)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (3S)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol...
3-Hydroxydecanedioyl-CoA
3-hydroxydecanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxydecanedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxydecanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 10 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxydecanedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxydecanedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Hydroxydecanedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Hydroxydecanedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Hydroxydecanedioyl-CoA into 3-Hydroxydecanedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-Hydroxydecanedioylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Hydroxydecanedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Hydroxydecanedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Hydroxydecanedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Hydroxydecanedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA d...
3-hydroxyundecanoyl-CoA
3-hydroxyundecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxyundecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-CoA into 3-hydroxyundecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-hydroxyundecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase o...
(2S,3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA
(2s,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2S_3R)-3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2s,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 4 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2s,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2s,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2S,3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2S,3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2S,3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA into (2S_3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2S_3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoylcarnitine is converted back to (2S,3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2S,3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2S,3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2S,3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbo...
3-Hydroxyvaleryl-CoA
3-hydroxyvaleryl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxypentanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxyvaleryl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 5 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxyvaleryl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxyvaleryl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Hydroxyvaleryl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Hydroxyvaleryl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Hydroxyvaleryl-CoA into 3-Hydroxyvalerylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-Hydroxyvalerylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Hydroxyvaleryl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Hydroxyvaleryl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Hydroxyvaleryl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Hydroxyvaleryl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and...
3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-CoA
3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxyhexanedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 6 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-CoA into 3-hydroxyhexanedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-hydroxyhexanedioylcarnitine is converted back to 3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxyhexanedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA de...
3-hydroxyheptanoyl-CoA
3-hydroxyheptanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxyheptanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 7 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxyheptanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxyheptanoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-hydroxyheptanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-hydroxyheptanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-hydroxyheptanoyl-CoA into 3-hydroxyheptanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-hydroxyheptanoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-hydroxyheptanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-hydroxyheptanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-hydroxyheptanoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxyheptanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alc...
(3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA
(3r)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (3r)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 3 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (3r)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (3r)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA into (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoylcarnitine is converted back to (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (3R)-3-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Thir...
3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-CoA
3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxyoctanedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 8 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-CoA into 3-hydroxyoctanedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-hydroxyoctanedioylcarnitine is converted back to 3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxyoctanedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA de...
(24R,25R)-3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl CoA
(24r,25r)-3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). (24r,25r)-3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl coa can be found in a number of food items such as black huckleberry, breadfruit, butternut squash, and common pea, which makes (24r,25r)-3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
24-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oyl-CoA
24-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oyl-coa is a member of the class of compounds known as 3-hydroxyacyl coas. 3-hydroxyacyl coas are organic compounds containing a 3-hydroxyl acylated coenzyme A derivative. 24-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oyl-coa is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 24-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oyl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as abalone, gram bean, common walnut, and oyster mushroom, which makes 24-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
