Glycopyrrolate (BioDeep_00000033285)

   

human metabolite blood metabolite Chemicals and Drugs natural product


代谢物信息卡片


Pyrrolidinium, 3-((cyclopentylhydroxyphenylacetyl)oxy)-1,1-dimethyl-, bromide

化学式: C19H28NO3+ (318.20690780000007)
中文名称:
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(blood) 7.41%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C[N+]1(C)CCC(C1)OC(=O)C(O)(C1CCCC1)C1=CC=CC=C1
InChI: InChI=1S/C19H28NO3/c1-20(2)13-12-17(14-20)23-18(21)19(22,16-10-6-7-11-16)15-8-4-3-5-9-15/h3-5,8-9,16-17,22H,6-7,10-14H2,1-2H3/q+1

描述信息

Glycopyrrolate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic anticholinergic agent with a quaternary ammonium structure. A muscarinic competitive antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. [PubChem]Glycopyrrolate binds competitively to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Like other anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agents, it inhibits the action of acetylcholine on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves and on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. These peripheral cholinergic receptors are present in the autonomic effector cells of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, exocrine glands and, to a limited degree, in the autonomic ganglia. Thus, it diminishes the volume and free acidity of gastric secretions and controls excessive pharyngeal, tracheal, and bronchial secretions.
D - Dermatologicals > D11 - Other dermatological preparations > D11A - Other dermatological preparations > D11AA - Antihidrotics
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents

同义名列表

8 个代谢物同义名

Pyrrolidinium, 3-((cyclopentylhydroxyphenylacetyl)oxy)-1,1-dimethyl-, bromide; 3-[(2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)oxy]-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium; Bromide, glycopyrronium; Glycopyrronium bromide; Glycopyrrolic acid; Glycopyrrolate; NVA 237; NVA-237



数据库引用编号

10 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

9 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Yiwen Gong, Zichao Sui, Yinghua Lv, Qingshan Zheng, Lujin Li. LABA/LAMA versus LABA/ICS fixed-dose combinations in the prevention of COPD exacerbations: a modeling analysis of literature aggregate data. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 2023 Jul; ?(?):. doi: 10.1007/s00228-023-03543-y. [PMID: 37507595]
  • Piotr Kuna, Joanna Jerzynska, Matteo Martini, Andrea Vele, Irene Barneschi, Fabrizia Mariotti, George Georges, Giorgia Ciurlia. Pharmacokinetics of extrafine beclometasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate/glycopyrronium bromide in adolescent and adult patients with asthma. Pharmacology research & perspectives. 2022 08; 10(4):e980. doi: 10.1002/prp2.980. [PMID: 35733414]
  • Zi Fan, Bo Zhou, Yujia Liu, Wu Sun, Yuntao Fang, Hongguo Lu, Dongya Chen, Kuikui Lu, Xinyue Wu, Tian Xiao, Wenjing Xie, Qian Bian. Optimization and Application of an Efficient and Stable Inhalation Exposure System for Rodents. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2022 Jan; 23(1):50. doi: 10.1208/s12249-021-02191-8. [PMID: 34993683]
  • Yong Zhang, Yonghong Pei, Na Li. A Meta-Analysis of the Differences in Serum Lipid Levels between Pregnant Women with Hypertensive Disorder Complicating Pregnancy and Nonhypertensive Disorder Complicating Pregnancy. BioMed research international. 2022; 2022(?):8974924. doi: 10.1155/2022/8974924. [PMID: 36225978]
  • Meng-Jer Hsieh, Ning-Hung Chen, Shih-Lung Cheng, Chi-Wei Tao, Yu-Feng Wei, Yao-Kuang Wu, Ming-Cheng Chan, Shih-Feng Liu, Wu-Huei Hsu, Tsung-Ming Yang, Ming-Shian Lin, Ching-Lung Liu, Ping-Hung Kuo, Ying-Huang Tsai. Comparing Clinical Outcomes of Tiotropium/Olodaterol, Umeclidinium/Vilanterol, and Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Taiwan: A Multicenter Cohort Study. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2022; 17(?):967-976. doi: 10.2147/copd.s353799. [PMID: 35510163]
  • Yiwen Gong, Yinghua Lv, Hongxia Liu, Qingshan Zheng, Lujin Li. Quantitative analysis of efficacy and safety of LABA/LAMA fixed-dose combinations in the treatment of stable COPD. Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease. 2022 Jan; 16(?):17534666211066068. doi: 10.1177/17534666211066068. [PMID: 35001708]
  • Massimo Cella, Jörg Täubel, Irisz Delestre-Levai, Anne Tulard, Andrea Vele, George Georges. Ethnic Sensitivity Study of the Extrafine, Single-Inhaler, Triple Therapy Beclomethasone Dipropionate, Formoterol Fumarate, and Glycopyrronium Bromide Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler in Japanese and Caucasian Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Single-Dose Crossover Study. Clinical therapeutics. 2021 11; 43(11):1934-1947.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.09.001. [PMID: 34600734]
  • Christian Bartels, Monish Jain, Jing Yu, Hanns-Christian Tillmann, Soniya Vaidya. Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium/Mometasone Furoate After Administration of Combination Therapies Using the Breezhaler® Device in Patients with Asthma. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. 2021 Jul; 46(4):487-504. doi: 10.1007/s13318-021-00689-x. [PMID: 34024035]
  • Yu-Luan Chen, Weimin Wang, Lei Shi, John Eddy. An ultrasensitive LC-MS/MS method and application to clinical dose-range finding for glycopyrrolate via an e-Nebulizer. Bioanalysis. 2021 Jun; 13(12):959-968. doi: 10.4155/bio-2021-0037. [PMID: 34085852]
  • Mitsuo Higashimori, Kensuke Ishikawa, Michael Gillen, Diansong Zhou. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Glycopyrronium in Patients With Renal Impairment. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2021 01; 110(1):438-445. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.03.014. [PMID: 32240691]
  • Soniya Vaidya, Juergen Jauernig, Brian Ethell, Nasri Abdallah, Surendra Machineni, Anton Drollmann, Olivier Heudi, Stefanie Last, Michael Hahn, Rajkumar Radhakrishnan, Stanislav Ignatenko, Hanns-Christian Tillmann. Pharmacokinetics of indacaterol, glycopyrronium and mometasone furoate following once-daily inhalation as a combination in healthy subjects. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2020 10; 64(?):101964. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101964. [PMID: 33035700]
  • Ying Huang, Pryseley Nkouibert Assam, Cong Feng, Rong Su, Paul Dorinsky, Michael Gillen. Ethnic pharmacokinetic comparison of budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler (BGF MDI) between Asian and Western healthy subjects. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2020 10; 64(?):101976. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101976. [PMID: 33152467]
  • Lei Shi, Armand Gatien Ngounou Wetie, Weimin Wang, Yu-Luan Chen. Validation of a sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method and application to evaluate the systemic exposure and bioavailability of glycopyrrolate via different drug delivery approaches/devices. Biomedical chromatography : BMC. 2020 Sep; 34(9):e4899. doi: 10.1002/bmc.4899. [PMID: 32428247]
  • Heena Garg. Can glycopyrrolate come to the airway rescue in Covid-19 patients?. Journal of clinical anesthesia. 2020 09; 64(?):109843. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109843. [PMID: 32361688]
  • Chao Hu, Jia Miao, Shiqing Shu, Ying Wang, Xiaohong Zhu, Zhu Luo. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of a novel extrafine BDP/FF/GB combination delivered via metered-dose inhaler in healthy Chinese subjects. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020 Mar; 144(?):105198. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105198. [PMID: 31862312]
  • Leonard J Dunn, Edward M Kerwin, Kiernan DeAngelis, Patrick Darken, Michael Gillen, Paul Dorinsky. Pharmacokinetics of budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler formulated using co-suspension delivery technology after single and chronic dosing in patients with COPD. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2020 02; 60(?):101873. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.101873. [PMID: 31841699]
  • Ahmed Samir, Kayoko Ohura, Nicholas Bodor, Teruko Imai. Identification of Major Esterase Involved in Hydrolysis of Soft Anticholinergic (2R3'R-SGM) Designed From Glycopyrrolate in Human and Rat Tissues. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2019 08; 108(8):2791-2797. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.030. [PMID: 30954525]
  • Brian R Leaker, Dave Singh, Grant C Nicholson, Blanka Hezelova, Thomas Goodin, Ayca Ozol-Godfrey, Gerald Galluppi, Peter J Barnes. Evaluation of systemic absorption and bronchodilator effect of glycopyrronium bromide delivered by nebulizer or a dry powder inhaler in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory research. 2019 Jun; 20(1):132. doi: 10.1186/s12931-019-1113-z. [PMID: 31253162]
  • Andrea Maes, Paolo DePetrillo, Shahid Siddiqui, Colin Reisner, Paul Dorinsky. Pharmacokinetics of Co-Suspension Delivery Technology Budesonide/Glycopyrronium/Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate (BGF MDI) and Budesonide/Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate (BFF MDI) Fixed-Dose Combinations Compared With an Active Control: A Phase 1, Randomized, Single-Dose, Crossover Study in Healthy Adults. Clinical pharmacology in drug development. 2019 02; 8(2):223-233. doi: 10.1002/cpdd.585. [PMID: 29901860]
  • Colin Reisner, Joel Miller, Paolo DePetrillo, Andrea Maes, Shahid Siddiqui, Ubaldo J Martin. Pharmacokinetics and safety of a single dose of the novel LAMA/LABA fixed-dose combination of glycopyrronium/formoterol fumarate dihydrate metered dose inhaler, formulated using co-suspension delivery technology, in Japanese healthy subjects. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2018 12; 53(?):33-38. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.09.005. [PMID: 30218695]
  • Paul Dorinsky, Paolo DePetrillo, Shahid Siddiqui, Andrea Maes, Colin Reisner. Safety and pharmacokinetics of budesonide/glycopyrronium/formoterol fumarate dihydrate metered dose inhaler (BGF MDI) in healthy adult subjects of Japanese descent. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2018 08; 51(?):18-25. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.05.001. [PMID: 29763659]
  • Patrick Darken, Paolo DePetrillo, Colin Reisner, Earl St Rose, Paul Dorinsky. The pharmacokinetics of three doses of budesonide/glycopyrronium/formoterol fumarate dihydrate metered dose inhaler compared with active controls: A Phase I randomized, single-dose, crossover study in healthy adults. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2018 06; 50(?):11-18. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.03.001. [PMID: 29544728]
  • Faisal Fakih, Selwyn Spangenthal, Barry Sigal, Patrick Darken, Andrea Maes, Shahid Siddiqui, Michael Gillen, Colin Reisner, Ubaldo J Martin. Randomized study of the effects of Aerochamber Plus® Flow-Vu® on the efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of glycopyrronium/formoterol fumarate dihydrate metered dose inhaler in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory medicine. 2018 05; 138(?):74-80. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.03.033. [PMID: 29724397]
  • Yongjing Liu, Lishuang Yu, Hua Zhang, Dawei Chen. Dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction combined with online preconcentration by capillary electrophoresis for the determination of glycopyrrolate stereoisomers in rat plasma. Journal of separation science. 2018 Mar; 41(6):1395-1404. doi: 10.1002/jssc.201700753. [PMID: 29080329]
  • Gary T Ferguson, Roberto Rodriguez-Roisin, Colin Reisner, Andrea Maes, Shahid Siddiqui, Ubaldo J Martin. Pharmacokinetics of glycopyrronium/formoterol fumarate dihydrate delivered via metered dose inhaler using co-suspension delivery technology in patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018; 13(?):945-953. doi: 10.2147/copd.s154988. [PMID: 29606861]
  • Francesco Spannella, Federico Giulietti, Valentina Cesari, Antonio Francioso, Guido Cocci, Laura Landi, Francesca Elena Lombardi, Elisabetta Borioni, Beatrice Bernardi, Giulia Rosettani, Valentina Bordoni, Corrado Iacoacci, Piero Giordano, Riccardo Sarzani. Combination Therapy of Inhaled Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Very Elderly: Is It Safe? An Electrocardiographic Evaluation. Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases. 2018 ; 95 Suppl 1(?):22-29. doi: 10.1159/000487182. [PMID: 29705783]
  • Kati M Salla, Cosmin I Tuns, Rachel C Bennett, Marja R Raekallio, Mika Scheinin, Erja Kuusela, Outi M Vainio. Cardiovascular effects of premedication with medetomidine alone and in combination with MK-467 or glycopyrrolate in dogs subsequently anesthetized with isoflurane. American journal of veterinary research. 2017 Nov; 78(11):1245-1254. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.78.11.1245. [PMID: 29076369]
  • Fabrizia Mariotti, Giorgia Ciurlia, Luca Spaccapelo, Annamaria Muraro, Daniela Acerbi. A Two-Period Open-Label, Single-Dose Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers to Evaluate the Drug-Drug Interaction Between Cimetidine and Inhaled Extrafine CHF 5993. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. 2017 Apr; 42(2):269-279. doi: 10.1007/s13318-016-0345-2. [PMID: 27209586]
  • Romain Sechaud, Surendra Machineni, Hanns-Christian Tillmann, Hisanori Hara, Xuemei Tan, Rong Zhao, Shuang Ren, Jie Hou. Pharmacokinetics of Glycopyrronium Following Repeated Once-Daily Inhalation in Healthy Chinese Subjects. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. 2016 Dec; 41(6):723-731. doi: 10.1007/s13318-015-0300-7. [PMID: 26428357]
  • Alexandre Trifilieff, Brian T Ethell, David A Sykes, Kenny J Watson, Steve Collingwood, Steven J Charlton, Toby C Kent. Comparing the cardiovascular therapeutic indices of glycopyrronium and tiotropium in an integrated rat pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety model. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2015 Aug; 287(1):9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.012. [PMID: 26026369]
  • Brian R Leaker, Peter J Barnes, C Richard Jones, Ahmet Tutuncu, Dave Singh. Efficacy and safety of nebulized glycopyrrolate for administration using a high efficiency nebulizer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2015 Mar; 79(3):492-500. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12517. [PMID: 25243340]
  • Anton Drollmann, Romain Sechaud, Parasar Pal, Hisanori Hara, Susan Uziel-Fusi, Peter Winkle. Glycopyrronium does not affect QT interval in healthy subjects: a randomized, three- period, cross-over, placebo- and positive-controlled study. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014 Sep; 52(9):739-45. doi: 10.5414/cp202096. [PMID: 24986094]
  • Amadeu Gavaldà, Israel Ramos, Carla Carcasona, Elena Calama, Raquel Otal, José Luis Montero, Sonia Sentellas, Monica Aparici, Dolors Vilella, Joan Alberti, Jorge Beleta, Montserrat Miralpeix. The in vitro and in vivo profile of aclidinium bromide in comparison with glycopyrronium bromide. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2014 Aug; 28(2):114-21. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.05.005. [PMID: 24928173]
  • M J Rumpler, P Colahan, R A Sams. The pharmacokinetics of glycopyrrolate in Standardbred horses. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014 Jun; 37(3):260-8. doi: 10.1111/jvp.12085. [PMID: 24325462]
  • Anton Drollmann, Matthew Brown, Romain Sechaud, Sheryl Perry, Hisanori Hara, Ieuan Jones, Salvatore Febbraro. Effect of dual bronchodilation with QVA149 on cardiac safety in healthy volunteers. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014 May; 52(5):369-80. doi: 10.5414/cp202034. [PMID: 24569129]
  • M J Rumpler, B Kandala, T W Vickroy, G Hochhaus, R A Sams. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glycopyrrolate following a continuous-rate infusion in the horse. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014 Apr; 37(2):133-44. doi: 10.1111/jvp.12074. [PMID: 23902283]
  • Antonio Mete, Keith Bowers, Richard J Bull, Helen Coope, David K Donald, Katherine J Escott, Rhonan Ford, Ken Grime, Andrew Mather, Nicholas C Ray, Vince Russell. The design of a novel series of muscarinic receptor antagonists leading to AZD8683, a potential inhaled treatment for COPD. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2013 Dec; 23(23):6248-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.092. [PMID: 24144851]
  • Christian Bartels, Michael Looby, Romain Sechaud, Guenther Kaiser. Determination of the pharmacokinetics of glycopyrronium in the lung using a population pharmacokinetic modelling approach. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2013 Dec; 76(6):868-79. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12118. [PMID: 23506208]
  • Swati Dumitras, Romain Sechaud, Anton Drollmann, Parasar Pal, Sivakumar Vaidyanathan, Gian Camenisch, Guenther Kaiser. Effect of cimetidine, a model drug for inhibition of the organic cation transport (OCT2/MATE1) in the kidney, on the pharmacokinetics of glycopyrronium. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013 Oct; 51(10):771-9. doi: 10.5414/cp201946. [PMID: 24040847]
  • Alexandra Sklan. Novartis and University of Pennsylvania announce collaboration. Bioanalysis. 2012 Sep; 4(17):2099. doi: 10.4155/bio.12.232. [PMID: 23013390]
  • M J Rumpler, R A Sams, P Colahan. Regulatory control of glycopyrrolate in performance horses using validated UHPLC/MS-MS methods. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2012 Mar; 889-890(?):130-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.008. [PMID: 22377405]
  • Romain Sechaud, Didier Renard, Lixin Zhang-Auberson, Stephan de la Motte, Anton Drollmann, Guenther Kaiser. Pharmacokinetics of multiple inhaled NVA237 doses in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012 Feb; 50(2):118-28. doi: 10.5414/cp201612. [PMID: 22257577]
  • M J Rumpler, R A Sams, P Colahan. Validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of glycopyrrolate in horse plasma. Journal of analytical toxicology. 2011 Nov; 35(9):656-64. doi: 10.1093/anatox/35.9.656. [PMID: 22080904]
  • Shawn Mathur, Sanjeev A Vasudevan, Danielle M Patterson, Saif F Hassan, Eugene S Kim. Novel use of glycopyrrolate (Robinul) in the treatment of anastomotic leak after repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Journal of pediatric surgery. 2011 Mar; 46(3):e29-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.11.040. [PMID: 21376184]
  • M L Storme, R S t'Kindt, W Goeteyn, K Reyntjens, J F Van Bocxlaer. Quantitative determination of glycopyrrolate in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: the use of a volatile ion-pairing agent during both liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2008 Dec; 876(1):24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.013. [PMID: 18977186]
  • Charles J Diskin, Thomas J Stokes, Linda M Dansby, Lautrec Radcliff, Thomas B Carter. Gustatory sweating recurring on peritoneal dialysis but resolving during periods of hemodialysis. Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2008 Apr; 12(2):230-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2008.00258.x. [PMID: 18394056]
  • F Ji, W Wu, X Dai, N Mori, J Wu, P Buchwald, N Bodor. Synthesis and pharmacological effects of new, N-substituted soft anticholinergics based on glycopyrrolate. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 2005 Nov; 57(11):1427-35. doi: 10.1211/jpp.57.11.0008. [PMID: 16259775]
  • T P Rao, N Sakaguchi, L R Juneja, E Wada, T Yokozawa. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) extracts reduce oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of medicinal food. 2005; 8(3):362-8. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.362. [PMID: 16176148]
  • S Ferrari, C Kitson, R Farley, R Steel, C Marriott, D A Parkins, M Scarpa, B Wainwright, M J Evans, W H Colledge, D M Geddes, E W Alton. Mucus altering agents as adjuncts for nonviral gene transfer to airway epithelium. Gene therapy. 2001 Sep; 8(18):1380-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301525. [PMID: 11571577]
  • F P Tang, G N Leung, T S Wan. Analyses of quaternary ammonium drugs in horse urine by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis. 2001 Jul; 22(11):2201-9. doi: 10.1002/1522-2683(20017)22:11<2201::aid-elps2201>3.0.co;2-s. [PMID: 11504053]
  • R Z Løvstad, K S Thagaard, N S Berner, J C Raeder. Neostigmine 50 microg kg(-1) with glycopyrrolate increases postoperative nausea in women after laparoscopic gynaecological surgery. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2001 Apr; 45(4):495-500. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2001.045004495.x. [PMID: 11300390]
  • M T Lähteenmäki, M S Salo, J O Tenovuo, A V Helminen, P J Vilja, R K Huupponen. The effects of glycopyrrolate on oral mucous host defenses in healthy volunteers. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2000 Aug; 91(2):467-72. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200008000-00045. [PMID: 10910870]
  • A K Olsen, P Sjøgren. Oral glycopyrrolate alleviates drooling in a patient with tongue cancer. Journal of pain and symptom management. 1999 Oct; 18(4):300-2. doi: 10.1016/s0885-3924(99)00080-9. [PMID: 10534970]
  • H Scheinin, A Helminen, S Huhtala, P Grönroos, J A Bosch, T Kuusela, J Kanto, T Kaila. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability as a quantitative measure of parasympatholytic effect--integrated pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three anticholinergic drugs. Therapeutic drug monitoring. 1999 Apr; 21(2):141-51. doi: 10.1097/00007691-199904000-00001. [PMID: 10217331]
  • K E Torske, D H Dyson, P D Conlon. Cardiovascular effects of epidurally administered oxymorphone and an oxymorphone-bupivacaine combination in halothane-anesthetized dogs. American journal of veterinary research. 1999 Feb; 60(2):194-200. doi: NULL. [PMID: 10048551]
  • S Mitra, K K Gombar, S Gombar. Anaesthetic considerations in a patient with lepromatous leprosy. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie. 1998 Nov; 45(11):1103-5. doi: 10.1007/bf03012400. [PMID: 10021961]
  • P Rautakorpi, T Manner, T Ali-Melkkilä, T Kaila, K Olkkola, J Kanto. Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of glycopyrrolate in children. Pharmacology & toxicology. 1998 Sep; 83(3):132-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1998.tb01456.x. [PMID: 9783332]
  • W M Lau, K J Lewis, R M Dawson. Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of some antimuscarinics against soman in vivo. Journal of applied toxicology : JAT. 1996 Sep; 16(5):423-30. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199609)16:5<423::aid-jat367>3.0.co;2-z. [PMID: 8889794]
  • A G Jensen, H Granfeldt, S H Kalman, P O Nyström, C Eintrei. A comparison of propofol and isoflurane anaesthesia: the need for ephedrine and glycopyrrolate. European journal of anaesthesiology. 1995 May; 12(3):291-9. doi: NULL. [PMID: 7641720]
  • O A Kirvelä, J H Kanto, H M Räty, E Iisalo. Anticholinergic drugs: effects on oxygen consumption and energy expenditure. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1994 May; 78(5):995-9. doi: NULL. [PMID: 8161002]
  • P Rautakorpi, T Ali-Melkkilä, T Kaila, K T Olkkola, E Iisalo, E Iisalo, J Kanto. Pharmacokinetics of glycopyrrolate in children. Journal of clinical anesthesia. 1994 May; 6(3):217-20. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(94)90062-0. [PMID: 8060629]
  • M L Pokela, M Koivisto. Physiological changes, plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol responses to tracheal intubation in neonates. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1994 Feb; 83(2):151-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13040.x. [PMID: 8193492]
  • T Ali-Melkkilä, J Kanto, E Iisalo. Pharmacokinetics and related pharmacodynamics of anticholinergic drugs. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1993 Oct; 37(7):633-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1993.tb03780.x. [PMID: 8249551]
  • M Kirvelä, T Ali-Melkkilä, T Kaila, E Iisalo, L Lindgren. Pharmacokinetics of glycopyrronium in uraemic patients. British journal of anaesthesia. 1993 Sep; 71(3):437-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/71.3.437. [PMID: 8398530]
  • H Watanabe, L Lindgren, P Rosenberg, T Randell. Glycopyrronium prolongs topical anaesthesia of oral mucosa and enhances absorption of lignocaine. British journal of anaesthesia. 1993 Jan; 70(1):94-5. doi: 10.1093/bja/70.1.94. [PMID: 8431344]
  • L C Matassa, D Woodard, R K Leavitt, P Firby, P Beaumier. Solid-phase extraction techniques for the determination of glycopyrrolate from equine urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of chromatography. 1992 Jan; 573(1):43-8. doi: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80472-3. [PMID: 1564106]
  • R J Polinsky, R T Brown, M T Curras, S M Baser, C E Baucom, D R Hooper, A M Marini. Central and peripheral effects of arecoline in patients with autonomic failure. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 1991 Sep; 54(9):807-12. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.54.9.807. [PMID: 1659617]
  • J Fritze, E Sofic, T Müller, H Pfüller, M Lanczik, P Riederer. Cholinergic-adrenergic balance: Part 1. Relationship between central and peripheral sensitivities. Psychiatry research. 1990 Dec; 34(3):259-70. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(90)90004-o. [PMID: 1963691]
  • E Kentala, T Kaila, T Ali-Melkkilä, J Kanto. beta-Glucuronide and sulfate conjugation of scopolamine and glycopyrrolate. International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology. 1990 Nov; 28(11):487-9. doi: NULL. [PMID: 2272710]
  • T Kaila, T Ali-Melkkilä, E Iisalo, J Kanto. Radioreceptor assay for pharmacokinetic studies of glycopyrrolate. Pharmacology & toxicology. 1990 Oct; 67(4):313-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1990.tb00836.x. [PMID: 2077523]
  • T Ali-Melkkilä, T Kaila, J Kanto, E Iisalo. Pharmacokinetics of glycopyrronium in parturients. Anaesthesia. 1990 Aug; 45(8):634-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14385.x. [PMID: 2400072]
  • T M Ali-Melkkilä, T Kaila, J Kanto, E Iisalo. Pharmacokinetics of i.m. glycopyrronium. British journal of anaesthesia. 1990 Jun; 64(6):667-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/64.6.667. [PMID: 2378771]
  • W H Berrettini, N A Garrick, J I Nurnberger, S Simmons-Alling, J Gelernter, P W Gold, D R Rubinow, D L Murphy. Intravenous physostigmine increases cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide-Y. Biological psychiatry. 1989 Oct; 26(6):623-30. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90087-5. [PMID: 2790099]
  • T Ali-Melkkilä, T Kaila, J Kanto. Glycopyrrolate: pharmacokinetics and some pharmacodynamic findings. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1989 Aug; 33(6):513-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1989.tb02956.x. [PMID: 2800994]
  • R K Mirakhur, C J Jones. Plasma cholinesterase activity following administration of glycopyrrolate or atropine. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie. 1987 Mar; 34(2):219-20. doi: 10.1007/bf03015355. [PMID: 3829316]
  • R K Mirakhur. Glycopyrrolate and human plasma cholinesterase. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal. 1985 Nov; 32(6):683-4. doi: 10.1007/bf03011423. [PMID: 4075220]
  • E K Zsigmond, A P Winnie, E Barabas, X Y Wang. The inhibitory effect of glycopyrrolate on human plasma-cholinesterase. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal. 1985 Jan; 32(1):20-2. doi: 10.1007/bf03008533. [PMID: 3971202]
  • G R Murray, T N Calvey, N E Williams, K Chan. Quantitative capillary column gas chromatographic method for the determination of glycopyrronium in human plasma. Journal of chromatography. 1984 Jun; 308(?):143-51. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87541-5. [PMID: 6746811]
  • J I Nurnberger, D C Jimerson, S Simmons-Alling, C Tamminga, N S Nadi, D Lawrence, N Sitaram, J C Gillin, E S Gershon. Behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine responses to arecoline in normal twins and "well state" bipolar patients. Psychiatry research. 1983 Jul; 9(3):191-200. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(83)90043-4. [PMID: 6312479]
  • R M Levin, A J Wein. Direct measurement of the anticholinergic activity of a series of pharmacological compounds on the canine and rabbit urinary bladder. The Journal of urology. 1982 Aug; 128(2):396-8. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)52944-4. [PMID: 7109119]
  • P Pikkarainen, M Vuoristo, S Tarpila. Ulcer healing and serum pepsinogen I in cimetidine and glycopyrrolate treated duodenal ulcer patients. Annals of clinical research. 1981 Apr; 13(2):81-4. doi: NULL. [PMID: 7015989]
  • O Sørensen, S Eriksen, P Hommelgaard, J Viby-Mogensen. Thiopental-nitrous oxide- halothane anesthesia and repeated succinylcholine: comparison of preoperative glycopyrrolate and atropine administration. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1980 Sep; 59(9):686-9. doi: . [PMID: 7191229]
  • C Lee, R L Katz. Neuromuscular pharmacology. A clinical update and commentary. British journal of anaesthesia. 1980 Feb; 52(2):173-88. doi: 10.1093/bja/52.2.173. [PMID: 6244842]
  • M J Mattila, M Linnoila, T Seppälä, R Koskinen. Effect of aluminium hydroxide and glycopyrrhonium on the absorption of ethambutol and alcohol in man. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 1978 Feb; 5(2):161-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1978.tb01618.x. [PMID: 619949]
  • C T Richardson. Effect of H2-receptor antagonists on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration: a review. Gastroenterology. 1978 Feb; 74(2 Pt 2):366-70. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(78)90763-1. [PMID: 23338]
  • K C Christensen, F Stadil, J Malmström, J F Rehfeld. The effect of beta-adrenergic and cholinergic blockade on the circadian rhythm of gastrins in serum. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. 1978; 13(3):263-72. doi: 10.3109/00365527809179818. [PMID: 39327]
  • E Kaltiala, A Penttilä, H Vapaatalo, T Larmi. The fate of intravenous (3H)glycopyrrolate in man. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 1974 May; 26(5):352-4. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1974.tb09287.x. [PMID: 4153115]