Lonidamine (BioDeep_00000399098)

   

natural product


代谢物信息卡片


Lonidamine

化学式: C15H10Cl2N2O2 (320.01193)
中文名称: 氯尼达明
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 () 0%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=NN2CC3=C(C=C(C=C3)Cl)Cl)C(=O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C15H10Cl2N2O2/c16-10-6-5-9(12(17)7-10)8-19-13-4-2-1-3-11(13)14(18-19)15(20)21/h1-7H,8H2,(H,20,21)

描述信息

D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents
D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C798 - Radiosensitizing Agent
D009676 - Noxae > D000988 - Antispermatogenic Agents
D011838 - Radiation-Sensitizing Agents
C1744 - Multidrug Resistance Modulator
D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
Lonidamine (AF-1890) is a hexokinase and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier inhibitor (Ki: 2.5 μM). Lonidamine also inhibits aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. Lonidamine can be used in the research of mitochondrial metabolism and inflammation, such as pulmonary fibrosis[1][2][3].

同义名列表

4 个代谢物同义名

Lonidamine; AF-1890; Diclondazolic Acid; DICA



数据库引用编号

8 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

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代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

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PharmGKB(0)

0 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有:

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息,我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表,这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘,得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中,存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称,可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Pengfei Chen, Chi Zhang, Liuliang He, Mingfei Li, Jie Rong, Pengfei Sun, Yingying Chen, Daifeng Li. A thermoresponsive nanocomposite integrates NIR-II-absorbing small molecule with lonidamine for pyroptosis-promoted synergistic immunotherapy. Journal of nanobiotechnology. 2024 Apr; 22(1):163. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02424-5. [PMID: 38600506]
  • Huizhen Li, Wan Xu, Fang Li, Ru Zeng, Xiuming Zhang, Xianwu Wang, Shaojun Zhao, Jian Weng, Zhu Li, Liping Sun. Amplification of anticancer efficacy by co-delivery of doxorubicin and lonidamine with extracellular vesicles. Drug delivery. 2022 Dec; 29(1):192-202. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2023697. [PMID: 34984953]
  • Yi Zhao, Yao Peng, Zhongzhen Yang, Jiaqi Lu, Ru Li, Yuesen Shi, Yaxin Du, Ze Zhao, Li Hai, Yong Wu. pH-redox responsive cascade-targeted liposomes to intelligently deliver doxorubicin prodrugs and lonidamine for glioma. European journal of medicinal chemistry. 2022 May; 235(?):114281. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114281. [PMID: 35344903]
  • Jiaqi Lu, Ru Li, Binsong Mu, Yao Peng, Yi Zhao, Yuesen Shi, Li Guo, Li Hai, Yong Wu. Multiple targeted doxorubicin-lonidamine liposomes modified with p-hydroxybenzoic acid and triphenylphosphonium to synergistically treat glioma. European journal of medicinal chemistry. 2022 Feb; 230(?):114093. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114093. [PMID: 35007860]
  • Yao Peng, Jiaqi Lu, Ru Li, Yi Zhao, Li Hai, Li Guo, Yong Wu. Glucose and Triphenylphosphonium Co-Modified Redox-Sensitive Liposomes to Synergistically Treat Glioma with Doxorubicin and Lonidamine. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2021 Jun; 13(23):26682-26693. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c02404. [PMID: 34061501]
  • Jiyuan Chen, Fuzheng Ren, Wenfeng Cao, Zhengjie Wu, Guanqun Ju, Chengwu Xiao, Weijia Wu, Shen Gao, Chuanliang Xu, Yuan Gao. Photothermal therapy enhance the anti-mitochondrial metabolism effect of lonidamine to renal cell carcinoma in homologous-targeted nanosystem. Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine. 2021 06; 34(?):102370. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102370. [PMID: 33713859]
  • Ceyda Tuba Sengel-Turk, Mehmet Eray Alcigir, Okan Ekim, Filiz Bakar-Ates, Canan Hascicek. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of lonidamine-entrapped lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: An experimental rat model. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V. 2020 Dec; 157(?):211-220. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.10.016. [PMID: 33129926]
  • Tobie D Lee, Olivia W Lee, Kyle R Brimacombe, Lu Chen, Rajarshi Guha, Sabrina Lusvarghi, Bethilehem G Tebase, Carleen Klumpp-Thomas, Robert W Robey, Suresh V Ambudkar, Min Shen, Michael M Gottesman, Matthew D Hall. A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Molecular pharmacology. 2019 11; 96(5):629-640. doi: 10.1124/mol.119.115964. [PMID: 31515284]
  • Yangzom D Bhutia, Ellappan Babu, Vadivel Ganapathy. Re-programming tumour cell metabolism to treat cancer: no lone target for lonidamine. The Biochemical journal. 2016 Jun; 473(11):1503-6. doi: 10.1042/bcj20160068. [PMID: 27234586]
  • Bethany Nancolas, Lili Guo, Rong Zhou, Kavindra Nath, David S Nelson, Dennis B Leeper, Ian A Blair, Jerry D Glickson, Andrew P Halestrap. The anti-tumour agent lonidamine is a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier and plasma membrane monocarboxylate transporters. The Biochemical journal. 2016 Apr; 473(7):929-36. doi: 10.1042/bj20151120. [PMID: 26831515]
  • Assogba G Assanhou, Wenyuan Li, Lei Zhang, Lingjing Xue, Lingyi Kong, Hongbin Sun, Ran Mo, Can Zhang. Reversal of multidrug resistance by co-delivery of paclitaxel and lonidamine using a TPGS and hyaluronic acid dual-functionalized liposome for cancer treatment. Biomaterials. 2015 Dec; 73(?):284-95. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.022. [PMID: 26426537]
  • Bing-Feng Zhang, Lei Xing, Peng-Fei Cui, Feng-Zhen Wang, Rong-Lin Xie, Jia-Liang Zhang, Mei Zhang, Yu-Jing He, Jin-Yuan Lyu, Jian-Bin Qiao, Bao-An Chen, Hu-Lin Jiang. Mitochondria apoptosis pathway synergistically activated by hierarchical targeted nanoparticles co-delivering siRNA and lonidamine. Biomaterials. 2015 Aug; 61(?):178-89. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.027. [PMID: 26004233]
  • Theodore I Steinman. Polycystic kidney disease: a 2011 update. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension. 2012 Mar; 21(2):189-94. doi: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32835011a7. [PMID: 22274800]
  • Christo Paul Preethy, Ramamoorthy Padmapriya, Vaiyapuri Subbarayan Periasamy, Anvarbatcha Riyasdeen, Suresh Srinag, Hanumanthappa Krishnamurthy, Ali Abdullah Alshatwi, Mohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha. Antiproliferative property of n-hexane and chloroform extracts of Anisomeles malabarica (L). R. Br. in HPV16-positive human cervical cancer cells. Journal of pharmacology & pharmacotherapeutics. 2012 Jan; 3(1):26-34. doi: 10.4103/0976-500x.92500. [PMID: 22368413]
  • Lara Milane, Zhen-feng Duan, Mansoor Amiji. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of lonidamine/paclitaxel loaded, EGFR-targeted nanoparticles in an orthotopic animal model of multi-drug resistant breast cancer. Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine. 2011 Aug; 7(4):435-44. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2010.12.009. [PMID: 21220050]
  • Lara Milane, Zhenfeng Duan, Mansoor Amiji. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of paclitaxel/lonidamine loaded EGFR-targeted nanoparticles for the treatment of multi-drug resistant cancer. PloS one. 2011; 6(9):e24075. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024075. [PMID: 21931642]
  • Hui Wang, Xiang-Xiang Chen, Li-Rong Wang, Yun-Dong Mao, Zuo-Min Zhou, Jia-Hao Sha. AF-2364 is a prospective spermicide candidate. Asian journal of andrology. 2010 May; 12(3):322-35. doi: 10.1038/aja.2010.11. [PMID: 20418891]
  • P Bougnoux, N Hajjaji, M N Ferrasson, B Giraudeau, C Couet, O Le Floch. Improving outcome of chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer by docosahexaenoic acid: a phase II trial. British journal of cancer. 2009 Dec; 101(12):1978-85. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605441. [PMID: 19920822]
  • Lana Mandic, Matthew S Miller, Corinne Coulter, Brian Munshaw, Laura Hertel. Human cytomegalovirus US9 protein contains an N-terminal signal sequence and a C-terminal mitochondrial localization domain, and does not alter cellular sensitivity to apoptosis. The Journal of general virology. 2009 May; 90(Pt 5):1172-1182. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.008466-0. [PMID: 19264602]
  • S Prabhakara, V K Kalia. Optimizing radiotherapy of brain tumours by a combination of temozolomide & lonidamine. The Indian journal of medical research. 2008 Aug; 128(2):140-8. doi: NULL. [PMID: 19001677]
  • G Giorgioni, S Ruggieri, A Di Stefano, P Sozio, B Cinque, L Di Marzio, G Santoni, F Claudi. Glycosyl and polyalcoholic prodrugs of lonidamine. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2008 Apr; 18(7):2445-50. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.046. [PMID: 18321702]
  • R S Gupta, J B S Kachhawa. Evaluation of contraceptive activity of methanol extract of Dendrophthoe falcata stem in male albino rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2007 May; 112(1):215-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.022. [PMID: 17446020]
  • Travis L Bullock, Gerald L Andriole. Emerging drug therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Expert opinion on emerging drugs. 2006 Mar; 11(1):111-23. doi: 10.1517/14728214.11.1.111. [PMID: 16503830]
  • Paul Linsdell. Location of a common inhibitor binding site in the cytoplasmic vestibule of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channel pore. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2005 Mar; 280(10):8945-50. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m414354200. [PMID: 15634668]
  • Pasquale Ditonno, Michele Battaglia, Oscar Selvaggio, Lucio Garofalo, Vito Lorusso, Francesco Paolo Selvaggi. Clinical Evidence Supporting the Role of Lonidamine for the Treatment of BPH. Reviews in urology. 2005; 7 Suppl 7(?):S27-33. doi: NULL. [PMID: 16986058]
  • Giovanni Filippo Palmieri, Franco Cantalamessa, Piera Di Martino, Cinzia Nasuti, Sante Martelli. Lonidamine solid dispersions: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug development and industrial pharmacy. 2002 Nov; 28(10):1241-50. doi: 10.1081/ddc-120015357. [PMID: 12476870]
  • A S Belzacq, C El Hamel, H L Vieira, I Cohen, D Haouzi, D Métivier, P Marchetti, C Brenner, G Kroemer. Adenine nucleotide translocator mediates the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization induced by lonidamine, arsenite and CD437. Oncogene. 2001 Nov; 20(52):7579-87. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204953. [PMID: 11753636]
  • C Y Cheng, B Silvestrini, J Grima, M Y Mo , L J Zhu , E Johansson, L Saso, M G Leone, M Palmery, D Mruk. Two new male contraceptives exert their effects by depleting germ cells prematurely from the testis. Biology of reproduction. 2001 Aug; 65(2):449-61. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod65.2.449. [PMID: 11466213]
  • X D Gong, J C Li, K H Cheung, G P Leung, S B Chew, P Y Wong. Expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in rat spermatids: implication for the site of action of antispermatogenic agents. Molecular human reproduction. 2001 Aug; 7(8):705-13. doi: 10.1093/molehr/7.8.705. [PMID: 11470857]
  • E Grippa, M T Gatto, M G Leone, B Tita, H Adbel-Haq, A Vitalone, B Silvestrini, L Saso. Analysis of lonidamine in rat serum and testis by high performance liquid chromatography. Biomedical chromatography : BMC. 2001 Feb; 15(1):1-8. doi: 10.1002/bmc.14. [PMID: 11180293]
  • E Grippa, M T Gatto, M Caiola, D Persio, B Tita, L Saso. Effect of lonidamine on alpha2-macroglobulin, hemopexin and alpha1-antitrypsin in the rat testis and epididymis. Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology. 2001; 110(3-4):169-82. doi: NULL. [PMID: 12760487]
  • E T Samy, J C Li, J Grima, W M Lee, B Silvestrini, C Y Cheng. Sertoli cell prostaglandin D2 synthetase is a multifunctional molecule: its expression and regulation. Endocrinology. 2000 Feb; 141(2):710-21. doi: 10.1210/endo.141.2.7329. [PMID: 10650953]
  • A Rosi, A M Luciani, P Matarrese, G Arancia, V Viti, L Guidoni. 1H-MRS lipid signal modulation and morphological and ultrastructural changes related to tumor cell proliferation. Magnetic resonance in medicine. 1999 Aug; 42(2):248-57. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199908)42:2<248::aid-mrm6>3.0.co;2-i. [PMID: 10440949]
  • V Chekulayev, I Shevchuk, L Chekulayeva, A Kahru. Study of the photochemical and phototoxic properties of lonidamine [1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid]. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology. 1997 Nov; 41(1-2):11-21. doi: 10.1016/s1011-1344(97)00062-6. [PMID: 9440309]
  • J Grima, L Zhu, C Y Cheng. Testin is tightly associated with testicular cell membrane upon its secretion by sertoli cells whose steady-state mRNA level in the testis correlates with the turnover and integrity of inter-testicular cell junctions. The Journal of biological chemistry. 1997 Mar; 272(10):6499-509. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6499. [PMID: 9045675]
  • A Gasperi-Campani, L Roncuzzi, W Zoli, D Amadori. Saporin 6 and lonidamine in primary cell cultures from human breast carcinomas: a synergistic effect. Anti-cancer drug design. 1997 Mar; 12(2):91-8. doi: ". [PMID: 9113064]
  • C Bottalico, V Lorusso, M Brandi, G Micelli, C A Rella, M Coviello, A M Atlante, M Quaranta, M De Lena. Correlation between HPLC-determined lonidamine serum levels and clinical response in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Anticancer research. 1996 Nov; 16(6B):3865-9. doi: NULL. [PMID: 9042272]
  • G S Price, R L Page, J E Riviere, J M Cline, D E Thrall. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of oral and intravenous lonidamine in dogs. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology. 1996; 38(2):129-35. doi: 10.1007/s002800050460. [PMID: 8616902]
  • G Zupi, A Molinari, I D'Agnano, S Meschini, D Del Bufalo, P Matarrese, A Candiloro, A Calcabrini, G Citro, G Arancia. Adriamycin resistance modulation induced by lonidamine in human breast cancer cells. Anticancer research. 1995 Nov; 15(6B):2469-77. doi: NULL. [PMID: 8669810]
  • C Bottalico, G Micelli, A Guerrieri, F Palmisano, V Lorusso, M de Lena. An on-line semi-automated solid-phase extraction procedure for high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of lonidamine in serum. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 1995 Oct; 13(11):1349-53. doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(95)01542-s. [PMID: 8634352]
  • L Roncuzzi, W Zoli, P Bajorko, A Gasperi-Campani. In vitro potentiation by lonidamine of the sc-RIP saporin 6 effect in a human metastatic breast cancer cell line. Anticancer research. 1995 May; 15(3):773-6. doi: ". [PMID: 7645957]
  • M T Santini, C Cametti, G Zimatore, W Malorni, M Benassi, F P Gentile, A Floridi, P L Indovina. A dielectric relaxation study on the effects of the antitumor drugs Lonidamine and Rhein on the membrane electrical properties of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Anticancer research. 1995 Jan; 15(1):29-36. doi: NULL. [PMID: 7733637]
  • J L Mansi, A de Graeff, D R Newell, J Glaholm, D Button, M O Leach, G Payne, I E Smith. A phase II clinical and pharmacokinetic study of Lonidamine in patients with advanced breast cancer. British journal of cancer. 1991 Sep; 64(3):593-7. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1991.356. [PMID: 1911204]
  • D R Newell, J Mansi, J Hardy, D Button, K Jenns, I E Smith, R Picollo, B Catanese. The pharmacokinetics of oral lonidamine in breast and lung cancer patients. Seminars in oncology. 1991 Apr; 18(2 Suppl 4):11-7. doi: NULL. [PMID: 2031191]
  • U Gatzemeier, H Toomes, R Picollo, V Christoffel, P W Lücker, J Ulmer. Single- and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of lonidamine in patients suffering from non-small-cell lung cancer. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1991 Apr; 41(4):436-9. doi: NULL. [PMID: 1650226]
  • M Stahl, E Schmoll, H Becker, A Schlichter, L Hoffmann, H Wagner, K Possinger, W Müller, M Köllermann, W Weidenhammer. Lonidamine versus high-dose tamoxifen in progressive, advanced renal cell carcinoma: results of an ongoing randomized phase II study. Seminars in oncology. 1991 Apr; 18(2 Suppl 4):33-7. doi: NULL. [PMID: 2031196]
  • G Citro, R Galati, A Verdina, S Castiglione, B Silvestrini, A Caputo, A Floridi. Immunochemical determination of lonidamine in rat tissues and blood serum. Anticancer research. 1989 May; 9(3):811-5. doi: NULL. [PMID: 2669622]
  • W Malorni, G Arancia, C De Martino, A Nista, L Accinni, R Masella, A Cantafora. On the mechanism of action of lonidamine: a study on human erythrocyte membrane. Experimental and molecular pathology. 1988 Dec; 49(3):361-72. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(88)90008-1. [PMID: 3197815]
  • G Arancia, W Malorni, P C Trovalusci, G Isacchi, G Giannella, C De Martino. Differential effect of lonidamine on the plasma membrane ultrastructure of normal and leukemic human lymphocytes. Experimental and molecular pathology. 1988 Feb; 48(1):37-47. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(88)90044-5. [PMID: 3257192]
  • C De Martino, W Malorni, L Accinni, F Rosati, A Nista, G Formisano, B Silvestrini, G Arancia. Cell membrane changes induced by lonidamine in human erythrocytes and T lymphocytes, and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Experimental and molecular pathology. 1987 Feb; 46(1):15-30. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(87)90027-x. [PMID: 3492392]
  • G Zupi, C Greco, N Laudonio, M Benassi, B Silvestrini, A Caputo. In vitro and in vivo potentiation by lonidamine of the antitumor effect of adriamycin. Anticancer research. 1986 Sep; 6(5):1245-9. doi: NULL. [PMID: 3800331]
  • B H Weinerman, E A Eisenhauer, J G Besner, C M Coppin, D Stewart, P R Band. Phase II study of lonidamine in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study. Cancer treatment reports. 1986 Jun; 70(6):751-4. doi: NULL. [PMID: 3524824]
  • I M Spitz, G L Gunsalus, J P Mather, R Thau, C W Bardin. The effects of the indazole carboxylic acid derivative, tolnidamine, on testicular function: I. Early changes in androgen binding protein secretion in the rat. Journal of andrology. 1985 May; 6(3):171-8. doi: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.1985.tb00833.x. [PMID: 3922932]
  • J G Besner, R Leclaire, P R Band, M Deschamps, A J De Sanctis, B Catanese. Pharmacokinetics of Lonidamine after oral administration in cancer patients. Oncology. 1984; 41 Suppl 1(?):48-52. doi: 10.1159/000225885. [PMID: 6717895]
  • C W Young, V E Currie, J H Kim, M A O'Hehir, F M Farag, J E Kinahan. Phase I and clinical pharmacologic evaluation of Lonidamine in patients with advanced cancer. Oncology. 1984; 41 Suppl 1(?):60-5. doi: 10.1159/000225888. [PMID: 6717897]
  • V Santiemma, G Tullio, G Iapadre, A Fabbrini. Effects of Lonidamine on pituitary-gonadal axis in man. Oncology. 1984; 41 Suppl 1(?):53-5. doi: 10.1159/000225886. [PMID: 6425759]
  • W K Evans, F A Shepherd, B Mullis. Phase II evaluation of Lonidamine in patients with advanced malignancy. Oncology. 1984; 41 Suppl 1(?):69-77. doi: 10.1159/000225890. [PMID: 6717899]
  • A Caputo, B Silvestrini. Lonidamine, a new approach to cancer therapy. Oncology. 1984; 41 Suppl 1(?):2-6. doi: 10.1159/000225878. [PMID: 6371644]
  • R Leclaire, J G Besner, P Band, S Mailhot, P Gervais, A De Sanctis, M Deschamps, L Liverani. High-performance liquid chromatography of lonidamine in human plasma and urine. Journal of chromatography. 1983 Oct; 277(?):427-32. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84871-9. [PMID: 6643634]
  • R Heywood, R W James, P S Barcellona, A Campana, V Cioli. Toxicological studies on 1-substituted-indazole-3-carboxylic acids. Chemotherapy. 1981; 27 Suppl 2(?):91-7. doi: 10.1159/000238049. [PMID: 7285641]