Azelastine (BioDeep_00000003055)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00000406205

human metabolite blood metabolite Chemicals and Drugs


代谢物信息卡片


4-((4-Chlorophenyl)methyl)-2- (hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-azepin-4-yl)-1(2H)- phthalazinone HCL

化学式: C22H24ClN3O (381.1607804)
中文名称: 盐酸氮卓斯汀
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Viridiplantae(plant) 28.42%

分子结构信息

SMILES: CN1CCCC(CC1)N1N=C(CC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2)C2=CC=CC=C2C1=O
InChI: InChI=1S/C22H24ClN3O/c1-25-13-4-5-18(12-14-25)26-22(27)20-7-3-2-6-19(20)21(24-26)15-16-8-10-17(23)11-9-16/h2-3,6-11,18H,4-5,12-15H2,1H3

描述信息

Azelastine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a phthalazine derivative, and is an antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer available as a nasal spray for hay fever and as eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis.Azelastine competes with histamine for the H1-receptor sites on effector cells and acts as an antagonist by inhibiting the release of histamine and other mediators involved in the allergic response.
R - Respiratory system > R01 - Nasal preparations > R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use > R01AC - Antiallergic agents, excl. corticosteroids
R - Respiratory system > R06 - Antihistamines for systemic use > R06A - Antihistamines for systemic use
D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists
S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01G - Decongestants and antiallergics
C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C29578 - Histamine-1 Receptor Antagonist
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016859 - Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8508
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2734
D018926 - Anti-Allergic Agents

同义名列表

28 个代谢物同义名

4-((4-Chlorophenyl)methyl)-2- (hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-azepin-4-yl)-1(2H)- phthalazinone HCL; 4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2-(1-methylazepan-4-yl)-1,2-dihydrophthalazin-1-one; 4-(p-Chlorobenzyl)-2-(hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-azepin-4-yl)-1-(2H)-phthalazinone; 4-(p-Chlorobenzyl)-2-(N-methylperhydroazepinyl-(4))-1-(2H)-phthalazinone; ASTA medica brand OF azelastine hydrochloride; Wallace brand OF azelastine hydrochloride; Viatris brand OF azelastine hydrochloride; Sanfer brand OF azelastine hydrochloride; Orion brand OF azelastine hydrochloride; Dagra brand OF azelastine hydrochloride; Bayer brand OF azelastine hydrochloride; Mann brand OF azelastine hydrochloride; Azelastine Hydrochloride; Muro brand OF azelastine; Vividrin akut azelastin; Azelastinum; azelastine; Allergodil; Azelastina; Rhinolast; Optilast; Corifina; Optivar; Azeptin; Astelin; Afluon; Loxin; Azelastine



数据库引用编号

24 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

1 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有:

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息,我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表,这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘,得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中,存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称,可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Shuai Ge, Jiayu Lu, Yajing Hou, Yuexin Lv, Cheng Wang, Huaizhen He. Azelastine inhibits viropexis of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus by binding to SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2. Virology. 2021 08; 560(?):110-115. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.009. [PMID: 34052578]
  • Mark J Henderson, Kathleen A Trychta, Shyh-Ming Yang, Susanne Bäck, Adam Yasgar, Emily S Wires, Carina Danchik, Xiaokang Yan, Hideaki Yano, Lei Shi, Kuo-Jen Wu, Amy Q Wang, Dingyin Tao, Gergely Zahoránszky-Kőhalmi, Xin Hu, Xin Xu, David Maloney, Alexey V Zakharov, Ganesha Rai, Fumihiko Urano, Mikko Airavaara, Oksana Gavrilova, Ajit Jadhav, Yun Wang, Anton Simeonov, Brandon K Harvey. A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome. Cell reports. 2021 04; 35(4):109040. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109040. [PMID: 33910017]
  • Mohammad M Ghahremanpour, Julian Tirado-Rives, Maya Deshmukh, Joseph A Ippolito, Chun-Hui Zhang, Israel Cabeza de Vaca, Maria-Elena Liosi, Karen S Anderson, William L Jorgensen. Identification of 14 Known Drugs as Inhibitors of the Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2. ACS medicinal chemistry letters. 2020 Dec; 11(12):2526-2533. doi: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00521. [PMID: 33324471]
  • Jasmin Kuratli, Cory Ann Leonard, Lisbeth Nufer, Hanna Marti, Robert Schoborg, Nicole Borel. Maraviroc, celastrol and azelastine alter Chlamydia trachomatis development in HeLa cells. Journal of medical microbiology. 2020 Dec; 69(12):1351-1366. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.001267. [PMID: 33180014]
  • Mohamed M Elseweidy, Gehad M Elnagar, Marwa M Elsawy, Abdelmoneim A Ali, Nabila Zein. Losartan and azelastine either alone or in combination as modulators for endothelial dysfunction and platelets activation in diabetic hyperlipidemic rats. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 2020 Dec; 72(12):1812-1821. doi: 10.1111/jphp.13363. [PMID: 32880967]
  • Mohamed M Elseweidy, Gehad M Elnagar, Marwa M Elsawy, Nabila Zein. Azelastine a potent antihistamine agent, as hypolipidemic and modulator for aortic calcification in diabetic hyperlipidemic rats model. Archives of physiology and biochemistry. 2020 Jul; ?(?):1-8. doi: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1786129. [PMID: 32615812]
  • Tobie D Lee, Olivia W Lee, Kyle R Brimacombe, Lu Chen, Rajarshi Guha, Sabrina Lusvarghi, Bethilehem G Tebase, Carleen Klumpp-Thomas, Robert W Robey, Suresh V Ambudkar, Min Shen, Michael M Gottesman, Matthew D Hall. A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Molecular pharmacology. 2019 11; 96(5):629-640. doi: 10.1124/mol.119.115964. [PMID: 31515284]
  • Jin-Tao Chu. Histamine H1 receptor gene polymorphism acts as a biological indicator of the prediction of therapeutic efficacy in patients with allergic rhinitis in the Chinese Han population. Journal of cellular biochemistry. 2019 01; 120(1):164-170. doi: 10.1002/jcb.27278. [PMID: 30168182]
  • Jean Bousquet, Eli O Meltzer, Peter Couroux, Arkady Koltun, Ferdinand Kopietz, Ullrich Munzel, Hans Christian Kuhl, Duc Tung Nguyen, Anne Marie Salapatek, David Price. Onset of Action of the Fixed Combination Intranasal Azelastine-Fluticasone Propionate in an Allergen Exposure Chamber. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice. 2018 Sep; 6(5):1726-1732.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.01.031. [PMID: 29425904]
  • Ludger Klimek, Sophia C Poletti, Annette Sperl, Magdalena Spielhaupter, Cornel Bardenhewer, Joaquim Mullol, Karl Hörmann, Thomas Hummel. Olfaction in patients with allergic rhinitis: an indicator of successful MP-AzeFlu therapy. International forum of allergy & rhinology. 2017 03; 7(3):287-292. doi: 10.1002/alr.21877. [PMID: 27888645]
  • Niyazi Altıntoprak, Murat Kar, Mustafa Acar, Mehmet Berkoz, Nuray Bayar Muluk, Cemal Cingi. Antioxidant activities of curcumin in allergic rhinitis. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2016 Nov; 273(11):3765-3773. doi: 10.1007/s00405-016-4076-4. [PMID: 27146978]
  • Deniz Hancı, Hüseyin Altun, Erdem Atalay Çetinkaya, Nuray Bayar Muluk, Betül Peker Cengiz, Cemal Cingi. Cinnamaldehyde is an effective anti-inflammatory agent for treatment of allergic rhinitis in a rat model. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. 2016 May; 84(?):81-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.03.001. [PMID: 27063758]
  • Carsten Gründemann, Manuel Garcia-Käufer, Barbara Sauer, Evi Stangenberg, Mathias Könczöl, Irmgard Merfort, Martin Zehl, Roman Huber. Traditionally used Veronica officinalis inhibits proinflammatory mediators via the NF-κB signalling pathway in a human lung cell line. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2013 Jan; 145(1):118-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.039. [PMID: 23142555]
  • Wuyi Zha, Linyee Shum. Simultaneous determination of azelastine and its major metabolite desmethylazelastine in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2012 Oct; 906(?):69-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.08.023. [PMID: 22954967]
  • Hartmut Derendorf, Ullrich Munzel, Ursula Petzold, Joachim Maus, Hermann Mascher, Robert Hermann, Jean Bousquet. Bioavailability and disposition of azelastine and fluticasone propionate when delivered by MP29-02, a novel aqueous nasal spray. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2012 Jul; 74(1):125-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04222.x. [PMID: 22356350]
  • Se-Eun Jang, Il-Hoon Jung, Eun-Ha Joh, Myung Joo Han, Dong-Hyun Kim. Antibiotics attenuate anti-scratching behavioral effect of ginsenoside Re in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2012 Jun; 142(1):105-112. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.022. [PMID: 22855946]
  • Daniel Baumann, Claus Bachert, Petra Högger. Development of a novel model for comparative evaluation of intranasal pharmacokinetics and effects of anti-allergic nasal sprays. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V. 2012 Jan; 80(1):156-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.09.003. [PMID: 21945271]
  • Naruo Shoji, Kazuhito Asano, Atsuko Furuta, Kojiro Hirano, Harumi Suzaki. Effect of histamine H1 receptor antagonists on TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 production from CD14+ cells induced by antigenic stimulation in vitro. International archives of allergy and immunology. 2011; 155(1):38-51. doi: 10.1159/000318720. [PMID: 21109747]
  • Tsugunobu Andoh, Qun Zhang, Takumi Yamamoto, Manabu Tayama, Masao Hattori, Ken Tanaka, Yasushi Kuraishi. Inhibitory effects of the methanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum on mosquito allergy-induced itch-associated responses in mice. Journal of pharmacological sciences. 2010; 114(3):292-7. doi: 10.1254/jphs.10180fp. [PMID: 20948166]
  • Yoshikazu Kobayashi, Masaaki Habara, Hidekazu Ikezazki, Ronggang Chen, Yoshinobu Naito, Kiyoshi Toko. Advanced taste sensors based on artificial lipids with global selectivity to basic taste qualities and high correlation to sensory scores. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). 2010; 10(4):3411-43. doi: 10.3390/s100403411. [PMID: 22319306]
  • Manthena V S Varma, Bo Feng, R Scott Obach, Matthew D Troutman, Jonathan Chupka, Howard R Miller, Ayman El-Kattan. Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2009 Aug; 52(15):4844-52. doi: 10.1021/jm900403j. [PMID: 19445515]
  • R Scott Obach, Franco Lombardo, Nigel J Waters. Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 2008 Jul; 36(7):1385-405. doi: 10.1124/dmd.108.020479. [PMID: 18426954]
  • Kazuhiko Hanashiro, Masanori Sunagawa, Toshiyuki Nakasone, Mariko Nakamura, Tadayoshi Kosugi. Inhibition of IgE-mediated phosphorylation of FcepsilonRIgamma protein by antiallergic drugs in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells: a novel action of antiallergic drugs. International immunopharmacology. 2007 Jul; 7(7):994-1002. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.02.017. [PMID: 17499203]
  • Josiane Sabbadini Neves, Luciana Pontes Coelho, Renato Sérgio Balão Cordeiro, Marcia Paranho Veloso, Patricia Machado Rodrigues e Silva, Marcelo Henrique dos Santos, Marco Aurélio Martins. Antianaphylactic properties of 7-epiclusianone, a tetraprenylated benzophenone isolated from Garcinia brasiliensis. Planta medica. 2007 Jun; 73(7):644-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-981534. [PMID: 17562491]
  • Ihab T Abdel-Raheem, Izumi Hide, Yuhki Yanase, Yukari Shigemoto-Mogami, Norio Sakai, Yasuhito Shirai, Naoaki Saito, Farid M Hamada, Nagh A El-Mahdy, Alaa El-Din E Elsisy, Samya S Sokar, Yoshihiro Nakata. Protein kinase C-alpha mediates TNF release process in RBL-2H3 mast cells. British journal of pharmacology. 2005 Jun; 145(4):415-23. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706207. [PMID: 15806111]
  • Toshiaki Makino, Takahiro Inagaki, Ken-Ichi Komatsu, Yoshihiro Kano. Pharmacokinetic interactions between Japanese traditional medicine (kampo) and modern medicine (III). Effect of Sho-seiryu-to on the pharmacokinetics of azelastine hydrochloride in rats. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin. 2004 May; 27(5):670-3. doi: 10.1248/bpb.27.670. [PMID: 15133242]
  • Franco Lombardo, R Scott Obach, Marina Y Shalaeva, Feng Gao. Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2004 Feb; 47(5):1242-50. doi: 10.1021/jm030408h. [PMID: 14971904]
  • Ute Heinemann, Gottfried Blaschke, Norbert Knebel. Simultaneous enantioselective separation of azelastine and three of its metabolites for the investigation of the enantiomeric metabolism in rats. I. Liquid chromatography-ionspray tandem mass spectrometry and electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2003 Aug; 793(2):389-404. doi: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00357-x. [PMID: 12906914]
  • C Blondin, B Cholley, N Haeffner-Cavaillon, P Goldschmidt. [In vitro effects of antiallergic eyedrops on complement activation induced by particulate matter]. Journal francais d'ophtalmologie. 2003 Apr; 26(4):328-36. doi: . [PMID: 12843888]
  • Franco Lombardo, R Scott Obach, Marina Y Shalaeva, Feng Gao. Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2002 Jun; 45(13):2867-76. doi: 10.1021/jm0200409. [PMID: 12061889]
  • Kazuhiko Hanashiro, Yoshihiro Tokeshi, Toshiyuki Nakasone, Masanori Sunagawa, Mariko Nakamura, Tadayoshi Kosugi. Azelastine and suplatast shorten the distribution half-life of IgE in rats. Mediators of inflammation. 2002 Feb; 11(1):61-4. doi: 10.1080/09629350210310. [PMID: 11926596]
  • S Li, M Blaschke, J F Heubach, E Wettwer, U Ravens. Effects of azelastine on contractility, action potentials and L-type Ca(2+) current in guinea pig cardiac preparations. European journal of pharmacology. 2001 Apr; 418(1-2):7-14. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)00923-2. [PMID: 11334859]
  • E Tryka, K Asano, J Ito, T Hisamitsu, H Suzaki. Suppressive effects of azelastine hydrochloride on CD40 expression in mice. In vivo (Athens, Greece). 1999 Nov; 13(6):479-81. doi: NULL. [PMID: 10757040]
  • H Ito, Y Nakamura, S Takagi, K Sakai. Effects of azelastine on the level of serum interleukin-4 and soluble CD23 antigen in the treatment of nasal allergy. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1998 Dec; 48(12):1143-7. doi: . [PMID: 9893928]
  • A Pagliara, B Testa, P A Carrupt, P Jolliet, C Morin, D Morin, S Urien, J P Tillement, J P Rihoux. Molecular properties and pharmacokinetic behavior of cetirizine, a zwitterionic H1-receptor antagonist. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 1998 Mar; 41(6):853-63. doi: 10.1021/jm9704311. [PMID: 9526560]
  • Y Nakata, I Hide. Calcium signaling and protein kinase C for TNF-alpha secretion in a rat mast cell line. Life sciences. 1998; 62(17-18):1653-7. doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00123-4. [PMID: 9585152]
  • J Morganroth, W H Lyness, J L Perhach, G G Mather, J E Harr, W F Trager, R H Levy, A Rosenberg. Lack of effect of azelastine and ketoconazole coadministration on electrocardiographic parameters in healthy volunteers. Journal of clinical pharmacology. 1997 Nov; 37(11):1065-72. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04289.x. [PMID: 9506001]
  • S Takei, A Shimago, M Iwashita, T Kumamoto, K Kamuro, K Miyata. Urinary N-methylhistamine in asthmatic children receiving azelastine hydrochloride. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 May; 78(5):492-6. doi: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63237-1. [PMID: 9164363]
  • L Greiff, M Andersson, C Svensson, C G Persson. Topical azelastine has a 12-hour duration of action as assessed by histamine challenge-induced exudation of alpha 2-macroglobulin into human nasal airways. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 Apr; 27(4):438-44. doi: NULL. [PMID: 9146938]
  • G Ciprandi, C Pronzato, G Passalacqua, V Ricca, J Grögen, G S Mela, P Varese, C Bertolini, M Bagnasco, G W Canonica. Topical azelastine reduces eosinophil activation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on nasal epithelial cells: an antiallergic activity. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 1996 Dec; 98(6 Pt 1):1088-96. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(96)80196-5. [PMID: 8977510]
  • K Shichinohe, M Shimizu, K Kurokawa. Effect of M-711 on experimental skin reactions induced by chemical mediators in rats. The Journal of veterinary medical science. 1996 May; 58(5):419-23. doi: 10.1292/jvms.58.419. [PMID: 8741601]
  • J Tamaoki, H Takemura, E Tagaya, A Sakai, I Yamawaki, K Konno. Effect of azelastine on airway hyperresponsiveness mediated by stimulated macrophages. European journal of pharmacology. 1995 May; 278(2):161-6. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00114-z. [PMID: 7672000]
  • G Peter, P Romeis, H O Borbe, K M Büker, H Riethmüller-Winzen. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of azelastine hydrochloride in elderly volunteers. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1995 May; 45(5):576-81. doi: NULL. [PMID: 7612056]
  • H Miyauchi, T Horio. Detection of action, inhibition and augmentation spectra in solar urticaria. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 191(4):286-91. doi: 10.1159/000246570. [PMID: 8573923]
  • C Matsui, M Ida, M Hamada, M Morohashi, M Hasegawa. Effects of azelastin on pruritus and plasma histamine levels in hemodialysis patients. International journal of dermatology. 1994 Dec; 33(12):868-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01025.x. [PMID: 7883414]
  • H Riethmüller-Winzen, G Peter, K M Büker, P Romeis, H O Borbe. Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and dose linearity of azelastine hydrochloride in healthy subjects. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1994 Oct; 44(10):1136-40. doi: NULL. [PMID: 7818588]
  • N Mano, Y Oda, H Ohe, N Asakawa, Y Yoshida, T Sato. Resolution of 4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-(hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-azepin-4yl)-1(2H)-phthalazi none enantiomers in plasma with frit-FAB LC-MS using a conalbumin column. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 1994 Apr; 12(4):557-67. doi: 10.1016/0731-7085(93)e0003-6. [PMID: 7918772]
  • N Kondo, H Agata, O Fukutomi, T Kameyama, Y Suzuki, N Shimozawa, S Tomatsu, Y Nakashima, T Hori, A Yamagishi. Effects of the antiallergic drug azelastine hydrochloride on proliferative responses of lymphocytes to food antigens in patients with food-sensitive atopic dermatitis. Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology. 1994 Mar; 4(2):67-70. doi: NULL. [PMID: 7921329]
  • H Arakawa, P Andius, I Kawikova, B E Skoogh, C G Löfdahl, J Lötvall. Treatment with cyclosporin A during sensitization with trimellitic anhydride attenuates the airway responses to allergen challenge three weeks later. European journal of pharmacology. 1994 Feb; 252(3):313-9. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90178-3. [PMID: 7909293]
  • B S Friedman, M L Santiago, C Berkebile, D D Metcalfe. Comparison of azelastine and chlorpheniramine in the treatment of mastocytosis. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 1993 Oct; 92(4):520-6. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90076-r. [PMID: 8104966]
  • H Arakawa, I Kawikova, B E Skoogh, J Hayes, A Morikawa, C G Löfdahl, J Lötvall. Role of arachidonic acid metabolites in airway responses induced by trimellitic anhydride in actively sensitized guinea pigs. The American review of respiratory disease. 1993 May; 147(5):1116-21. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.5.1116. [PMID: 8484619]
  • V E Adusumalli, J K Wichmann, K K Wong, N Kucharczyk, R D Sofia. Pharmacokinetics of the new antiasthma and antiallergy drug, azelastine, in pediatric and adult beagle dogs. Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition. 1993 Apr; 14(3):233-44. doi: 10.1002/bdd.2510140306. [PMID: 8098227]
  • C N Langevin, J Pivonka, J K Wichmann, N Kucharczyk, R D Sofia. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of azelastine and desmethylazelastine in guinea pig plasma and lung tissue. Biomedical chromatography : BMC. 1993 Jan; 7(1):7-11. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1130070103. [PMID: 8094306]
  • V E Adusumalli, K K Wong, N Kucharczyk, R D Sofia. Pharmacokinetics of azelastine and its active metabolite, desmethylazelastine, in guinea pigs. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 1992 Jul; 20(4):530-5. doi: NULL. [PMID: 1356730]
  • J T Yang, K K Wong, N Kucharczyk, R D Sofia. Metabolism of [14C]azelastine in guinea pigs. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 1992 Jul; 20(4):536-40. doi: NULL. [PMID: 1356731]
  • M C Lima, M A Martins, S A Perez, P M Silva, R S Cordeiro, B B Vargaftig. Effect of azelastine on platelet-activating factor and antigen-induced pleurisy in rats. European journal of pharmacology. 1991 May; 197(2-3):201-7. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90522-r. [PMID: 1680710]
  • J Schmidt, B Kaufmann, R Lindstaedt, I Szelenyi. Inhibition of chemiluminescence in granulocytes and alveolar macrophages by azelastine. Agents and actions. 1990 Nov; 31(3-4):229-36. doi: 10.1007/bf01997613. [PMID: 2085139]
  • E Ulbrich, H Nowak. Long-term multicentric study with azelastine in patients with intrinsic asthma. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1990 Nov; 40(11):1225-30. doi: NULL. [PMID: 2085334]
  • K Hanada, N Akita, I Hashimoto. [Magnesium deficiency dermatitis--changes in leukotriene levels and effects of azelastine hydrochloride on the dermatitis and leukotriene B4]. Nihon Hifuka Gakkai zasshi. The Japanese journal of dermatology. 1990 Jun; 100(7):757-60. doi: NULL. [PMID: 1976840]
  • P Rafferty, W H Ng, G Phillips, J Clough, M K Church, R Aurich, S Ollier, S T Holgate. The inhibitory actions of azelastine hydrochloride on the early and late bronchoconstrictor responses to inhaled allergen in atopic asthma. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 1989 Nov; 84(5 Pt 1):649-57. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90292-3. [PMID: 2572616]
  • E Middleton, P Ferriola, G Drzewiecki, R D Sofia. The effect of azelastine and some other antiasthmatic and antiallergic drugs on calmodulin and protein kinase C. Agents and actions. 1989 Aug; 28(1-2):9-15. doi: 10.1007/bf02022974. [PMID: 2571246]
  • T Hashimura, M Kono, Y Imajo. [Experimental studies on mechanisms and prevention of radiation pneumonitis]. Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai zasshi. Nippon acta radiologica. 1989 Mar; 49(3):335-43. doi: . [PMID: 2755799]
  • A Ohtsuka, T Yoshizawa, H Kikuchi, A Ohkuma, T Horie, M Okayasu. [Role of plasma histamine and neutrophil chemotactic factor in exercise-induced asthma]. Arerugi = [Allergy]. 1989 Jan; 38(1):16-22. doi: NULL. [PMID: 2568112]
  • J M Weiler, A Donnelly, B H Campbell, J T Connell, L Diamond, L H Hamilton, R R Rosenthal, G R Hemsworth, J L Perhach. Multicenter, double-blind, multiple-dose, parallel-groups efficacy and safety trial of azelastine, chlorpheniramine, and placebo in the treatment of spring allergic rhinitis. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 1988 Nov; 82(5 Pt 1):801-11. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90082-6. [PMID: 3057041]
  • K Taniguchi, M Urakami, K Takanaka. Effects of various drugs on superoxide generation, arachidonic acid release and phospholipase A2 in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Japanese journal of pharmacology. 1988 Mar; 46(3):275-84. doi: 10.1254/jjp.46.275. [PMID: 2898031]
  • U Achterrath-Tuckermann, C H Weischer, I Szelenyi. Azelastine, a new antiallergic/antiasthmatic agent, inhibits PAF-acether-induced platelet aggregation, paw edema and bronchoconstriction. Pharmacology. 1988; 36(4):265-71. doi: 10.1159/000138393. [PMID: 3380879]
  • J Pivonka, F H Segelman, C A Hartman, W E Segl, N Kucharczyk, R D Sofia. Determination of azelastine and desmethylazelastine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of chromatography. 1987 Sep; 420(1):89-98. doi: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80158-5. [PMID: 2889747]
  • J Hasegawa, Y Tomono, M Tanaka, T Fujita, K Sugiyama, N Hirose. Pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical studies on azelastine hydrochloride in beagle dogs by quantitative selected-ion monitoring. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1981; 31(8):1215-20. doi: NULL. [PMID: 6117292]
  • T Tanigawa, M Honda, K Miura. Effect of azelastine hydrochloride on vascular permeability in hypersensitivity reaction skin site in guinea pig. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1981; 31(8):1212-5. doi: NULL. [PMID: 6117291]
  • K Nakao, T Wakabayashi, K Sugiyama, T Taki, S Sumigama, T Chiba. Subacute and chronic toxicity studies in rats and dose range finding study in dogs by oral administration of azelastine. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1981; 31(8):1220-5. doi: NULL. [PMID: 7197526]
  • K Tatsumi, T Ou, H Yamada, H Yoshimura. Studies of metabolic fate of a new antiallergic agent, azelastine (4-(p-chlorobenzyl)-2-[N-methylperhydroazepinyl-(4)]-1-(2H)-phthalazinone hydrochloride). Japanese journal of pharmacology. 1980 Feb; 30(1):37-48. doi: 10.1254/jjp.30.37. [PMID: 6105223]