Meldonium (BioDeep_00000180959)

   

human metabolite blood metabolite


代谢物信息卡片


3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazin-2-ium-1-yl)propanoate

化学式: C6H14N2O2 (146.1055)
中文名称: 米屈肼
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(blood) 86%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C[N+](C)(C)NCCC(=O)[O-]
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H14N2O2/c1-8(2,3)7-5-4-6(9)10/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3

描述信息

COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials
C26170 - Protective Agent > C2079 - Cardioprotective Agent
C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy
C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System
D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents
D007155 - Immunologic Factors
C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor
Corona-virus
Coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
SARS-CoV
COVID19
SARS2
SARS
Meldonium (MET-88) functions as a cardioprotective agent by cpmpetetively inhibiting γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) and carnitine/organic cation transporter type 2 (OCTN2). Mildronate (Meldonium) exhibits IC50 values of 34-62 μM for human recombinant BBOX and an EC50 of 21 μM for human OCTN2. Meldonium is a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor[1][2].

同义名列表

20 个代谢物同义名

3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazin-2-ium-1-yl)propanoate; 3-(2,2,2-Trimethyldiazaniumyl)propanoic acid; 2-(2-Carboxyethyl)-1,1,1-trimethyldiazanium; 3-(2,2,2-Trimethylhydrazine)propionic acid; 3-(2,2,2-Trimethylhydrazinium)propionate; 3-(2,2,2-Trimethyldiazaniumyl)propanoate; 3-(2,2,2-Trimethylhydrazine)propionate; N-Trimethylhydrazine-3-propionate; Trimethylhydraziniumpropionate; Mildronic acid; Mildronate; Q-4224-IOS; Mindronate; Mildronat; Meldonium; Quaterin; Vasonat; 3-TMHP; MET-88; Mildronate



数据库引用编号

11 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(1)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

1 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有:

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息,我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表,这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘,得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中,存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称,可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。

亚细胞结构定位 关联基因列表


文献列表

  • Fabian Piskol, Kerstin Neubauer, Maurice Eggers, Lisa Margarete Bode, Jan Jasper, Alan Slusarenko, Edward Reijerse, Wolfgang Lubitz, Dieter Jahn, Jürgen Moser. Two-component carnitine monooxygenase from Escherichia coli: functional characterization, inhibition and mutagenesis of the molecular interface. Bioscience reports. 2022 09; 42(9):. doi: 10.1042/bsr20221102. [PMID: 36066069]
  • Jun-Xian Wang, Samad Rahimnejad, Yan-Yu Zhang, Jiong Ren, Jie Wang, Fang Qiao, Mei-Ling Zhang, Zhen-Yu Du. Mildronate triggers growth suppression and lipid accumulation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) through disturbing lipid metabolism. Fish physiology and biochemistry. 2022 Feb; 48(1):145-159. doi: 10.1007/s10695-021-01040-6. [PMID: 35034221]
  • Reinis Vilskersts, Dana Kigitovica, Stanislava Korzh, Melita Videja, Karlis Vilks, Helena Cirule, Andris Skride, Marina Makrecka-Kuka, Edgars Liepinsh, Maija Dambrova. Protective Effects of Meldonium in Experimental Models of Cardiovascular Complications with a Potential Application in COVID-19. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021 Dec; 23(1):. doi: 10.3390/ijms23010045. [PMID: 35008470]
  • Sven Guddat, Christian Görgens, Tim Sobolevsky, Mario Thevis. Meldonium residues in milk: A possible scenario for inadvertent doping in sports?. Drug testing and analysis. 2021 Nov; 13(11-12):1906-1910. doi: 10.1002/dta.3145. [PMID: 34448364]
  • Siniša Đurašević, Aleksandra Ružičić, Iva Lakić, Tomislav Tosti, Saša Đurović, Sofija Glumac, Slađan Pavlović, Slavica Borković-Mitić, Ilijana Grigorov, Sanja Stanković, Nebojša Jasnić, Jelena Đorđević, Zoran Todorović. The Effects of a Meldonium Pre-Treatment on the Course of the Faecal-Induced Sepsis in Rats. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021 Sep; 22(18):. doi: 10.3390/ijms22189698. [PMID: 34575863]
  • Siniša Đurašević, Maja Stojković, Jelena Sopta, Slađan Pavlović, Slavica Borković-Mitić, Anđelija Ivanović, Nebojša Jasnić, Tomislav Tosti, Saša Đurović, Jelena Đorđević, Zoran Todorović. The effects of meldonium on the acute ischemia/reperfusion liver injury in rats. Scientific reports. 2021 01; 11(1):1305. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80011-y. [PMID: 33446709]
  • Francesca Di Cristo, Anna Calarco, Filomena Anna Digilio, Maria Stefania Sinicropi, Camillo Rosano, Umberto Galderisi, Mariarosa Anna Beatrice Melone, Carmela Saturnino, Gianfranco Peluso. The Discovery of Highly Potent THP Derivatives as OCTN2 Inhibitors: From Structure-Based Virtual Screening to In Vivo Biological Activity. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020 Oct; 21(19):. doi: 10.3390/ijms21197431. [PMID: 33050117]
  • Ling-Yu Li, Jia-Min Li, Li-Jun Ning, Dong-Liang Lu, Yuan Luo, Qiang Ma, Samwel Mchele Limbu, Dong-Liang Li, Li-Qiao Chen, Irfan J Lodhi, Pascal Degrace, Mei-Ling Zhang, Zhen-Yu Du. Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Inhibition Promotes Glucose Utilization and Protein Deposition through Energy Homeostasis Remodeling in Fish. The Journal of nutrition. 2020 09; 150(9):2322-2335. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa187. [PMID: 32720689]
  • Ergin Yalcin, Cem Erkmen, Tugba Taskin-Tok, Mehmet Gokhan Caglayan. Fluorescence chemosensing of meldonium using a cross-reactive sensor array. The Analyst. 2020 May; 145(9):3345-3352. doi: 10.1039/d0an00209g. [PMID: 32226998]
  • Carine Lindquist, Bodil Bjørndal, Anders Lund, Grete Slettom, Jon Skorve, Ottar Nygård, Asbjørn Svardal, Rolf K Berge. Increased fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial proliferation in liver are associated with increased plasma kynurenine metabolites and nicotinamide levels in normolipidemic and carnitine-depleted rats. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids. 2020 02; 1865(2):158543. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158543. [PMID: 31676443]
  • Siniša Đurašević, Maja Stojković, Ljiljana Bogdanović, Slađan Pavlović, Slavica Borković-Mitić, Ilijana Grigorov, Desanka Bogojević, Nebojša Jasnić, Tomislav Tosti, Saša Đurović, Jelena Đorđević, Zoran Todorović. The Effects of Meldonium on the Renal Acute Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019 Nov; 20(22):. doi: 10.3390/ijms20225747. [PMID: 31731785]
  • P Lykhatskyi, L Fira, N Garlitska, D Fira, Yu Soroka, N Lisnychuk, D Delibashvili. CHANGES OF CYTOLYSIS INDICATORS IN RATS' BLOOD RESULTED FROM SIMULTANEOUS INTOXICATION WITH TOBACCO SMOKE AND SODIUM NITRITE AFTER USING MILDRONATE. Georgian medical news. 2019 Nov; ?(296):96-102. doi: NULL. [PMID: 31889713]
  • Francesca Di Cristo, Mauro Finicelli, Filomena Anna Digilio, Simona Paladino, Anna Valentino, Filippo Scialò, Maria D'Apolito, Carmela Saturnino, Umberto Galderisi, Antonio Giordano, Mariarosa Anna Beatrice Melone, Gianfranco Peluso. Meldonium improves Huntington's disease mitochondrial dysfunction by restoring peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α expression. Journal of cellular physiology. 2019 06; 234(6):9233-9246. doi: 10.1002/jcp.27602. [PMID: 30362565]
  • Olivier Rabin, Vladimir Uiba, Yulia Miroshnikova, Maksim Zabelin, Aleksander Samoylov, Vladislav Karkischenko, Sergey Semyonov, Tatiana Astrelina, Sergey Razinkin. Meldonium long-term excretion period and pharmacokinetics in blood and urine of healthy athlete volunteers. Drug testing and analysis. 2019 Apr; 11(4):554-566. doi: 10.1002/dta.2521. [PMID: 30328291]
  • Guro Forsdahl, Biljana Jančić-Stojanović, Marija Anđelković, Nenad Dikić, Tomas Geisendorfer, Veronika Jeitler, Günter Gmeiner. Urinary excretion studies of meldonium after multidose parenteral application. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2018 Nov; 161(?):289-295. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.053. [PMID: 30189410]
  • Carine Lindquist, Bodil Bjørndal, Christine Renate Rossmann, Asbjørn Svardal, Seth Hallström, Rolf Kristian Berge. A fatty acid analogue targeting mitochondria exerts a plasma triacylglycerol lowering effect in rats with impaired carnitine biosynthesis. PloS one. 2018; 13(3):e0194978. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194978. [PMID: 29590220]
  • A Antoniv, N Antofiychuk, T Danylyshina, I Trefanenko, V Shuper. CLINICAL EFFICACY OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE IN PATIENTS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE I-II STAGE. Georgian medical news. 2017 Dec; ?(273):31-36. doi: . [PMID: 29328026]
  • Craig Porter, Dumitru Constantin-Teodosiu, Despina Constantin, Brendan Leighton, Simon M Poucher, Paul L Greenhaff. Muscle carnitine availability plays a central role in regulating fuel metabolism in the rodent. The Journal of physiology. 2017 09; 595(17):5765-5780. doi: 10.1113/jp274415. [PMID: 28605113]
  • Heather K Knych, Scott D Stanley, Dan S McKemie, Rick M Arthur, Ulf Bondesson, Mikael Hedeland, Mario Thevis, Philip H Kass. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meldonium in exercised thoroughbred horses. Drug testing and analysis. 2017 Sep; 9(9):1392-1399. doi: 10.1002/dta.2214. [PMID: 28513092]
  • Han Pan, Ling-Yu Li, Jia-Min Li, Wei-Li Wang, Samwel Mchele Limbu, Pascal Degrace, Dong-Liang Li, Zhen-Yu Du. Inhibited fatty acid β-oxidation impairs stress resistance ability in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish & shellfish immunology. 2017 Sep; 68(?):500-508. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.058. [PMID: 28774846]
  • Christian Görgens, Sven Guddat, Christina Bosse, Hans Geyer, Valentin Pop, Wilhelm Schänzer, Mario Thevis. The atypical excretion profile of meldonium: Comparison of urinary detection windows after single- and multiple-dose application in healthy volunteers. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2017 May; 138(?):175-179. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.011. [PMID: 28213178]
  • Wolfgang Schobersberger, Tobias Dünnwald, Günther Gmeiner, Cornelia Blank. Story behind meldonium-from pharmacology to performance enhancement: a narrative review. British journal of sports medicine. 2017 Jan; 51(1):22-25. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096357. [PMID: 27465696]
  • Andrea Šlampová, Pavel Kubáň. Rapid determination of meldonium in urine samples by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Journal of chromatography. A. 2016 Oct; 1468(?):236-240. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.027. [PMID: 27641719]
  • V I Tsirkin, A D Nozdrachev, E N Sizova, T V Polezhaeva, S V Khlybova. Endogenous Sensitizer of Beta-Adrenergic Receptors (ESBAR) as a Component of Humoral Links Element of Autonomic Nervous System and Its Analogs (Review). Uspekhi fiziologicheskikh nauk. 2016 Oct; 47(4):18-42. doi: . [PMID: 29283233]
  • L Tretzel, C Görgens, H Geyer, A Thomas, J Dib, S Guddat, V Pop, W Schänzer, M Thevis. Analyses of Meldonium (Mildronate) from Blood, Dried Blood Spots (DBS), and Urine Suggest Drug Incorporation into Erythrocytes. International journal of sports medicine. 2016 Jun; 37(6):500-2. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1582317. [PMID: 27144836]
  • Mark Stuart, Christian Schneider, Klaus Steinbach. Meldonium use by athletes at the Baku 2015 European Games. British journal of sports medicine. 2016 Jun; 50(11):694-8. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095906. [PMID: 27015859]
  • Ya-yun Weng, Li-sha Jin, Yu-qing Wang, Fei-feng Song, Li-ping Li, Hui Zhou, Su Zeng, Hui-di Jiang. [Establishment and application of cell models with stable expression of hOCTN1/2]. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. 2016 06; 51(6):931-7. doi: NULL. [PMID: 29879347]
  • Z Zhao, J Chen, W Peng, X Wang, Z Chen, H Tang, Y Liang, Z Ma, J Chen, X Chen, G Zhong, M Huang. Single- and Multiple-dose Pharmacokinetic, Safety and Tolerability Study of Mildronate Injection in Healthy Chinese Subjects Pharmacokinetic of Mildronate Injection. Drug research. 2016 May; 66(5):251-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1569297. [PMID: 26697890]
  • Christian Görgens, Sven Guddat, Josef Dib, Hans Geyer, Wilhelm Schänzer, Mario Thevis. Mildronate (Meldonium) in professional sports - monitoring doping control urine samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography - high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry. Drug testing and analysis. 2015 Nov; 7(11-12):973-9. doi: 10.1002/dta.1788. [PMID: 25847280]
  • S I Baulin, S M Rogacheva, S V Afanaseva, E V Zabanova, Yu V Karagaycheva. Pharmaceutical Composition for Improving Physical Working Capacity. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2015 Nov; 160(1):45-8. doi: 10.1007/s10517-015-3094-3. [PMID: 26601841]
  • Janis Kuka, Edgars Liepinsh, Marina Makrecka-Kuka, Janis Liepins, Helena Cirule, Daina Gustina, Einars Loza, Olga Zharkova-Malkova, Solveiga Grinberga, Osvalds Pugovics, Maija Dambrova. Suppression of intestinal microbiota-dependent production of pro-atherogenic trimethylamine N-oxide by shifting L-carnitine microbial degradation. Life sciences. 2014 Nov; 117(2):84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.028. [PMID: 25301199]
  • M D Smirnova, O N Svirida, M V Vitsenia, A E Kuzmina, V Z Lankin, A K Tikhaze, G N Konovalova, F T Ageev. [Using meldonium to improve the adaptation of patients with cardiovascular disease to the effects of heat and correction of associated oxidative stress]. Kardiologiia. 2014; 54(7):53-9. doi: 10.18565/cardio.2014.7.53-59. [PMID: 25177814]
  • M D Smirnova, O N Svirida, F T Ageev, T V Forfanova, M V Vitsenia, G V Mikhaĭlov. [The ability to use meldonium as adaptogen in winter in patients with cardiovascular disease]. Kardiologiia. 2014; 54(10):51-6. doi: 10.18565/cardio.2014.10.51-56. [PMID: 25675721]
  • Maija Dambrova, Elina Skapare-Makarova, Ilze Konrade, Osvalds Pugovics, Solveiga Grinberga, Dace Tirzite, Ramona Petrovska, Ivars Kalvins, Edgars Liepins. Meldonium decreases the diet-increased plasma levels of trimethylamine N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis. Journal of clinical pharmacology. 2013 Oct; 53(10):1095-8. doi: 10.1002/jcph.135. [PMID: 23893520]
  • Jun Zhang, Li-Jing Cai, Jian Yang, Qi-Zhi Zhang, Wen-Xing Peng. Nonlinear pharmacokinetic properties of mildronate capsules: a randomized, open-label, single- and multiple-dose study in healthy volunteers. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology. 2013 Feb; 27(1):120-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00962.x. [PMID: 21679246]
  • Zigmunds Bruveris, Vita Antane, Ilga Misane, Jazeps Rimeicans, Ivars Lusis, Alberts Auzans, Mara Mangale, Aleksandrs Mednis, Ilmars Stonans. Effects of meldonium on sexual performance, sperm motility, testes morphology and blood biochemical markers in boars. Animal reproduction science. 2013 Jan; 136(4):303-9. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.11.007. [PMID: 23238051]
  • M Iu Maksimova, T N Fedorova. [Mildronate in the treatment of transitory ischemic attacks]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2013; 113(6):41-4. doi: ". [PMID: 23887450]
  • V G Kukes, N I Zhernakova, T V Gorbach, O V Romashchenko, V V Rumbesht. [Efficiency of mildronate in rats of different age with experimental-induced myocardial ischemia]. Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 2013; ?(1):42-6. doi: 10.15690/vramn.v68i1.536. [PMID: 23805638]
  • Yuriy V Pidpruzhnykov, Valerii E Sabko, Volodymyr V Iurchenko, Igor A Zupanets. UPLC-MS/MS method for bioequivalence study of oral drugs of meldonium. Biomedical chromatography : BMC. 2012 May; 26(5):599-605. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1703. [PMID: 21915891]
  • J Sokolovska, J Rumaks, N Karajeva, D Grīnvalde, J Shapirova, V Kluša, I Kalvinsh, N Sjakste. [The influence of mildronate on peripheral neuropathy and some characteristics of glucose and lipid metabolism in rat streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus model]. Biomeditsinskaia khimiia. 2011 Sep; 57(5):490-500. doi: 10.18097/pbmc20115705490. [PMID: 22629599]
  • Edgars Liepinsh, Ilze Konrade, Elina Skapare, Osvalds Pugovics, Solveiga Grinberga, Janis Kuka, Ivars Kalvinsh, Maija Dambrova. Mildronate treatment alters γ-butyrobetaine and l-carnitine concentrations in healthy volunteers. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 2011 Sep; 63(9):1195-201. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01325.x. [PMID: 21827492]
  • Edgars Liepinsh, Elina Skapare, Baiba Svalbe, Marina Makrecka, Helena Cirule, Maija Dambrova. Anti-diabetic effects of mildronate alone or in combination with metformin in obese Zucker rats. European journal of pharmacology. 2011 May; 658(2-3):277-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.02.019. [PMID: 21371472]
  • A A Vishnevskiĭ, G A Dzhantaeva, Ch O Zhaparalieva. [Oxidative homeostasis and functional parameters of rats at high altitudes with alpha-lipoic acid correction]. Aviakosmicheskaia i ekologicheskaia meditsina = Aerospace and environmental medicine. 2011 May; 45(3):43-7. doi: ". [PMID: 21916251]
  • A L Toropov, V I Tsirkin, A A Kostyaev. Combined effects of blood serum as a source of endogenous β-adrenoceptor-sensitizing agent and its analogues histidine, tryptophan, tyrosine, mildronat, and preductal. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2011 May; 151(1):84-7. doi: 10.1007/s10517-011-1265-4. [PMID: 22442809]
  • Regula Schürch, Liliane Todesco, Katarina Novakova, Meike Mevissen, Bruno Stieger, Stephan Krähenbühl. The plasma carnitine concentration regulates renal OCTN2 expression and carnitine transport in rats. European journal of pharmacology. 2010 Jun; 635(1-3):171-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.02.045. [PMID: 20303936]
  • A N Korzh. [Optimization of energy metabolism in patients with chronic heart failure]. Likars'ka sprava. 2010 Apr; ?(3-4):36-42. doi: ". [PMID: 21265120]
  • Ye Peng, Jing Yang, Zhirui Wang, Jingwen Wang, Yu Liu, Zhuojing Luo, AiDong Wen. Determination of mildronate by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2010 Feb; 878(5-6):551-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.12.030. [PMID: 20116348]
  • Amal G Fatani, Amal Q Darweesh, Lubna Rizwan, Abdulaziz M Aleisa, Othman A Al-Shabanah, Mohamed M Sayed-Ahmed. Carnitine deficiency aggravates cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Chemotherapy. 2010; 56(1):71-81. doi: 10.1159/000298822. [PMID: 20299794]
  • Edgars Liepinsh, Janis Kuka, Baiba Svalbe, Reinis Vilskersts, Elina Skapare, Helena Cirule, Osvalds Pugovics, Ivars Kalvinsh, Maija Dambrova. Effects of long-term mildronate treatment on cardiac and liver functions in rats. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 2009 Dec; 105(6):387-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00461.x. [PMID: 19663820]
  • Edgars Liepinsh, Reinis Vilskersts, Liga Zvejniece, Baiba Svalbe, Elina Skapare, Janis Kuka, Helena Cirule, Solveiga Grinberga, Ivars Kalvinsh, Maija Dambrova. Protective effects of mildronate in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes in Goto-Kakizaki rats. British journal of pharmacology. 2009 Aug; 157(8):1549-56. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00319.x. [PMID: 19594753]
  • Silke Grigat, Christian Fork, Markus Bach, Stefan Golz, Andreas Geerts, Edgar Schömig, Dirk Gründemann. The carnitine transporter SLC22A5 is not a general drug transporter, but it efficiently translocates mildronate. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 2009 Feb; 37(2):330-7. doi: 10.1124/dmd.108.023929. [PMID: 18981167]
  • Reinis Vilskersts, Edgars Liepinsh, Lukasz Mateuszuk, Solveiga Grinberga, Ivars Kalvinsh, Stefan Chlopicki, Maija Dambrova. Mildronate, a regulator of energy metabolism, reduces atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-/- mice. Pharmacology. 2009; 83(5):287-93. doi: 10.1159/000210015. [PMID: 19325254]
  • Edgars Liepinsh, Reinis Vilskersts, Elina Skapare, Baiba Svalbe, Janis Kuka, Helena Cirule, Osvalds Pugovics, Ivars Kalvinsh, Maija Dambrova. Mildronate decreases carnitine availability and up-regulates glucose uptake and related gene expression in the mouse heart. Life sciences. 2008 Oct; 83(17-18):613-9. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.08.008. [PMID: 18801379]
  • Maija Dambrova, Helena Cirule, Baiba Svalbe, Liga Zvejniece, Osvalds Pugovichs, Tatjana Zorenko, Ivars Kalvinsh, Edgars Liepinsh, Irina Belozertseva. Effect of inhibiting carnitine biosynthesis on male rat sexual performance. Physiology & behavior. 2008 Oct; 95(3):341-7. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.06.012. [PMID: 18640137]
  • M E Statsenko, L V Poletaeva, S V Turkina, A F Apukhtin, G P Dudchenko. [Mildronate effects on oxidant stress in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic peripheral (sensomotor) neuropathy]. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2008; 80(10):27-30. doi: ". [PMID: 19105409]
  • E M Sharipova, E V Salna, M I Dzintare, L I Lauberte, N I Sjakste, V S Gordiushina, I I Kalvinsh. [The effect of mildronate and related substances on levels of thyroid hormones and some intermediates of lipid and carbohidrate metabolism in the hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats]. Biomeditsinskaia khimiia. 2007 Nov; 53(6):672-82. doi: NULL. [PMID: 18323152]
  • Yun-Feng Lv, Xin Hu, Kai-Shun Bi. Determination of mildronate in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2007 Jun; 852(1-2):35-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.031. [PMID: 17287154]
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