L-Carnitine (BioDeep_00000018399)

Main id: BioDeep_00000000070

 

human metabolite Endogenous blood metabolite PANOMIX_OTCML-2023 BioNovoGene_Lab2019 Volatile Flavor Compounds natural product


代谢物信息卡片


(3R)-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate

化学式: C7H15NO3 (161.105188)
中文名称: DL-肉碱盐酸盐, 左旋肉碱
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(blood) 94.12%

Reviewed

Last reviewed on 2024-06-29.

Cite this Page

L-Carnitine. BioDeep Database v3. PANOMIX ltd, a top metabolomics service provider from China. https://query.biodeep.cn/s/l-carnitine (retrieved 2024-11-21) (BioDeep RN: BioDeep_00000018399). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

分子结构信息

SMILES: C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)CC([O-])=O
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H15NO3/c1-8(2,3)5-6(9)4-7(10)11/h6,9H,4-5H2,1-3H3

描述信息

Carnitine is a non-essential amino acid and a quaternary ammonium compound. Carnitine is also classified as an alcohol (specifically, a trimethylated carboxy-alcohol). Carnitine exists as one of two stereoisomers (the two enantiomers D-carnitine and L-carnitine. Both are biologically active, but only L-carnitine naturally occurs in animals, and D-carnitine is toxic as it inhibits the activity of the L-form. Carnitine is involved in the metabolism in most mammals, plants, and some bacteria. Carnitine plays a key role in lipid metabolism and beta-oxidation. It is used to transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy production. This is done by forming a long chain acetylcarnitine esters which are then transported by carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II. Carnitine also participates in removing products of metabolism from cells. Given its key metabolic roles, carnitine is concentrated in skeletal and cardiac muscle as well as other tissues that metabolize fatty acids as an energy source. A normal 70 kilogram person typically produces 11–34 mg of carnitine per day. Adults eating mixed diets of red meat and other animal products ingest 60–180 mg of carnitine per day, while vegans consume about 10–12 mg per day. Most carnitine obtained from the diet is absorbed in the small intestine before entering the blood.[3] The total body content of carnitine is about 20 grams in a person weighing 70 kilograms, with nearly all of it contained within skeletal muscle cells. Carnitine is so important in providing energy to muscles (including the heart) that some researchers are now recommending carnitine supplements in the diet, particularly for people who do not consume much red meat (the main food source for carnitine). Carnitine has been described as a vitamin, an amino acid, or a metabimin (i.e. an essential metabolite). Like the B vitamins, carnitine contains nitrogen and is very soluble in water. However, most animals, including humans, make their own carnitine; thus, carnitine cannot be considered to be a vitamin. In certain circumstances, such as methionine deficiency, lysine deficiency, vitamin C deficiency or kidney dialysis, carnitine shortages can develop. Under these conditions, carnitine must be absorbed from food, and for this reason, it is sometimes referred to as a "metabimin" or a conditionally essential metabolite. In humans, about 25\\\\% of carnitine is synthesized in the liver, kidney, and brain from lysine and methionine. Most of the carnitine in the body comes from dietary sources such as red meat and dairy products. Inborn errors of carnitine metabolism such as Reye’s syndrome can lead to brain deterioration gradually worsening muscle weakness, Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy, and extreme muscle weakness with fat accumulation in muscles. Carnitine is an essential nutrient for pre-term babies and individuals who are unable to eat a normal diet (e.g. non-ketotic hypoglycemics, kidney dialysis patients) (PMID: 115309). In conditions such as kwashiorkor, cirrhosis, and heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) as well as in inborn errors of metabolism such as type IV hyperlipidemia and propionic aciduria, carnitine is essential to life and carnitine supplements are critically important. Carnitine therapy may also be useful in a wide variety of clinical conditions. Carnitine supplementation has improved some patients who have angina secondary to coronary artery disease. Carnitine supplements may also be useful in many forms of metabolic liver diseases and heart muscle disease. Hearts undergoing severe arrhythmia quickly deplete their stores of carnitine. Athletes, particularly in Europe, have used carnitine supplements for improved endurance. Carnitine may improve muscle building by improving fat utilization and may even be useful in treating obesity. Carnitine may be of value in treating pregnant women, hypothyroid individuals, and male infertility due to t...
Malonyl-carnitin, also known as d,l-carnitine or carnitine chloride, is a member of the class of compounds known as carnitines. Carnitines are organic compounds containing the quaternary ammonium compound carnitine. Malonyl-carnitin is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Malonyl-carnitin can be synthesized from butyrate. Malonyl-carnitin is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, O-sebacoylcarnitine, O-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)carnitine, and O-(11-carboxyundecanoyl)carnitine. Malonyl-carnitin can be found in avocado, which makes malonyl-carnitin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Malonyl-carnitin can be found primarily in blood.
L-Carnitine ((R)-Carnitine), a highly polar, small zwitterion, is an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. L-Carnitine functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. L-Carnitine is an antioxidant. L-Carnitine can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism[1][2][3].
L-Carnitine ((R)-Carnitine), a highly polar, small zwitterion, is an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. L-Carnitine functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. L-Carnitine is an antioxidant. L-Carnitine can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism[1][2][3].

同义名列表

41 个代谢物同义名

3-Carboxy-2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-1-propanaminium hydroxide, inner salt; (R)-(3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide; 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-1-propanaminium; (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate; (-)-(R)-3-Hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butyrate; gamma-Trimethyl-ammonium-beta-hydroxybutirate; L-gamma-trimethyl-beta-hydroxybutyrobetaine; 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniobutanoic acid; gamma-Trimethyl-beta-hydroxybutyrobetaine; R-(-)-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate; 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniobutanoate; L-g-Trimethyl-b-hydroxybutyrobetaine; gamma-Trimethyl-hydroxybutyrobetaine; L-Γ-trimethyl-β-hydroxybutyrobetaine; L-(-)-Carnitine; delta-carnitine; (-)-L-Carnitine; Levocarnitinum; Levocarnitine; Levocarnitina; (S)-Carnitine; (R)-Carnitine; (-)-Carnitine; Carnipass 20; DL-Carnitine; Carniking 50; L Carnitine; bicarnesine; D-Carnitine; 1-CARNITINE; L-carnitine; vitamin BT; Carnipass; Carnitine; Carnitene; Carniking; Carnilean; Carnitor; Karnitin; Carnicor; L-Carnitine



数据库引用编号

13 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

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代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

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60 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
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  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

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