Piracetam (BioDeep_00000182459)
human metabolite blood metabolite Volatile Flavor Compounds
代谢物信息卡片
2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethanimidic acid
化学式: C6H10N2O2 (142.07422400000002)
中文名称: 吡拉西坦
谱图信息:
最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(blood) 99.58%
分子结构信息
SMILES: C1CC(=O)N(C1)CC(=O)N
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H10N2O2/c7-5(9)4-8-3-1-2-6(8)10/h1-4H2,(H2,7,9)
描述信息
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents
D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018697 - Nootropic Agents
C26170 - Protective Agent > C1509 - Neuroprotective Agent
D020011 - Protective Agents
Piracetam (UCB-6215) is a cyclic derivative of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), used in treatment of a wide range of cognitive disorders.
同义名列表
46 个代谢物同义名
2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethanimidic acid; Sanofi synthelabo brand OF piracetam; 2-(2-Oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethanimidate; Azupharma brand OF piracetam; Almirall brand OF piracetam; Rodleben brand OF piracetam; Alpharma brand OF piracetam; Holsten brand OF piracetam; Merckle brand OF piracetam; Hormona brand OF piracetam; Riemser brand OF piracetam; 2-Pyrrolidone-N-acetamide; Pfizer brand OF piracetam; Hexal brand OF piracetam; Vedim brand OF piracetam; UCB brand OF piracetam; TAD brand OF piracetam; AbZ brand OF piracetam; Piracetam abz; Piracetam RPH; Piracetam-RPH; Cerebroforte; Ciclofalina; Normabraïn; memo Puren; Piracebral; Piracetrop; memo-Puren; Pyracetam; Nootropyl; piracetam; Cuxabrain; Cerepar N; Pirazetam; Nootropil; Avigilen; Sinapsan; Pyramem; Gabacet; Myocalm; Nootrop; Dinagen; Axonyl; Geram; UCB-6215; Piracetam
数据库引用编号
11 个数据库交叉引用编号
- ChEBI: CHEBI:32010
- PubChem: 4843
- HMDB: HMDB0256585
- DrugBank: DB09210
- ChEMBL: CHEMBL36715
- Wikipedia: Piracetam
- MeSH: Piracetam
- chemspider: 4677
- CAS: 7491-74-9
- RefMet: Piracetam
- medchemexpress: HY-B0585
分类词条
相关代谢途径
Reactome(0)
BioCyc(0)
PlantCyc(0)
代谢反应
0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。
Reactome(0)
BioCyc(0)
WikiPathways(0)
Plant Reactome(0)
INOH(0)
PlantCyc(0)
COVID-19 Disease Map(0)
PathBank(0)
PharmGKB(0)
1 个相关的物种来源信息
在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：
- PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
- NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
- Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
- Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。
点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。
文献列表
- Mohamed Abomosallam, Basma M Hendam, Amr A Abdallah, Rasha Refaat, Ahmed Elshatory, Heba Nageh Gad El Hak. Neuroprotective effect of piracetam-loaded magnetic chitosan nanoparticles against thiacloprid-induced neurotoxicity in albino rats.
Inflammopharmacology.
2023 Feb; ?(?):. doi:
10.1007/s10787-023-01151-x. [PMID: 36745244] - Antoine Kavaye Kandeda, Saleh Nodeina, Symphorien Talom Mabou. An aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini protects against kainate-induced status epilepticus and amnesia: evidence for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory intervention.
Metabolic brain disease.
2022 10; 37(7):2581-2602. doi:
10.1007/s11011-022-01052-y. [PMID: 35916986] - Rasha E Mostafa, Azza Hassan Morsi, Gihan F Asaad. Piracetam attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: Amelioration of necroptosis, pyroptosis and caspase-dependent apoptosis.
Life sciences.
2022 Aug; 303(?):120671. doi:
10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120671. [PMID: 35636581] - Elias Konrath, Franz Marhold, Wolfgang Kindler, Florian Scheichel, Branko Popadic, Katrin Blauensteiner, Bernadette Calabek, Elisabeth Freydl, Michael Weber, Robin Ristl, Katharina Hainz, Camillo Sherif, Stefan Oberndorfer. Perioperative levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis in seizure-naive brain tumor patients with focus on neurocognitive functioning.
BMC neurology.
2022 Jul; 22(1):250. doi:
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Journal of infection in developing countries.
2022 Jun; 16(6):981-992. doi:
10.3855/jidc.15800. [PMID: 35797292] - Rajpushpa Labh, Rachna Gupta, Manish Narang, Sumita Halder, Rajarshi Kar. Effect of valproate and add-on levetiracetam on inflammatory biomarkers in children with epilepsy.
Epilepsy & behavior : E&B.
2021 12; 125(?):108358. doi:
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Inflammopharmacology.
2020 Oct; 28(5):1283-1292. doi:
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International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.
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Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior.
2019 10; 185(?):172763. doi:
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The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology.
2019 Jul; 71(7):1055-1064. doi:
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Life sciences.
2019 Jun; 226(?):117-129. doi:
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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland).
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2018 Aug; 43(4):405-413. doi:
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BMC veterinary research.
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Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease.
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Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics.
2018 Jun; 43(3):422-429. doi:
10.1111/jcpt.12658. [PMID: 29265480] - Yusuf Hussain, Sairam Krishnamurthy. Piracetam attenuates binge eating disorder related symptoms in rats.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior.
2018 06; 169(?):35-47. doi:
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2018 May; 32(3):1145-1148. doi:
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Bioanalysis.
2018 Apr; 10(8):541-557. doi:
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Epilepsia.
2018 03; 59(3):724-735. doi:
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Therapeutic drug monitoring.
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2018 Jan; 32(1):348-351. doi:
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Clinical neuropharmacology.
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Clinical pharmacokinetics.
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Cellular and molecular neurobiology.
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Epilepsy research.
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Cellular and molecular neurobiology.
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Seizure.
2017 May; 48(?):1-6. doi:
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The American journal of case reports.
2017 Apr; 18(?):458-462. doi:
10.12659/ajcr.902709. [PMID: 28446744] - Fang Chen, Jingdong Peng, Shaopu Liu, Huanjun Peng, Ziyu Pan, Lingli Bu, Huan Xiao, Ruiwen Zhang. The fluorescence and resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra study on the interactions of palladium (II)-Nootropic chelate with Congo red and their analytical applications.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.
2017 Apr; 177(?):41-48. doi:
10.1016/j.saa.2017.01.027. [PMID: 28122287] - Cameron S Metcalf, Brian D Klein, Misty D Smith, Tim Pruess, Marc Ceusters, Hilde Lavreysen, Stefan Pype, Nancy Van Osselaer, Roy Twyman, H Steve White. Efficacy of mGlu2 -positive allosteric modulators alone and in combination with levetiracetam in the mouse 6 Hz model of psychomotor seizures.
Epilepsia.
2017 03; 58(3):484-493. doi:
10.1111/epi.13659. [PMID: 28166368] - Akin Tekcan, Sengul Tural, Mehmet Elbistan, Tolga Guvenc, Bulent Ayas, Nurten Kara. Evaluation of apoptotic cell death on liver and kidney tissues following administration of levetiracetam during prenatal period.
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.
2017 Feb; 30(4):420-423. doi:
10.1080/14767058.2016.1174990. [PMID: 27255296] - Merve Baysal, Sinem Ilgin, Gozde Kilic, Volkan Kilic, Seyda Ucarcan, Ozlem Atli. Reproductive toxicity after levetiracetam administration in male rats: Evidence for role of hormonal status and oxidative stress.
PloS one.
2017; 12(4):e0175990. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0175990. [PMID: 28419133] - Jarogniew J Luszczki, Pawel Patrzylas, Miroslaw Zagaja, Marta Andres-Mach, Katarzyna Zaluska, Maria W Kondrat-Wrobel, Monika Szpringer, Jaroslaw Chmielewski, Magdalena Florek-Luszczki. Effects of arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA) on the protective action of various antiepileptic drugs in the 6-Hz corneal stimulation model in mice.
PloS one.
2017; 12(8):e0183873. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0183873. [PMID: 28859122] - C Aeberhard, C Steuer, C Saxer, A Huber, Z Stanga, S Mühlebach. Physicochemical stability and compatibility testing of levetiracetam in all-in-one parenteral nutrition admixtures in daily practice.
European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences.
2017 Jan; 96(?):449-455. doi:
10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.015. [PMID: 27742594] - Priyanka Pahwa, Rajesh Kumar Goel. Asparagus adscendens root extract enhances cognition and protects against scopolamine induced amnesia: An in-silico and in-vivo studies.
Chemico-biological interactions.
2016 Dec; 260(?):208-218. doi:
10.1016/j.cbi.2016.10.007. [PMID: 27717698] - Keaton S Smetana, Aaron M Cook, Melissa L Thompson Bastin, Douglas R Oyler. Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy.
Journal of critical care.
2016 12; 36(?):116-124. doi:
10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.06.023. [PMID: 27546759] - Saravana Babu Chidambaram, Anbarasi Pandian, Sathiya Sekar, Sumathy Haridass, Ranju Vijayan, Lakshmi Kantham Thiyagarajan, Jayasree Ravindran, Hanumantha Rao Balaji Raghavendran, Tunku Kamarul. Sesame indicum, a nutritional supplement, elicits antiamnesic effect via cholinergic pathway in scopolamine intoxicated mice.
Environmental toxicology.
2016 Dec; 31(12):1955-1963. doi:
10.1002/tox.22196. [PMID: 26434561] - Mitsuo Motobayashi, Daisuke Morita, Takashi Kurata, Tomonari Shigemura, Yozo Nakazawa, Nobuyuki Shimozawa, Yuji Inaba. Serial Monitoring of Plasma Levetiracetam Levels in a Child With Epilepsy Undergoing Cord Blood Transplantation.
Pediatric neurology.
2016 11; 64(?):e5-e6. doi:
10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.07.009. [PMID: 27546598] - Fawzia A Ibrahim, Amira F El-Yazbi, Magda A Barary, Mira M Wagih. Sensitive inexpensive HPLC determination of four antiepileptic drugs in human plasma: application to PK studies.
Bioanalysis.
2016 Nov; 8(21):2219-2234. doi:
10.4155/bio-2016-0211. [PMID: 27678163] - Roger Kelsey Halbert. Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: A Case Study.
The Journal of neuroscience nursing : journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses.
2016 Oct; 48(5):270-3. doi:
10.1097/jnn.0000000000000232. [PMID: 27579962] - Lei Wang, Mengmeng Xie, Ying Li, Sen Zhang, Wei Qiang, Zeneng Cheng. An effective and economical method for the storage of plasma samples using a novel freeze-drying device.
Analytica chimica acta.
2016 Sep; 938(?):82-9. doi:
10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.016. [PMID: 27619089] - Tomoya Takeuchi, Jun Natsume, Hiroyuki Kidokoro, Naoko Ishihara, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Yoshiteru Azuma, Yuji Ito, Naoko Kurahashi, Takeshi Tsuji, Motomasa Suzuki, Kazuya Itomi, Keitaro Yamada, Hirokazu Kurahashi, Shinpei Abe, Akihisa Okumura, Koichi Maruyama, Tamiko Negoro, Kazuyoshi Watanabe, Seiji Kojima. The effects of co-medications on lamotrigine clearance in Japanese children with epilepsy.
Brain & development.
2016 Sep; 38(8):723-30. doi:
10.1016/j.braindev.2016.03.004. [PMID: 27033151] - Chiara Fois, Anna Laura Rassu, Daniele Mandia, Elia Sechi, Pietro E Doneddu, GianPietro Sechi. Paradoxical Effect of Levetiracetam in Newly Diagnosed Type II Focal Cortical Dysplasia.
Clinical neuropharmacology.
2016 Sep; 39(5):265-8. doi:
10.1097/wnf.0000000000000171. [PMID: 27404737] - Christian E Elger, Michael Rademacher, Christian Brandt, Sami Elmoufti, Peter Dedeken, Klaus Eckhardt, Frank Tennigkeit, Marc De Backer. Changes in hormone and lipid levels in male patients with focal seizures when switched from carbamazepine to lacosamide as adjunctive treatment to levetiracetam: A small phase IIIb, prospective, multicenter, open-label trial.
Epilepsy & behavior : E&B.
2016 09; 62(?):1-5. doi:
10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.05.023. [PMID: 27423106] - Soundarya Vaithianathan, Tricia Y Ting, Wenlei Jiang, James E Polli. Release of levetiracetam from extended-release tablets that appear intact in patient stool.
Seizure.
2016 Aug; 40(?):7-9. doi:
10.1016/j.seizure.2016.05.011. [PMID: 27269879] - A F El-Yazbi, M M Wagih, F Ibrahim, M A Barary. Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Topiramate and Levetiracetam as Single Components in Tablet Formulations and in Human Plasma and Simultaneous Fourth Derivative Synchronous Fluorescence Determination of their Co-Adminstered Mixture in Human Plasma.
Journal of fluorescence.
2016 Jul; 26(4):1225-38. doi:
10.1007/s10895-016-1810-7. [PMID: 27147226] - Satoko Ito, Ikuko Yano, Sachiyo Hashi, Masahiro Tsuda, Mitsuhiro Sugimoto, Atsushi Yonezawa, Akio Ikeda, Kazuo Matsubara. Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Levetiracetam in Pediatric and Adult Patients With Epilepsy by Using Routinely Monitored Data.
Therapeutic drug monitoring.
2016 06; 38(3):371-8. doi:
10.1097/ftd.0000000000000291. [PMID: 26913593] - Sophie Boudriau, Cecilia Hanzel, Julie Massicotte, Laura Sayegh, Jing Wang, Marc Lefebvre. Randomized Comparative Bioavailability of a Novel Three-Dimensional Printed Fast-Melt Formulation of Levetiracetam Following the Administration of a Single 1000-mg Dose to Healthy Human Volunteers Under Fasting and Fed Conditions.
Drugs in R&D.
2016 Jun; 16(2):229-38. doi:
10.1007/s40268-016-0132-1. [PMID: 27028750] - Sergio Estrada, Mark Lubberink, Alf Thibblin, Margareta Sprycha, Tim Buchanan, Nathalie Mestdagh, Benoit Kenda, Joel Mercier, Laurent Provins, Michel Gillard, Dominique Tytgat, Gunnar Antoni. [(11)C]UCB-A, a novel PET tracer for synaptic vesicle protein 2A.
Nuclear medicine and biology.
2016 06; 43(6):325-32. doi:
10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.03.004. [PMID: 27260773] - Pei-Pei Wang, Hong-Xiang Sun, Ce-Jia Liu, Ming-Hong Hu, Xiu-Quan He, Su Yue, Ze-Zhao Jiao, Lan Xiang. Racemic oleracein E increases the survival rate and attenuates memory impairment in D-galactose/NaNO₂-induced senescent mice.
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology.
2016 May; 23(5):460-7. doi:
10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.014. [PMID: 27064004] - Dajun Sun, Hong Wen, Anna Externbrink, Zongming Gao, David Keire, Gregory Krauss, Wenlei Jiang. Ghost-Pill-Buster: A Case Study of Intact Levetiracetam Extended-Release Tablets after Dissolution Testing.
CNS drugs.
2016 05; 30(5):455-60. doi:
10.1007/s40263-016-0332-9. [PMID: 27048352] - Manuela Contin, Lucia Alberghini, Carmina Candela, Giulia Benini, Roberto Riva. Intrapatient variation in antiepileptic drug plasma concentration after generic substitution vs stable brand-name drug regimens.
Epilepsy research.
2016 May; 122(?):79-83. doi:
10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.02.012. [PMID: 26987080] - Scott Mintzer, Rachael Miller, Krunal Shah, Inna Chervoneva, Maromi Nei, Christopher Skidmore, Michael R Sperling. Long-term effect of antiepileptic drug switch on serum lipids and C-reactive protein.
Epilepsy & behavior : E&B.
2016 05; 58(?):127-32. doi:
10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.02.023. [PMID: 27074299] - Oytun Erbaş, Fatih Oltulu, Mustafa Yılmaz, Altuğ Yavaşoğlu, Dilek Taşkıran. Neuroprotective effects of chronic administration of levetiracetam in a rat model of diabetic neuropathy.
Diabetes research and clinical practice.
2016 Apr; 114(?):106-16. doi:
10.1016/j.diabres.2015.12.016. [PMID: 26795972] - Gustavo D Mendes, Gabriela Traldi Zaffalon, Antonio Sérgio Silveira, Juliana Cama Ramacciato, Rogério Heládio Lopes Motta, Thiago Gagliano-Jucá, Anibal Gil Lopes, José Cássio de Almeida Magalhães, Gilberto De Nucci. Assessment of pharmacokinetic interaction between piracetam and l-carnitine in healthy subjects.
Biomedical chromatography : BMC.
2016 Apr; 30(4):536-42. doi:
10.1002/bmc.3579. [PMID: 26248695] - Sudhir Chandra Sarangi, Manjari Tripathi, Ashish Kumar Kakkar, Yogendra Kumar Gupta. Comparison of body composition in persons with epilepsy on conventional & new antiepileptic drugs.
The Indian journal of medical research.
2016 Mar; 143(3):323-30. doi:
10.4103/0971-5916.182623. [PMID: 27241646] - Oytun Erbaş, Mustafa Yılmaz, Dilek Taşkıran. Levetiracetam attenuates rotenone-induced toxicity: A rat model of Parkinson's disease.
Environmental toxicology and pharmacology.
2016 Mar; 42(?):226-30. doi:
10.1016/j.etap.2016.02.005. [PMID: 26896611] - Jean-Marie Nicolas, Jonas Hannestad, Daniel Holden, Sophie Kervyn, Nabeel Nabulsi, Dominique Tytgat, Yiyun Huang, Hugues Chanteux, Ludovicus Staelens, Alain Matagne, François-Xavier Mathy, Joël Mercier, Armel Stockis, Richard E Carson, Henrik Klitgaard. Brivaracetam, a selective high-affinity synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) ligand with preclinical evidence of high brain permeability and fast onset of action.
Epilepsia.
2016 Feb; 57(2):201-9. doi:
10.1111/epi.13267. [PMID: 26663401] - Dean C Carlow, Heng Shi, Ryan C Schofield. Simultaneous Quantitation of Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, 10-Hydroxycarbazepine, Topiramate, and Zonisamide in Serum Using HPLC-MS/MS.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).
2016; 1383(?):29-37. doi:
10.1007/978-1-4939-3252-8_4. [PMID: 26660171] - Gohar Javed, Muhammad Waqas, Mohsin Qadeer, Ehsan Bari, Ghulam Murtaza. Use of Levetiracetam in Prophylaxis of Early Post-Traumatic Seizures.
Turkish neurosurgery.
2016; 26(5):732-5. doi:
10.5137/1019-5149.jtn.8245-13.1. [PMID: 27337228] - E A Antipenko, A V Derugina, A V Gustov. [The system stress-limiting action of mexidol in chronic cerebral ischemia].
Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova.
2016; 116(4):28-31. doi:
10.17116/jnevro20161164128-31. [PMID: 27240044] - Nathalie Toublanc, Takuya Okagaki, Malcolm Boyce, Robert Chan, Ayumi Mugitani, Shikiko Watanabe, Katsumi Yamamoto, Katsumi Yoshida, Jens-Otto Andreas. Pharmacokinetics of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam in healthy Japanese and Caucasian volunteers following intravenous administration.
European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
2015 Dec; 40(4):461-9. doi:
10.1007/s13318-014-0227-4. [PMID: 25283522] - Wenzhen Chen, Yan Tan, Yuxing Ge, Yujuan Chen, Xueyuan Liu. The Effects of Levetiracetam on Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma NPY and GAL, and on the Components of Stress Response System, hs-CRP, and S100B Protein in Serum of Patients with Refractory Epilepsy.
Cell biochemistry and biophysics.
2015 Nov; 73(2):489-494. doi:
10.1007/s12013-015-0683-8. [PMID: 27352343] - Athena L V Hobbs, Katherine M Shea, Kirsten M Roberts, Mitchell J Daley. Implications of Augmented Renal Clearance on Drug Dosing in Critically Ill Patients: A Focus on Antibiotics.
Pharmacotherapy.
2015 Nov; 35(11):1063-75. doi:
10.1002/phar.1653. [PMID: 26598098] - Hepsen Mine Serin, Zehra Pınar Koç, Berfin Temelli, İhsan Esen. The bone mineral content alterations in pediatric patients medicated with levetiracetam, valproic acid, and carbamazepine.
Epilepsy & behavior : E&B.
2015 Oct; 51(?):221-4. doi:
10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.06.025. [PMID: 26298867] - Y Tang, X Yu, X Zhang, W Xia, X Wu, X Zou, H Li, X Huang, H Stefan, Q Chen, Q Gong, D Zhou. Single-dose intravenous administration of antiepileptic drugs induces rapid and reversible remodeling in the brain: Evidence from a voxel-based morphometry evaluation of valproate and levetiracetam in rhesus monkeys.
Neuroscience.
2015 Sep; 303(?):595-603. doi:
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.039. [PMID: 26197226] - M J Beasley, D M Boothe. Disposition of Extended Release Levetiracetam in Normal Healthy Dogs After Single Oral Dosing.
Journal of veterinary internal medicine.
2015 Sep; 29(5):1348-53. doi:
10.1111/jvim.13588. [PMID: 26290357] - Lindsay B Boozer, Simon R Platt, Allison C Haley, Amie V Linville, Marc Kent, Lauren E Barron, Ben Nie, Robert D Arnold. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of immediate- and extended-release formulations of levetiracetam in dogs.
American journal of veterinary research.
2015 Aug; 76(8):719-23. doi:
10.2460/ajvr.76.8.719. [PMID: 26207970] - Nathalie Toublanc, Xinlu Du, Yun Liu, Qian Chen, Pritibha Singh, Robert Chan, Armel Stockis. Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Bioequivalence of Levetiracetam Intravenous Infusion and Oral Tablets in Healthy Chinese Subjects.
Clinical drug investigation.
2015 Aug; 35(8):495-503. doi:
10.1007/s40261-015-0303-9. [PMID: 26135593] - Jenny L Chua-Tuan, Dazhe Cao, Janetta L Iwanicki, Christopher O Hoyte. Cardiac sodium channel blockade after an intentional ingestion of lacosamide, cyclobenzaprine, and levetiracetam: Case report.
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.).
2015 Jul; 53(6):565-8. doi:
10.3109/15563650.2015.1040157. [PMID: 25951877]