Tiotropium bromide hydrate (BioDeep_00000790618)

   


代谢物信息卡片


Tiotropium bromide monohydrate

化学式: C19H24BrNO5S2 (489.02791940000003)
中文名称: 噻托溴铵一水合物
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 () 0%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C[N+]1(C2CC(CC1C3C2O3)OC(=O)C(C4=CC=CS4)(C5=CC=CS5)O)C.O.[Br-]
InChI: 1H

描述信息

C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent
D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists
Tiotropium bromide monohydrate is an anticholinergic and bronchodilator and a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Target: mAChR Tiotropium bromide (Ba 679 BR) is a novel potent and long-lasting muscarinic antagonist that has been developed for the treatment of chronic obstructive airways disease (COPD). Binding studies with [3H]tiotropium bromide in human lung have confirmed that this is a potent muscarinic antagonist with equal affinity for M1-, M2- and M3-receptors and is approximately 10-fold more potent than ipratropium bromide. In vitro tiotropium bromide has a potent inhibitory effect against cholinergic nerve-induced contraction of guinea-pig and human airways, that has a slower onset than atropine or ipratropium bromide. tiotropium bromide dissociates slowly from M3-receptors (on airway smooth muscle) but rapidly from M2 autoreceptors (on cholinergic nerve terminals) [1]. Tiotropium bromide is a quaternary ammonium derivative that binds to muscarinic receptors. However, although tiotropium binds with high affinity to muscarinic receptors of M1-, M2- and M3-subtypes, it dissociates very slowly from M1- and M3-receptors but more rapidly from M2-receptors, thereby giving it a unique kinetic selectivity [2].

同义名列表

4 个代谢物同义名

Tiotropium bromide monohydrate; Tiotropium bromide hydrate; BA-679 BR (monohydrate); Tiotropium (bromide monohydrate)



数据库引用编号

7 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

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代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

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INOH(0)

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COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

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0 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有:

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息,我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表,这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘,得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中,存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称,可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Ting Jiang, Pengfei Li, Yang Wang. Effect of budesonide formoterol combined with tiotropium bromide on pulmonary function and inflammatory factors in patients with asthma-COPD overlap syndrome. Allergologia et immunopathologia. 2023; 51(4):131-138. doi: 10.15586/aei.v51i4.876. [PMID: 37422789]
  • Meng-Jer Hsieh, Ning-Hung Chen, Shih-Lung Cheng, Chi-Wei Tao, Yu-Feng Wei, Yao-Kuang Wu, Ming-Cheng Chan, Shih-Feng Liu, Wu-Huei Hsu, Tsung-Ming Yang, Ming-Shian Lin, Ching-Lung Liu, Ping-Hung Kuo, Ying-Huang Tsai. Comparing Clinical Outcomes of Tiotropium/Olodaterol, Umeclidinium/Vilanterol, and Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Taiwan: A Multicenter Cohort Study. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2022; 17(?):967-976. doi: 10.2147/copd.s353799. [PMID: 35510163]
  • Yunjiao Sheng, Yang Li, Ting Feng. Effect of Yifei-Huoxue Decoction Combined with Tiotropium on Inflammatory Cytokine Levels, Pulmonary Function, and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Computational intelligence and neuroscience. 2022; 2022(?):5740181. doi: 10.1155/2022/5740181. [PMID: 35634054]
  • Xiaodan Li, Wei Liu, Mianjie Liang, Zengtao Sun. Random Walk Algorithm-Based Computer Tomography (CT) Image Segmentation Analysis Effect of Spiriva Combined with Symbicort on Immunologic Function of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Computational and mathematical methods in medicine. 2022; 2022(?):1986647. doi: 10.1155/2022/1986647. [PMID: 35693265]
  • Fan Yi-Ling, Miao Qing, Liao Xing, Fan Chang-Zheng, Fan Mao-Rong, Cao Qing, Wang Ning, M A Qiu-Xiao, Hao Ya-Ni. [Systematic review and Meta-analysis on efficacy and safety of Buzhong Yiqi Decoction for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2020 Nov; 45(22):5344-5355. doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200904.501. [PMID: 33350193]
  • Johanna Eriksson, Helena Thörn, Hans Lennernäs, Erik Sjögren. Pulmonary drug absorption and systemic exposure in human: Predictions using physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V. 2020 Nov; 156(?):191-202. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.09.004. [PMID: 32941997]
  • Zhenlei Wang, Yusuke Tadayasu, Na Hu, Shiqing Shu, Chao Hu, Zhu Luo. Pharmacokinetics and safety of tiotropium+olodaterol 5 μg/5 μg fixed-dose combination in Chinese patients with COPD. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2020 08; 63(?):101944. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101944. [PMID: 32916296]
  • Keunsoo Kang, Hoo Hyun Kim, Yoonjung Choi. Tiotropium is Predicted to be a Promising Drug for COVID-19 Through Transcriptome-Based Comprehensive Molecular Pathway Analysis. Viruses. 2020 07; 12(7):. doi: 10.3390/v12070776. [PMID: 32698440]
  • Mohammed Bouhajib, Zia Tayab. An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of tiotropium following a single-dose inhalation in healthy subjects using an ultra-sensitive bioanalytical method. Drug development and industrial pharmacy. 2019 Dec; 45(12):1915-1920. doi: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1680993. [PMID: 31613148]
  • Axel Muttray, Michael Schneider, Bernd Roßbach. Urine tropenol ester levels in workers handling tiotropium bromide synthesis: implications for exposure prevention and biomonitoring. Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju. 2019 Jun; 70(2):118-122. doi: 10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3206. [PMID: 31246575]
  • Jason Perry, Brian Trautman, Joe Takher-Smith, Steve Kramer, Katie Kane, Michael Silverman, Lisa Tan, Scott Haughie, Wolfram Richter, Valentin Kirkov, Sacha Arsova, Jonathan Ward, David L Hava. Particle size and gastrointestinal absorption influence tiotropium pharmacokinetics: a pilot bioequivalence study of PUR0200 and Spiriva HandiHaler. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2019 03; 85(3):580-589. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13831. [PMID: 30521129]
  • Hailing Xu, Xiaoxia Lu. Inhaled Glucocorticoid with or without Tiotropium Bromide for Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP. 2019 Mar; 29(3):249-252. doi: 10.29271/jcpsp.2019.03.249. [PMID: 30823952]
  • Jun-Fei Feng, Guo-Rong Ding, Yan-Zhong Xie, Dejun Zhao, Xuehui Wang. Efficacy of budesonide/formoterol and tiotropium combination for the treatment of Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medicine. 2018 Jun; 97(22):e10841. doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000010841. [PMID: 29851792]
  • Vladimir Fijačko, Marina Labor, Mirjana Fijačko, Sanda Škrinjarić-Cincar, Slavica Labor, Iva Dumbović Dubravčić, Tatjana Bačun, Aleksandar Včev, Sanja Popović-Grle, Davor Plavec. Predictors of short-term LAMA ineffectiveness in treatment naïve patients with moderate to severe COPD. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 2018 Apr; 130(7-8):247-258. doi: 10.1007/s00508-017-1307-7. [PMID: 29322375]
  • Yong Zou, Jian Xiao, Xiao Xiao Lu, Zi An Xia, Bin Xie, Jun Li, Qiong Chen. Tiotropium plus formoterol versus tiotropium alone for stable moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis. The clinical respiratory journal. 2018 Jan; 12(1):269-278. doi: 10.1111/crj.12526. [PMID: 27402142]
  • Li-Chuan Tan, Wen-Jie Yang, Wei-Ping Fu, Ping Su, Jing-Kui Shu, Lu-Ming Dai. 1H-NMR-based metabolic profiling of healthy individuals and high-resolution CT-classified phenotypes of COPD with treatment of tiotropium bromide. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 ; 13(?):2985-2997. doi: 10.2147/copd.s173264. [PMID: 30310274]
  • Craig LaForce, Eric Derom, Ulrich Bothner, Isabel M Kloer, Matthias Trampisch, Roland Buhl. Long-term safety of tiotropium/olodaterol Respimat® in patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD and renal impairment in the TONADO® studies. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018; 13(?):1819-1831. doi: 10.2147/copd.s161489. [PMID: 29910611]
  • Ashish Sharma, Huib A M Kerstjens, René Aalbers, Petra Moroni-Zentgraf, Benjamin Weber, Ronald Dahl. Pharmacokinetics of tiotropium administered by Respimat® in asthma patients: Analysis of pooled data from Phase II and III clinical trials. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2017 02; 42(?):25-32. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.12.003. [PMID: 28039077]
  • Jaime Algorta, Laura Andrade, Marta Medina, Valentin Kirkov, Sacha Arsova, Fumin Li, Jingduan Chi. Pharmacokinetic Bioequivalence of Two Inhaled Tiotropium Bromide Formulations in Healthy Volunteers. Clinical drug investigation. 2016 Sep; 36(9):753-762. doi: 10.1007/s40261-016-0441-8. [PMID: 27470430]
  • Jingduan Chi, Fumin Li, Rand Jenkins. Ultrasensitive sub-pg/ml determination of tiotropium bromide in human plasma by 2D-UHPLC-MS/MS: challenges and solutions. Bioanalysis. 2016; 8(5):385-95. doi: 10.4155/bio.15.256. [PMID: 26893186]
  • Fengjie Tian, Cuiyun Li, Xin Wang, Shuangxia Ren, Ning Li, Qi Liu, Sufeng Zhou, Yang Lu, Di Zhao, Xijing Chen. Comparative study on pharmacokinetics of a series of anticholinergics, atropine, anisodamine, anisodine, scopolamine and tiotropium in rats. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. 2015 Sep; 40(3):245-53. doi: 10.1007/s13318-014-0192-y. [PMID: 24748278]
  • Alexandre Trifilieff, Brian T Ethell, David A Sykes, Kenny J Watson, Steve Collingwood, Steven J Charlton, Toby C Kent. Comparing the cardiovascular therapeutic indices of glycopyrronium and tiotropium in an integrated rat pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety model. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2015 Aug; 287(1):9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.012. [PMID: 26026369]
  • Stephen T Horhota, Jan A van Noord, Cynthia B Verkleij, Loek J Bour, Ashish Sharma, Michael Trunk, Piet J G Cornelissen. In Vitro, Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Safety Comparisons of Single and Combined Administration of Tiotropium and Salmeterol in COPD Patients Using Different Dry Powder Inhalers. The AAPS journal. 2015 Jul; 17(4):871-80. doi: 10.1208/s12248-015-9751-7. [PMID: 25794622]
  • María José Varela Liste, Gianluigi Caltabiano, Richard J Ward, Elisa Alvarez-Curto, Sara Marsango, Graeme Milligan. The molecular basis of oligomeric organization of the human M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Molecular pharmacology. 2015 Jun; 87(6):936-53. doi: 10.1124/mol.114.096925. [PMID: 25769304]
  • Francesco Trotta, Roberto Da Cas, Maja Rajevic, Mariangela Rossi, Giuseppe Traversa. Risk factors influencing the prescription of tiotropium Respimat formulation: a population-based cohort study. BMJ open. 2015 May; 5(5):e006619. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006619. [PMID: 26009573]
  • Michael W Konstan, Ashish Sharma, Petra Moroni-Zentgraf, Fei Wang, Paul Koker. Safety, tolerability, and plasma exposure of tiotropium Respimat® in children and adults with cystic fibrosis. Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery. 2015 Apr; 28(2):137-44. doi: 10.1089/jamp.2013.1115. [PMID: 25380193]
  • Ashish Sharma, David E Geller, Petra Moroni-Zentgraf, Sabine Kattenbeck, Marion Schmid, Katja Boland, Barbara Rapp, Michael W Konstan, Felix Ratjen, J Stuart Elborn, Paul Koker. Pooled analysis of tiotropium Respimat(®) pharmacokinetics in cystic fibrosis. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2014 Dec; 29(2):217-23. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.08.004. [PMID: 25161072]
  • Amadeu Gavaldà, Israel Ramos, Carla Carcasona, Elena Calama, Raquel Otal, José Luis Montero, Sonia Sentellas, Monica Aparici, Dolors Vilella, Joan Alberti, Jorge Beleta, Montserrat Miralpeix. The in vitro and in vivo profile of aclidinium bromide in comparison with glycopyrronium bromide. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2014 Aug; 28(2):114-21. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.05.005. [PMID: 24928173]
  • Alexander G Mathioudakis, Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, Efstathia Evangelopoulou, Georgios A Mathioudakis, Nikolaos M Siafakas. Comparative mortality risk of tiotropium administered via handihaler or respimat in COPD patients: are they equivalent?. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2014 Aug; 28(2):91-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.04.009. [PMID: 24846455]
  • Saeed Kolahian, Amir Ali Shahbazfar, Hossein Tayefi-Nasrabadi, Rana Keyhanmanesh, Khalil Ansarin, Hamid Ghasemi, Amir Hossein Rashidi, Reinoud Gosens, Mohsen Hanifeh. Tiotropium effects on airway inflammatory events in the cat as an animal model for acute cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation. Experimental lung research. 2014 Aug; 40(6):272-87. doi: 10.3109/01902148.2014.905657. [PMID: 24784973]
  • Yun Liu, Hongyang Shi, Xiuzhen Sun, Dexin Zhang, Yuping Zhang, Kunzheng Yang, Liehan Mi, Manxiang Li. Benefits of adding fluticasone propionate/salmeterol to tiotropium in COPD: a meta-analysis. European journal of internal medicine. 2014 Jun; 25(5):491-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.04.007. [PMID: 24816076]
  • Andrew C Kruse, Jianxin Hu, Brian K Kobilka, Jürgen Wess. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor X-ray structures: potential implications for drug development. Current opinion in pharmacology. 2014 Jun; 16(?):24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.02.006. [PMID: 24662799]
  • J M Hohlfeld, A Sharma, J A van Noord, P J G Cornelissen, E Derom, L Towse, V Peterkin, B Disse. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tiotropium solution and tiotropium powder in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of clinical pharmacology. 2014 Apr; 54(4):405-14. doi: 10.1002/jcph.215. [PMID: 24165906]
  • Berislav Bosnjak, Cornelia Tilp, Christopher Tomsic, Gerhard Dekan, Michael P Pieper, Klaus J Erb, Michelle M Epstein. Tiotropium bromide inhibits relapsing allergic asthma in BALB/c mice. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2014 Feb; 27(1):44-51. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.09.004. [PMID: 24090641]
  • Antonio Mete, Keith Bowers, Richard J Bull, Helen Coope, David K Donald, Katherine J Escott, Rhonan Ford, Ken Grime, Andrew Mather, Nicholas C Ray, Vince Russell. The design of a novel series of muscarinic receptor antagonists leading to AZD8683, a potential inhaled treatment for COPD. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2013 Dec; 23(23):6248-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.092. [PMID: 24144851]
  • Yan Tang, Dan Massey, Nan-shan Zhong. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of tiotropium bromide (5 µg) inhaled via Respimat in Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chinese medical journal. 2013; 126(19):3603-7. doi: NULL. [PMID: 24112149]
  • François Maltais, Julie Milot. The potential for aclidinium bromide, a new anticholinergic, in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease. 2012 Dec; 6(6):345-61. doi: 10.1177/1753465812463626. [PMID: 23075544]
  • Vandana Gupta, Dave Singh. Aclidinium bromide for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert review of respiratory medicine. 2012 Dec; 6(6):581-8. doi: 10.1586/ers.12.61. [PMID: 23234445]
  • Pierachille Santus, Carola Buccellati, Stefano Centanni, Francesca Fumagalli, Paolo Busatto, Francesco Blasi, Angelo Sala. Bronchodilators modulate inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects. Pharmacological research. 2012 Oct; 66(4):343-8. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.007. [PMID: 22659487]
  • Mirella Profita, Loredana Riccobono, Angela Marina Montalbano, Anna Bonanno, Maria Ferraro, Giusy Daniela Albano, Stefania Gerbino, Paola Casarosa, Michael Paul Pieper, Mark Gjomarkaj. In vitro anticholinergic drugs affect CD8+ peripheral blood T-cells apoptosis in COPD. Immunobiology. 2012 Mar; 217(3):345-53. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.07.013. [PMID: 21855166]
  • Amadeu Gavaldà, Jordi Gras, Josep Llupià, Jordi Aubets, Jorge Beleta, Jesús Llenas. Aclidinium bromide, a novel long-acting muscarinic antagonist for COPD with improved preclinical renal and urinary safety profile. Life sciences. 2012 Feb; 90(7-8):301-5. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.12.002. [PMID: 22213116]
  • Kenji Yoshimura, Ryoji Maekura, Toru Hiraga, Seigo Kitada, Keisuke Miki, Mari Miki, Yoshitaka Tateishi. Effects of tiotropium on sympathetic activation during exercise in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2012; 7(?):109-17. doi: 10.2147/copd.s28677. [PMID: 22615527]
  • Peter M A Calverley, Robert A Stockley, Terence A R Seemungal, Gerry Hagan, Lisa R Willits, John H Riley, Jadwiga A Wedzicha. Reported pneumonia in patients with COPD: findings from the INSPIRE study. Chest. 2011 Mar; 139(3):505-512. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-2992. [PMID: 20576732]
  • Takeo Nakanishi, Tsunemitsu Haruta, Yoshiyuki Shirasaka, Ikumi Tamai. Organic cation transporter-mediated renal secretion of ipratropium and tiotropium in rats and humans. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 2011 Jan; 39(1):117-22. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.035402. [PMID: 20962061]
  • James F Donohue, Charles Fogarty, Jan Lötvall, Donald A Mahler, Heinrich Worth, Arzu Yorgancioglu, Amir Iqbal, James Swales, Roger Owen, Mark Higgins, Benjamin Kramer. Once-daily bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: indacaterol versus tiotropium. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2010 Jul; 182(2):155-62. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200910-1500oc. [PMID: 20463178]
  • Michael D Gregory, Tracey L Mersfelder, Thomas Jamieson. Accidental overdose of tiotropium in a patient with atrial fibrillation. The Annals of pharmacotherapy. 2010 Feb; 44(2):391-3. doi: 10.1345/aph.1m409. [PMID: 20118141]
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  • María Prat, Dolors Fernández, M Antonia Buil, María I Crespo, Gaspar Casals, Manuel Ferrer, Laia Tort, Jordi Castro, Juan M Monleón, Amadeu Gavaldà, Montserrat Miralpeix, Israel Ramos, Teresa Doménech, Dolors Vilella, Francisca Antón, Josep M Huerta, Sonia Espinosa, Manuel López, Sonia Sentellas, Marisa González, Joan Albertí, Victor Segarra, Alvaro Cárdenas, Jorge Beleta, Hamish Ryder. Discovery of novel quaternary ammonium derivatives of (3R)-quinuclidinol esters as potent and long-acting muscarinic antagonists with potential for minimal systemic exposure after inhaled administration: identification of (3R)-3-{[hydroxy(di-2-thienyl)acetyl]oxy}-1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (aclidinium bromide). Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2009 Aug; 52(16):5076-92. doi: 10.1021/jm900132z. [PMID: 19653626]
  • Shuren Ma, Yong Y Lin, Lori Tartell, Gerard M Turino. The effect of tiotropium therapy on markers of elastin degradation in COPD. Respiratory research. 2009 Feb; 10(?):12. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-12. [PMID: 19243601]
  • Hiroo Miyazaki, Takafumi Suda, Atsushi Otsuka, Masao Nagata, Seiichiro Ozono, Dai Hashimoto, Yutaro Nakamura, Naoki Inui, Hirotoshi Nakamura, Kingo Chida. Tiotropium does not affect lower urinary tract functions in COPD patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2008 Dec; 21(6):879-83. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.10.001. [PMID: 18992357]
  • Li Ding, Wenming Tan, Yindi Zhang, Jianping Shen, Zhengxing Zhang. Sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS method for the determination of tiotropium in human plasma. Journal of chromatographic science. 2008 May; 46(5):445-9. doi: 10.1093/chromsci/46.5.445. [PMID: 18492357]
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  • Denis Caillaud, Charles Le Merre, Yan Martinat, Bernard Aguilaniu, Demetri Pavia. A dose-ranging study of tiotropium delivered via Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler or HandiHaler in COPD patients. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2007; 2(4):559-65. doi: NULL. [PMID: 18268929]
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  • A Leusch, B Eichhorn, G Müller, K L Rominger. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the anticholinergics tiotropium and ipratropium in the rat and dog. Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition. 2001 Jul; 22(5):199-212. doi: 10.1002/bdd.280. [PMID: 11745922]
  • B Disse, G A Speck, K L Rominger, T J Witek, R Hammer. Tiotropium (Spiriva): mechanistical considerations and clinical profile in obstructive lung disease. Life sciences. 1999; 64(6-7):457-64. doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00588-8. [PMID: 10069510]
  • B Disse, R Reichl, G Speck, W Traunecker, K L Ludwig Rominger, R Hammer. Ba 679 BR, a novel long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator. Life sciences. 1993; 52(5-6):537-44. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(93)90312-q. [PMID: 8441333]