Classification Term: 169753

Cyanocobalamin

C63H89CoN14O14P (1355.5751964)

Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. Cyanocobalamins structure is based on a corrin ring, which, although similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll, and cytochrome, has two of the pyrrole rings directly bonded. The central metal ion is Co (cobalt). Cyanocobalamin cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of cyanocobalamin are bacteria and archaea. Higher plants do not concentrate cyanocobalamin from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products. Antipernicious anaemia factor isolated from liver extracts; now obtained comly. from fermentation liquors of Streptomyces griseus and other microorganisms, e.g. Propionibacterium shermanii, Pseudomonas denitrificans. Nutrient, dietary supplement, stabiliser. Haematopoietic vitamin [DFC]

Adenosylcobalamin

C72H100CoN18O17P (1578.658308)

Adenosylcobalamin is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. A cobalamin (cbl) derivative in which the substituent is deoxyadenosyl. It is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM; E.C. 5.4.99.2). Inborn errors of vitamin B12 metabolism are autosomal recessive disorders and have been classified into nine distinct complementation classes. Disorders affecting adenosylcobalamin cause methylmalonic acidemia and metabolic acidosis. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase catalyzes the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and uses adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor. Cbl must be transported into mitochondria, reduced and adenosylated before it can be utilized by MCM. (PMID: 17011224). Adenosylcobalamin is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. A cobalamin (cbl) derivative in which the substituent is deoxyadenosyl. It is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM; E.C. 5.4.99.2).

Methylcobalamin

C63H91CoN13O14P (1343.5877716)

The name vitamin B12 is used in two different ways. In a broad sense it refers to a group of cobalt-containing compounds known as cobalamins - cyanocobalamin (an artifact formed as a result of the use of cyanide in the purification procedures), hydroxocobalamin and the two coenzyme forms of B12, methylcobalamin (MeB12) and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin - AdoB12). In a more specific way, the term B12 is used to refer to only one of these forms, cyanocobalamin, which is the principal B12 form used for foods and in nutritional supplements. B12 cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of B12 are bacteria and archaea. The total synthesis of B12 was reported in 1973 by Robert Burns Woodward, and remains one of the classic feats of total synthesis. Cyanocobalamin is a vitamin commonly known as vitamin B12 (or B12 for short). The name vitamin B12 is used in two different ways. In a broad sense it refers to a group of cobalt-containing compounds known as cobalamins - cyanocobalamin (an artifact formed as a result of the use of cyanide in the purification procedures), hydroxocobalamin and the two coenzyme forms of B12, methylcobalamin (MeB12) and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin - AdoB12). In a more specific way, the term B12 is used to refer to only one of these forms, cyanocobalamin, which is the principal B12 form used for foods and in nutritional supplements. Methylcobalamin (CH3-B12), a cobalamin, is a form of vitamin B12.

Hydroxocobalamin

C62H89CoN13O15P (1345.5670374000001)

Hydroxocobalamin, also known as hydroxycobalamin or vitamin B12a is a member of the class of compounds known as cobalamin derivatives. These organic compounds contain a corrin ring, a cobalt atom, and a nucleotide moiety. More specifically, cobalamins are characterized by a porphyrin-like corrin nucleus that contains a single cobalt atom bound to a benzimidazolyl nucleotide and a variable residue (R) group. The variable R group gives rise to the four most commonly known cobalamins: cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, and hydroxycobalamin. Hydroxocobalamin is found in all living organisms ranging from microbes to plants to animals. However, it is only synthesized in microbes and plants. As humans cannot make hydroxocobalamin, it is required in the diet, making it an essential nutrient (i.e. a vitamin). Vitamin B12 is more abundant in animal products, especially meat, fish, eggs and dairy products although it is found in all fruits and vegetables in lower concentrations. In the serum, hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin are believed to function as storage or transport forms of vitamin B12, whereas methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin are the active forms of the coenzyme required for cell growth and replication. Hydroxocobalamin is often called vitamin B12 and is the natural form of vitamin B12, however, vitamin B12 refers to a group of cobalamins that are available in the human body in a variety of mostly interconvertible forms. Together with folate, cobalamins are essential cofactors required for DNA synthesis in cells where chromosomal replication and division are occurring. Cyanocobalamin is usually converted to hydroxocobalamin in the serum, whereas hydroxocobalamin is converted to either methylcobalamin or 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin. Cobalamins circulate bound to serum proteins called transcobalamins (TC) and haptocorrins. As a supplement hydroxocobalamin is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency including pernicious anemia. It is also used in the prevention and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency arising from alcoholism, malabsorption, tapeworm infestation, celiac disease, hyperthyroidism, hepatic-biliary tract disease, persistent diarrhea, ileal resection, pancreatic cancer, renal disease, prolonged stress, vegan diets, macrobiotic diets, and other restrictive diets. Other uses include treatment for cyanide poisoning, Lebers optic atrophy, and toxic amblyopia. Hydroxocobalamin is practically insoluble in water. Hydroxocobalamin was first isolated in 1949. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Hydroxocobalamin is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.12 To 0.84 USD per dose. Commercially, it is made from one of a number of different types of bacteria. Vitamin (haematopoietic)

Vitamin B12

C63H88CoN14O14P (1354.5673717999998)

Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is a highly complex, essential vitamin, owing its name to the fact that it contains the mineral, cobalt. This vitamin is produced naturally by bacteria, and is necessary for DNA synthesis and cellular energy production. Vitamin B12 has many forms, including the cyano-, methyl-, deoxyadenosyl- and hydroxy-cobalamin forms. The cyano form, is the most widely used form in supplements and prescription drugs,. Several pharmaceutical forms of cyanocobalamin have been developed, including the tablet, injection, and nasal spray forms,,. This drug was initially approved by the FDA in 1942. Cyanocobalamin is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). vitamin B12 is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Cyanocobalamin is a cobalt-containing coordination compound generated by intestinal microbes, and a natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with Intrinsic Factor for absorption by the intestine. Cyanocobalamin is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions. Cyanocobalamin is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12. B - Blood and blood forming organs > B03 - Antianemic preparations > B03B - Vitamin b12 and folic acid > B03BA - Vitamin b12 (cyanocobalamin and analogues) D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins Vitamin B12 is a vitamin. Vitamin B12 plays a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood[1][2]. Vitamin B12 is a vitamin. Vitamin B12 plays a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood[1][2].

vitamin B12

C63H88CoN14O14P (1354.5673717999998)

Vitamin B12 is a vitamin. Vitamin B12 plays a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood[1][2]. Vitamin B12 is a vitamin. Vitamin B12 plays a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood[1][2].

cyanocobalamin

C63H89CoN14O14P (1355.5751964)

Hydroxocobalamin

C62H89CoN13O15P (1345.5670374000001)

B - Blood and blood forming organs > B03 - Antianemic preparations > B03B - Vitamin b12 and folic acid > B03BA - Vitamin b12 (cyanocobalamin and analogues) V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AB - Antidotes D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D006397 - Hematinics D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins

Methylcobalamin

C63H91CoN13O14P (1343.5877716)