Fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether (BioDeep_00000174864)

   

human metabolite blood metabolite


代谢物信息卡片


Fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether

化学式: C4H2F6O (180.0009834)
中文名称: 1,1,3,3,3-五氟-2-(氟甲氧基)-1-丙烯
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(blood) 2.9%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C(OC(=C(F)F)C(F)(F)F)F
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H2F6O/c5-1-11-2(3(6)7)4(8,9)10/h1H2

描述信息

D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D000777 - Anesthetics

同义名列表

7 个代谢物同义名

Fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether; 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)prop-1-ene; 1,1,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)-1-propene; Pentafluoroisopropenyl fluoromethyl ether; Compound a (fluoroether); FDVE-2,2; FDTVE



数据库引用编号

5 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

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代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

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BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

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1 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有:

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息,我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表,这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘,得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序,取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中,存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称,可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • I I Faizov, A I Levshankov, A V Shchegolev, A Iu Elizarov. [Mass-spectrometric control of compound A during minimal flow anesthesia and its influence on liver and kidneys functions]. Anesteziologiia i reanimatologiia. 2013 Jul; ?(4):14-8. doi: NULL. [PMID: 24341036]
  • A Iu Elizarov, T D Ershov, A I Levshankov. [Analysis of sevoflurane stability during low flow anesthesia]. Anesteziologiia i reanimatologiia. 2011 Mar; ?(2):8-10. doi: NULL. [PMID: 21688653]
  • Hong Dong, Hong Sun, Ella Magal, Xiao Ding, Gondi N Kumar, Jian Jeffrey Chen, Eileen J Johnson, Barton H Manning. Inflammatory pain in the rabbit: a new, efficient method for measuring mechanical hyperalgesia in the hind paw. Journal of neuroscience methods. 2008 Feb; 168(1):76-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.09.028. [PMID: 18022246]
  • Thomayant Prueksaritanont, Yuhsin Kuo, Cuyue Tang, Chunze Li, Yue Qiu, Bing Lu, Kristie Strong-Basalyga, Karen Richards, Brian Carr, Jiunn H Lin. In vitro and in vivo CYP3A64 induction and inhibition studies in rhesus monkeys: a preclinical approach for CYP3A-mediated drug interaction studies. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 2006 Sep; 34(9):1546-55. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.009878. [PMID: 16782766]
  • Evan D Kharasch, Jesara L Schroeder, Theo Bammler, Richard Beyer, Sengkeo Srinouanprachanh. Gene expression profiling of nephrotoxicity from the sevoflurane degradation product fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether ('compound A') in rats. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2006 Apr; 90(2):419-31. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj088. [PMID: 16384817]
  • Evan D Kharasch, Jesara L Schroeder, Pam Sheffels, H Denny Liggitt. Influence of sevoflurane on the metabolism and renal effects of compound A in rats. Anesthesiology. 2005 Dec; 103(6):1183-8. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200512000-00012. [PMID: 16306730]
  • Pam Sheffels, Jesara L Schroeder, T Gul Altuntas, H Denny Liggitt, Evan D Kharasch. Role of cytochrome P4503A in cysteine S-conjugates sulfoxidation and the nephrotoxicity of the sevoflurane degradation product fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether (compound A) in rats. Chemical research in toxicology. 2004 Sep; 17(9):1177-89. doi: 10.1021/tx049899e. [PMID: 15377151]
  • Judith E Fenyk-Melody, Xiaolan Shen, Qianping Peng, William Pikounis, Lawrence Colwell, James Pivnichny, Lynn C Anderson, Constantin S Tamvakopoulos. Comparison of the effects of perfusion in determining brain penetration (brain-to-plasma ratios) of small molecules in rats. Comparative medicine. 2004 Aug; 54(4):378-81. doi: NULL. [PMID: 15357317]
  • H Fukuda, M Kawamoto, O Yuge, K Fujii. A comparison of the effects of prolonged (>10 hour) low-flow sevoflurane, high-flow sevoflurane, and low-flow isoflurane anaesthesia on hepatorenal function in orthopaedic patients. Anaesthesia and intensive care. 2004 Apr; 32(2):210-8. doi: 10.1177/0310057x0403200208. [PMID: 15957718]
  • T Gul Altuntas, Sang B Park, Evan D Kharasch. Sulfoxidation of cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates of the sevoflurane degradation product fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether (compound A). Chemical research in toxicology. 2004 Mar; 17(3):435-45. doi: 10.1021/tx034254k. [PMID: 15025515]
  • T Gul Altuntas, Richard A Zager, Evan D Kharasch. Cytotoxicity of S-conjugates of the sevoflurane degradation product fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl) vinyl ether (Compound A) in a human proximal tubular cell line. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2003 Nov; 193(1):55-65. doi: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00336-3. [PMID: 14613716]
  • Lawrence J Saidman, Edmond I Eger. Safety of low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia in patients with chronically impaired renal function is not proven. Anesthesiology. 2003 Sep; 99(3):752; author reply 752-4. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200309000-00035. [PMID: 12960564]
  • Lauren P Shearman, Ramon E Camacho, D Sloan Stribling, Dan Zhou, Maria A Bednarek, Donna L Hreniuk, Scott D Feighner, Carina P Tan, Andrew D Howard, Lex H T Van der Ploeg, D Euan MacIntyre, Gerard J Hickey, Alison M Strack. Chronic MCH-1 receptor modulation alters appetite, body weight and adiposity in rats. European journal of pharmacology. 2003 Aug; 475(1-3):37-47. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)02146-0. [PMID: 12954357]
  • Florian M Reichle, Peter F Conzen. Halogenated inhalational anaesthetics. Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology. 2003 Mar; 17(1):29-46. doi: 10.1053/bean.2002.0265. [PMID: 12751547]
  • Gregory W Konat, W Andrew Kofke, Slobodan Miric. Toxicity of compound A to C6 rat glioma cells. Metabolic brain disease. 2003 Mar; 18(1):11-5. doi: 10.1023/a:1021922500998. [PMID: 12603078]
  • Caroline R Stabernack, Edmond I Eger, Uwe H Warnken, Harald Förster, Douglas K Hanks, Linda D Ferrell. Sevoflurane degradation by carbon dioxide absorbents may produce more than one nephrotoxic compound in rats. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie. 2003 Mar; 50(3):249-52. doi: 10.1007/bf03017793. [PMID: 12620947]
  • Peter F Conzen, Evan D Kharasch, Stephan F A Czerner, Alan A Artru, Florian M Reichle, Piotr Michalowski, G Alec Rooke, Branko M Weiss, Thomas J Ebert. Low-flow sevoflurane compared with low-flow isoflurane anesthesia in patients with stable renal insufficiency. Anesthesiology. 2002 Sep; 97(3):578-84. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200209000-00010. [PMID: 12218523]
  • M Okada, P K S Siegl, M Nishikibe. Methods for assessing endothelin ETA-receptor antagonists in preclinical studies. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology. 2002 Jul; 24(6):361-70. doi: 10.1358/mf.2002.24.6.693069. [PMID: 12224443]
  • T Gul Altuntas, Evan D Kharasch. Biotransformation of L-cysteine S-conjugates and N-acetyl-L-cysteine S-conjugates of the sevoflurane degradation product fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether (compound A) in human kidney in vitro: interindividual variability in N-acetylation, N-deacetylation, and beta-lyase-catalyzed metabolism. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 2002 Feb; 30(2):148-54. doi: 10.1124/dmd.30.2.148. [PMID: 11792683]
  • Florian M Reichle, Peter F Conzen, Klaus Peter. Nephrotoxicity of halogenated inhalational anaesthetics: fictions and facts. European surgical research. Europaische chirurgische Forschung. Recherches chirurgicales europeennes. 2002 Jan; 34(1-2):188-95. doi: 10.1159/000048908. [PMID: 11867922]
  • T G Altuntas, E D Kharasch. Glutathione S-conjugation of the sevoflurane degradation product, fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether (compound A) in human liver, kidney, and blood in vitro. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2001 Dec; 177(2):85-93. doi: 10.1006/taap.2001.9302. [PMID: 11740907]
  • E D Kharasch, E J Frink, A Artru, P Michalowski, G A Rooke, W Nogami. Long-duration low-flow sevoflurane and isoflurane effects on postoperative renal and hepatic function. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2001 Dec; 93(6):1511-20, table of contents. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200112000-00036. [PMID: 11726433]
  • X H Zheng, C Begay, R C Lind, A J Gandolfi. Humoral immune response to a sevoflurane degradation product in the guinea pig following inhalation exposure. Drug and chemical toxicology. 2001 Nov; 24(4):339-46. doi: 10.1081/dct-100106263. [PMID: 11665647]
  • J M Catania, A R Parrish, A J Gandolfi. Toxicity of a sevoflurane degradation product incubated with rat liver and renal cortical slices. Drug and chemical toxicology. 2001 Nov; 24(4):347-57. doi: 10.1081/dct-100106264. [PMID: 11665648]
  • H Higuchi, Y Adachi, H Wada, M Kanno, T Satoh. Comparison of plasma alpha glutathione S-transferase concentrations during and after low-flow sevoflurane or isoflurane anaesthesia. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2001 Nov; 45(10):1226-9. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2001.451009.x. [PMID: 11736674]
  • E I Eger. Compound A: does it matter?. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie. 2001 May; 48(5):427-30. doi: 10.1007/bf03028302. [PMID: 11394507]
  • H Higuchi, Y Adachi, H Wada, M Kanno, T Satoh. The effects of low-flow sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia on renal function in patients with stable moderate renal insufficiency. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2001 Mar; 92(3):650-5. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200103000-00019. [PMID: 11226095]
  • B A Gentz, T P Malan. Renal toxicity with sevoflurane: a storm in a teacup?. Drugs. 2001; 61(15):2155-62. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200161150-00001. [PMID: 11772127]
  • H Higuchi, H Wada, Y Usui, K Goto, M Kanno, T Satoh. Effects of probenecid on renal function in surgical patients anesthetized with low-flow sevoflurane. Anesthesiology. 2001 Jan; 94(1):21-31. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200101000-00009. [PMID: 11135718]
  • R Obata, H Bito, M Ohmura, G Moriwaki, Y Ikeuchi, T Katoh, S Sato. The effects of prolonged low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia on renal and hepatic function. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2000 Nov; 91(5):1262-8. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200011000-00039. [PMID: 11049919]
  • H Förster, M Behne, U H Warnken, F Asskali, R Dudziak. [The use of lithium hydroxide for carbon dioxide absorption prevents formation of compound A during sevoflurane anesthesia]. Der Anaesthesist. 2000 Feb; 49(2):106-12. doi: 10.1007/s001010050016. [PMID: 10756964]
  • E D Kharasch, C Jubert. Compound A uptake and metabolism to mercapturic acids and 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-fluoromethoxypropanoic acid during low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia: biomarkers for exposure, risk assessment, and interspecies comparison. Anesthesiology. 1999 Nov; 91(5):1267-78. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199911000-00017. [PMID: 10551576]
  • E D Kharasch, C Jubert, D K Spracklin, G M Hoffman. Dose-dependent metabolism of fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether (compound A), an anesthetic degradation product, to mercapturic acids and 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)propanoic acid in rats. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 1999 Oct; 160(1):49-59. doi: 10.1006/taap.1999.8751. [PMID: 10502502]
  • D B Njoku, J L Martin, L R Pohl. Renal cysteine conjugate beta-lyase and compound A nephrotoxicity: minimal evidence for an association. Anesthesiology. 1999 Mar; 90(3):921-2. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199903000-00043. [PMID: 10078700]
  • D B Njoku, L R Pohl, E A Sokoloski, M R Marchick, C B Borkowf, J L Martin. Immunochemical evidence against the involvement of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase in compound A nephrotoxicity in rats. Anesthesiology. 1999 Feb; 90(2):458-69. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199902000-00021. [PMID: 9952153]
  • M E Goldberg, J Cantillo, I Gratz, E Deal, D Vekeman, R McDougall, M Afshar, A Zafeiridis, G Larijani. Dose of compound A, not sevoflurane, determines changes in the biochemical markers of renal injury in healthy volunteers. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1999 Feb; 88(2):437-45. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199902000-00040. [PMID: 9972771]
  • H Endou. Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity. Toxicology letters. 1998 Dec; 102-103(?):29-33. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00275-6. [PMID: 10022228]
  • E D Kharasch. [Compound A: toxicology and clinical relevance]. Der Anaesthesist. 1998 Nov; 47 Suppl 1(?):S7-10. doi: 10.1007/pl00002502. [PMID: 9893874]
  • E J Frink. [Kidney function in test subjects: published results and clinical relevance]. Der Anaesthesist. 1998 Nov; 47 Suppl 1(?):S33-6. doi: 10.1007/pl00002495. [PMID: 9893878]
  • V Uttamsingh, R A Iyer, R B Baggs, M W Anders. Fate and toxicity of 2-(fluoromethoxy)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (compound A)-derived mercapturates in male, Fischer 344 rats. Anesthesiology. 1998 Nov; 89(5):1174-83. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199811000-00018. [PMID: 9822006]
  • E D Kharasch, G M Hoffman, D Thorning, D C Hankins, C G Kilty. Role of the renal cysteine conjugate beta-lyase pathway in inhaled compound A nephrotoxicity in rats. Anesthesiology. 1998 Jun; 88(6):1624-33. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199806000-00027. [PMID: 9637657]
  • T J Ebert, L D Messana, T D Uhrich, T S Staacke. Absence of renal and hepatic toxicity after four hours of 1.25 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration sevoflurane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1998 Mar; 86(3):662-7. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199803000-00042. [PMID: 9495434]
  • T J Ebert, E J Frink, E D Kharasch. Absence of biochemical evidence for renal and hepatic dysfunction after 8 hours of 1.25 minimum alveolar concentration sevoflurane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1998 Mar; 88(3):601-10. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199803000-00008. [PMID: 9523801]
  • R A Iyer, E J Frink, T J Ebert, M W Anders. Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase-dependent metabolism of compound A (2-[fluoromethoxy]-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene) in human subjects anesthetized with sevoflurane and in rats given compound A. Anesthesiology. 1998 Mar; 88(3):611-8. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199803000-00009. [PMID: 9523802]
  • E P Steffey, M J Laster, P Ionescu, E I Eger, D Gong, R B Weiskopf. Dehydration of Baralyme increases compound A resulting from sevoflurane degradation in a standard anesthetic circuit used to anesthetize swine. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1997 Dec; 85(6):1382-6. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199712000-00037. [PMID: 9390613]
  • R A Iyer, R B Baggs, M W Anders. Nephrotoxicity of the glutathione and cysteine S-conjugates of the sevoflurane degradation product 2-(fluoromethoxy)-1,1,3,3, 3-pentafluoro-1-propene (Compound A) in male Fischer 344 rats. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 1997 Dec; 283(3):1544-51. doi: NULL. [PMID: 9400032]
  • E I Eger, D Gong, D D Koblin, T Bowland, P Ionescu, M J Laster, R B Weiskopf. Dose-related biochemical markers of renal injury after sevoflurane versus desflurane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1997 Nov; 85(5):1154-63. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199711000-00036. [PMID: 9356118]
  • E I Eger, P Ionescu, M J Laster, D Gong, R B Weiskopf, R L Kerschmann. Quantitative differences in the production and toxicity of CF2=BrCl versus CH2F-O-C(=CF2)(CF3) (compound A): the safety of halothane does not indicate the safety of sevoflurane. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1997 Nov; 85(5):1164-70. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199711000-00037. [PMID: 9356119]
  • R A Iyer, M W Anders. Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase-dependent biotransformation of the cysteine S-conjugates of the sevoflurane degradation product 2-(fluoromethoxy)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (compound A). Chemical research in toxicology. 1997 Jul; 10(7):811-9. doi: 10.1021/tx960196+. [PMID: 9250416]
  • E D Kharasch, E J Frink, R Zager, T A Bowdle, A Artru, W M Nogami. Assessment of low-flow sevoflurane and isoflurane effects on renal function using sensitive markers of tubular toxicity. Anesthesiology. 1997 Jun; 86(6):1238-53. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199706000-00004. [PMID: 9197292]
  • M J Laster, D Gong, R L Kerschmann, E I Eger, J L Martin. Acetaminophen predisposes to renal and hepatic injury from compound A in the fasting rat. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1997 Jan; 84(1):169-72. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199701000-00030. [PMID: 8989019]
  • E D Kharasch, D Thorning, K Garton, D C Hankins, C G Kilty. Role of renal cysteine conjugate beta-lyase in the mechanism of compound A nephrotoxicity in rats. Anesthesiology. 1997 Jan; 86(1):160-71. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199701000-00020. [PMID: 9009951]
  • E D Kharasch. Pharmacovigilance and safety aspects of sevoflurane. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1997; 111(?):146-8. doi: NULL. [PMID: 9420990]
  • E I Eger, D D Koblin, T Bowland, P Ionescu, M J Laster, Z Fang, D Gong, J Sonner, R B Weiskopf. Nephrotoxicity of sevoflurane versus desflurane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1997 Jan; 84(1):160-8. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199701000-00029. [PMID: 8989018]
  • R A Iyer, M W Anders. Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase-dependent biotransformation of the cysteine S-conjugates of the sevoflurane degradation product compound A in human, nonhuman primate, and rat kidney cytosol and mitochondria. Anesthesiology. 1996 Dec; 85(6):1454-61. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199612000-00028. [PMID: 8968194]
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  • E I Eger, P Ionescu, D D Koblin, R B Weiskopf. Compound A: solubility in saline and olive oil; destruction by blood. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1996 Oct; 83(4):849-53. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199610000-00034. [PMID: 8831333]
  • D K Spracklin, E D Kharasch. Evidence for metabolism of fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether (compound A), a sevoflurane degradation product, by cysteine conjugate beta-lyase. Chemical research in toxicology. 1996 Jun; 9(4):696-702. doi: 10.1021/tx9502103. [PMID: 8831812]
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  • L Jin, M R Davis, E D Kharasch, G A Doss, T A Baillie. Identification in rat bile of glutathione conjugates of fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether, a nephrotoxic degradate of the anesthetic agent sevoflurane. Chemical research in toxicology. 1996 Mar; 9(2):555-61. doi: 10.1021/tx950162m. [PMID: 8839062]
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  • L Kandel, M J Laster, E I Eger, R L Kerschmann, J Martin. Nephrotoxicity in rats undergoing a one-hour exposure to compound A. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1995 Sep; 81(3):559-63. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199509000-00024. [PMID: 7653823]
  • L Jin, T A Baillie, M R Davis, E D Kharasch. Nephrotoxicity of sevoflurane compound A [fluoromethyl-2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether] in rats: evidence for glutathione and cysteine conjugate formation and the role of renal cysteine conjugate beta-lyase. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 1995 May; 210(2):498-506. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1688. [PMID: 7755627]
  • E J Frink, R J Isner, T P Malan, S E Morgan, E A Brown, B R Brown. Sevoflurane degradation product concentrations with soda lime during prolonged anesthesia. Journal of clinical anesthesia. 1994 May; 6(3):239-42. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(94)90065-5. [PMID: 8060632]
  • C T Gonsowski, M J Laster, E I Eger, L D Ferrell, R L Kerschmann. Toxicity of compound A in rats. Effect of increasing duration of administration. Anesthesiology. 1994 Mar; 80(3):566-73. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199403000-00013. [PMID: 7908177]
  • C T Gonsowski, M J Laster, E I Eger, L D Ferrell, R L Kerschmann. Toxicity of compound A in rats. Effect of a 3-hour administration. Anesthesiology. 1994 Mar; 80(3):556-65. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199403000-00012. [PMID: 8141452]